• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.209-215
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• 2016

Chlorhexidine has long been used in mouth washes for the control of dental caries, gingivitis and dental plaque. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) is the lowest concentration of an antimicrobial substance to inhibit the growth of bacteria. Concentrations lower than the MIC are called sub minimal inhibitory concentrations (sub-MICs). Many studies have reported that sub-MICs of antimicrobial substances can affect the virulence of bacteria. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of sub-MIC chlorhexidine on biofilm formation and coaggregation of oral early colonizers, such as Streptococcus gordonii, Actinomyces naeslundii and Actinomyces odontolyticus. The biofilm formation of S. gordonii, A. naeslundii and A. odontolyticus was not affected by sub-MIC chlorhexidine. However, the biofilm formation of S. mutans increased after incubation with sub-MIC chlorhexidine. In addition, cell surface hydrophobicity of S. mutans treated with sub-MIC of chlorhexidine, decreased when compared with the group not treated with chlorhexidine. However, significant differences were seen with other bacteria. Coaggregation of A. naeslundii with A. odontolyticus reduced by sub-MIC chlorhexidine, whereas the coaggreagation of A. naeslundii with S. gordonii remained unaffected. These results indicate that sub-MIC chlorhexidine could influence the binding properties, such as biofilm formation, hydrophobicity and coaggregation, in early colonizing streptococci and actinomycetes.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.291-299
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• 2016

In this study, Indomethacin, the poorly water soluble drug, was selected and prepared dispersing oral disintegrating films according to the molecular weight of polyethylene glycol (PEG) which are sort of dispersing agents. Also the molecular weight and content of PEG were evaluated effect on the degree of dispersion, physical property and dissolution when making oral dispersing film containing indomethacin to find appropriate condition and suggested guidelines of making oral dispersing film. The appropriate dispersing ratio of the amount of surfactants and dispersing agent were 1% and 4%, also the stability dropped in the PEG molecular weight of 4000 or more. Drying time of oral dispersing film was $90^{\circ}C$ for 10 minutes to 12 minutes that dispersing film's property about flexibility, detachability were very good. The oral dispersion film's content used PEG 400 was $98.6{\pm}0.5%$ and the most uniform. As the molecular weight of PEG increased, dissolution time also increased. On the basis of evaluation parameter, PEG with 400~600 of molecular weight was selected as good dispersing agent in oral dispersing film. Therefore, it can be suggested guideline of preparation application study in oral dispersing film.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.97-101
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• 2020

Oral leukoplakia is the most common premalignant lesion of the oral mucosa. This case report presents the effect of acupuncture on Oral leukoplakia. The 67 years old male patient who has suffered for 2 years was treated with Right side Saam acupucture Damjeonggyeok(BL66, GB43, LI1, GB44) without other treatment. Acupuncture was performed for 15 minutes. The effect of acupuncture was evaluated as photographic change and visual analog scale(VAS) of subjective symptoms in oral cavity. After 87th acupunture treatment during 226 days, Leukoplakias were decreased at the right side of ventral tongue and the left border of the tongue and the lower lip. Furthermore, ulcer, erosion at the left border of the tongue were disappeared and VAS of Burning pain in the tongue decreased from 8 to 2. Although acupuncture is unusual treatment for Oral Leukoplakia, this case report suggested the effectiveness of using Damjeonggyeok on Oral Leukoplakia according to Saam acupuncture method.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.129-132
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• 2018

Enterococcus faecalis is a major causative agent of endodontic treatment failure. The purpose of this study was to investigate bactericidal effects of ethanol extract of Garcinia mangostana L. (mangosteen extract) on five strains of E. faecalis that were isolated from human oral cavities. The bactericidal effects of mangosteen extract were assessed by measurement of minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) value. The cytotoxicity of mangosteen extract on immortalized human gingival fibroblasts, hTERT-hNOF, was determined based on cell counting method. The data revealed the MBC value of mangosteen extract against the E. faecalis strains was $4{\mu}g/ml$. Additionally, the cell viability of mangosteen extract on hTERT-hNOF was 83.7-89.1% at the 1 to $16{\mu}g/ml$. These findings indicated that mangosteen extract could be used as a root canal cleaner during management of endodontic treatment failure caused by E. faecalis.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.132-140
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• 2004

Purpose: This study was performed to investigate the effects of oral health education on kindergarten children. Method: The study was designed as a quasi-experimental, nonequivalent control group pre -post test design. Data was collected from April 1st to November 30th, 2001. The total samples were sixty seven healthy kindergarten children; the experiment group consisted of thirty three and the control group was thirty four children. The experimental group received an oral health education program daily for 20 minutes for four weeks. Result: There was significant improvements on oral health behavior in the experimental group. Streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli of the salivary variables in the experimental group were significantly higher than the control group. The dmft was lower in the experimental group than the control group, but there was no significant difference between the two groups. However it was significantly lower in the experimental group than control group over time. Conclusion: Oral health education for kindergarten children showed an increase in the use of tooth paste and practicing correct tooth brush usage. Also, it decreased the rate of eating cariogenic food and had a positive effect on oral health through suppressing dental cavities.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.18 no.8
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• pp.503-513
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to identify the effectiveness of oral care protocol including individual oral care education, cryotherapy and benzydamine gargling on oral cavity status and self-care performance in solid cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. Thirty-one patients were enrolled by convenience sampling in this study and allocated to control (n=18) and experimental group (n=13). In the intervention group, individual oral care education, oral cryotherapy and benzydamine gargling were applied, while the control group received pre-existed oral care. Oral cavity status and self-oral care behavior were measured in five periods. The data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney test, Friedman test, and Chi-square test. There was no significant difference in oral cavity status between the groups. But the two groups showed the poorest oral cavity status on $14^{th}$ day. Self-care behavior was significantly higher in the intervention group than the control group. This effect had maintained for 4months after completion of study. The results showed that individual oral care education by oncology nurse is effective to encourage patients to do self-care behavior and a further study is needed to explore the effect of cryotherapy and benzydamine gargling on oral cavity status of patient with solid tumor.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.151-156
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• 2007

Antimicrobial action of phytoncide in the mouth decrease odor-producing microorganisms. Also phytoncide has malodor effect by reaction with volatile sulfur compounds. Phytoncide has excellent malodor effect in microbiologically and chemically. This study prove the malodor effect of phytoncide by use ferrous sulfate. So I try to make new treatment method for halitosis. I get the results as follows. 1. The difference of mean value of absorbancy was 0.849 between the mean absorbancy of deposition by add phytoncide to saliva and the saliva only. 2. The difference of mean value of absorbancy was 0.701 between the mean absorbancy of deposition by add phytoncide to distilled water and the distilled water only. 3. The difference of mean value(0.849) in saliva by existence of phytoncide was larger than in double distilled water(0.701) by existence of phytoncide. Therefore, phytoncide make more deposition in saliva than double distilled water by reaction with sulfur compounds. As the results, phytoncide reaction with sulfur compounds in saliva. It take malodor action in liquid state effectively. It is thought, only the toothpaste it knows from in the limit which does not have a side effect by the human body it adds in the oral cavity of the mouth rinse and with the fact that it will be able to use positively in clinic.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.41-51
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• 2000

This study was performed to investigate the effect of three modalities commonly used for reduction of oral malodor and to review the contributing factors for halitosis. For this study, 45 subjects of good general health in their third decades were selected, and they were divided into three groups by each modality, that is, tongue scraping, $ZnCl_2$ mouth rinse, and periodontal treatment. Subjective sense of halitosis, diets, Oral hygiene index based on tooth brushing and tongue brushing habit, resting salivary flow rate, gingival index, degree of tongue coating were recored in the Halito-Chart designed by the author. Oral malodor converted from volatile sulfur compound was measured by the Halimeter$^{(R)}$(Interscan Co., USA), and the correlation between the oral factors and pre-treatment halimeter score were analysed. Data obtained were analysed by the SPSS windows program and the results of this study were as follows : 1. There were no significant correlation between oral factors such as oral hygiene index, salivary flow rate, gingival index, degree of tongue coating and pre-treatment halimeter score. 2. Difference between pre- and post-treatment halimeter score by the three modalities were significant, but correlation between pre- and post-treatment score within group was most significant in the periodontal treatment group followed by the tongue scraping group and lowest in the $ZnCl_2$ mouth rinse group. 3. Reduction of halimeter score was significant only in subjects with relatively more tongue coating in the tongue scraping group, but in the $ZnCl_2$ mouth rinse group and in the periodontal treatment group, the modality applied to each group had same significant effects without regard to the degree of oral hygiene index or gingival index. 4. Men had more tongue coating than women, and reduction of halimeter score was significant in men, but not in women.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.512-519
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• 2011

Purpose: Although obesity is a well-established risk factor for many cancers, the effect of body mass index (BMI) on oral cancer risk remains controversial. We therefore investigated the effect of BMI on oral cancer risk in a case-control study in Korea. Methods: Overall, 364 patients with oral cancer and 439 community controls were enrolled. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using logistic regression models, adjusted for age, smoking status and alcohol consumption. Results: We found no overall significant evidence of an association between oral cancer risk and BMI in either gender. However, when the relationship between BMI and oral cancer risk was examined according to female age groups (<50 and ${\geq}$50 years), there was a significant association between oral cancer risk and high BMI in female subjects younger than 50 years of age (OR=3.92, 95% CI 1.03~14.9, $P$ for trend=0.04), but not in older (${\geq}$50 years) female subjects (OR=1.11, 95% CI 0.55~2.24, $P$ for trend=0.76). There was no significant relationship between BMI and oral cancer risk in any of the male age subgroups. Conclusion: Our study provides the first epidemiological evidence supporting an association between obesity and an increased risk of oral cancer.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.170-180
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• 1997

Cariogenicity of the bacteria is attributed to their binding capacity to the teeth. Bacterial attachment to oral surfaces is an essential step for colonization and subsequently infection. Therefore, it is conceivable that caries prevention can be achieved fundamentally by inhibition of bacterial attachment. The rationale for caries prevention through the use of sugar substitutes or limited use of sugar has been revealed. Among many sugar substitutes, xylitol has been shown to exhibit the most profound cariostatic effect, inhibiting glucose metabolism and possibly binding of mutans streptococci. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of xylitol on binding of different species of oral bacteria. The effect of xylitol on binding of [$^3H$]-labeled oral bacteria to hydroxyapatite coated with human saliva(SHA) as a model for the pellicle-coated tooth surfaces was investigated. The strains of oral bacteria used in this study were A. viscosus T14V, A. viscosus WVU627, P. gingivaiis 2561, P. gingivalis A7Al-28, S. gordonii G9B, S. gordonii Challis, S. sobrinus 6715, S. mutans UA101, S. mutans KPSK -2, S. mutans T8, and S. mutans UA130. The obtained results were as follows: 1. P. gingivalis A7 Al-28, S. mutans UA130, S. mutans T8 grown with xylitol showed greater binding to SHA than the organism grown without xylitol. Among these, S. mutans T8 showed the greatest rate of increase in its binding to SHA ; 8-fold increase in its binding with xylitol. 2. S. mutans KPSK -2 grown with xylitol showed 2 times lesser binding to SHA than the organism grown without xylitol. 3. Binding ability of the remaining strains grown with xylitol to SHA was almost same as that of the organisms grown without xylitol. The overall results suggest that use of xylitol in the oral cavity may affect the complex oral bacterial ecosystem.