• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.295-305
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• 2017

Purpose: We previously found that the histone methyltransferase suppressor of variegation, enhancer of zeste, trithorax and myeloid-nervy-deformed epidermal autoregulatory factor-1 domain-containing protein 3 (SMYD3) is a potential independent predictive factor or prognostic factor for overall survival in gastric cancer patients, but its roles seem to differ from those in other cancers. Therefore, in this study, the detailed functions of SMYD3 in cell proliferation and migration in gastric cancer were examined. Materials and Methods: SMYD3 was overexpressed or suppressed by transfection with an expression plasmid or siRNA, and a wound healing migration assay and Transwell assay were performed to detect the migration and invasion ability of gastric cancer cells. Additionally, an MTT assay and clonogenic assay were performed to evaluate cell proliferation, and a cell cycle analysis was performed by propidium iodide staining. Furthermore, the expression of genes implicated in the ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) pathway and proteins involved in cell cycle regulation were detected by polymerase chain reaction and western blot analyses. Results: Compared with control cells, gastric cancer cells transfected with si-SMYD3 showed lower migration and invasion abilities (P<0.05), and the absence of SMYD3 halted cells in G2/M phase and activated the ATM pathway. Furthermore, the opposite patterns were observed when SMYD3 was elevated in normal gastric cells. Conclusions: To the best of our knowledge, this study provides the first evidence that the absence of SMYD3 could inhibit the migration, invasion, and proliferation of gastric cancer cells and halt cells in G2/M phase via the ATM-CHK2/p53-Cdc25C pathway. These findings indicated that SMYD3 plays crucial roles in the proliferation, migration, and invasion of gastric cancer cells and may be a useful therapeutic target in human gastric carcinomas.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.362-367
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• 2009

Among total 176 strains with antialgal effects isolated from So-ok stream in Korea, Pseudomonas aeruginosa AJ1 showed the highest removal efficiency for an algal species Microcystis aeruginosa (clear zone of diameter 50.0 mm on algal lawn after 20 days). The algal growth was suppressed even when the supernatant of AJ1 culture was applied, suggesting that extracellular substances are responsible for its antialgal activity. The removal activity of AJ1 was optimal under the following condition: pH 8, $30^{\circ}C$, and mannitol as a carbon source. The antialgal activity of AJ1 appeared to be dependent of the growth phase of M. aeruginosa, i.e., the highest at the early phase, but not its own phase. As expected, the algicidal effect was improved as the amount of the treated supernatant was increased; the highest removal efficiency (80.3%) was achieved when 40 ml/L of the supernatant was used. Interestingly, however, the removal rate was opposite. The highest removal rate ($8.2{\mu}g$ chl-a/ml supernatant/day) was achieved when low concentration (10 ml/L) was applied. These results suggest that P. aeruginosa AJ1 is a promising biological agent to control the problematic algal bloom.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.149-163
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to compare the lower extremity's joint and segment coupling patterns between forward and backward running in subjects who were twelve healthy males. Three-dimensional kinematic data were collected with Qualisys system while subjects ran to forward and backward. The thigh internal/external rotation and tibia internal/external rotation, thigh flexion/extension and tibia flexion/extension, tibia internal/external rotation and foot inversion/eversion, knee internal/external rotation and ankle inversion/eversion, knee flexion/extension and ankle inversion/eversion, knee flexion/extension and ankle flexion/extension, and knee flexion/extension and tibia internal/external rotation coupling patterns were determined using a vector coding technique. The comparison for each coupling between forward and backward running were conducted using a dependent, two-tailed t-test at a significant level of .05 for the mean of each of five stride regions, midstance(1l-30%), toe-off(31-50%), swing acceleration(51-70%), swing deceleration(71-90), and heel-strike(91-10%), respectively. 1. The knee flexion/extension and ankle flexion/extension coupling pattern of both foreward and backward running over the stride was converged on a complete coordination. However, the ankle flexion/extension to knee flexion/extension was relatively greater at heel-strike in backward running compared with forward running. At the swing deceleration, backward running was dominantly led by the ankle flexion/extension, but forward running done by the knee flexion/extension. 2. The knee flexion/extension and ankle inversion/eversion coupling pattern for both running was also converged on a complete coordination. At the mid-stance. the ankle movement in the frontal plane was large during forward running, but the knee movement in the sagital plane was large during backward running and vice versa at the swing deceleration. 3. The knee flexion/extension and tibia internal/external rotation coupling while forward and backward run was also centered on the angle of 45 degrees, which indicate a complete coordination. However, tibia internal/external rotation dominated the knee flexion/extension at heel strike phase in forward running and vice versa in backward running. It was diametrically opposed to the swing deceleration for each running. 4. Both running was governed by the ankle movement in the frontal plane across the stride cycle within the knee internal/external rotation and tibia internal/external rotation. The knee internal/external rotation of backward running was greater than that of forward running at the swing deceleration. 5. The tibia internal/external rotation in coupling between the tibia internal/external rotation and foot inversion/eversion was relatively great compared with the foot inversion/eversion over a stride for both running. At heel strike, the tibia internal/external rotation of backward running was shown greater than that of forward(p<.05). 6. The thigh internal/external rotation took the lead for both running in the thigh internal/external rotation and tibia internal/external rotation coupling. In comparison of phase, the thigh internal/external rotation movement at the swing acceleration phase in backward running worked greater in comparison with forward running(p<.05). However, it was greater at the swing deceleration in forward running(p<.05). 7. With the exception of the swing deceleration phase in forward running, the tibia flexion/extension surpassed the thigh flexion/extension across the stride cycle in both running. Analysis of the specific stride phases revealed the forward running had greater tibia flexion/extension movement at the heel strike than backward running(p<.05). In addition, the thigh flexion/extension and tibia flexion/extension coupling displayed almost coordination at the heel strike phase in backward running. On the other hand the thigh flexion/extension of forward running at the swing deceleration phase was greater than the tibia flexion/extension, but it was opposite from backward running. In summary, coupling which were the knee flexion/extension and ankle flexion/extension, the knee flexion/extension and ankle inversion/eversion, the knee internal/external rotation and ankle inversion/eversion, the tibia internal/external rotation and foot inversion/eversion, the thigh internal/external rotation and tibia internal/external rotation, and the thigh flexion/extension and tibia flexion/extension patterns were most similar across the strike cycle in both running, but it showed that coupling patterns in the specific stride phases were different from average point of view between two running types.

• Interdisciplinary Bio Central
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.2.1-2.7
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• 2012

Introduction: Histone deacetylases (HDAC) are a class of enzymes that remove acetyl groups from ${\varepsilon}$-N-acetyl lysine amino acids of histone proteins. Their action is opposite to that of histone acetyltransferase that adds acetyl groups to these lysines. Only few HDAC inhibitors are approved and used as anti-cancer therapeutics. Thus, discovery of new and potential HDAC inhibitors are necessary in the effective treatment of cancer. Materials and Methods: This study proposed a method using support vector machine (SVM) to classify HDAC8 inhibitors and non-inhibitors in early-phase virtual compound filtering and screening. The 100 experimentally known HDAC8 inhibitors including 52 inhibitors and 48 non-inhibitors were used in this study. A set of molecular descriptors was calculated for all compounds in the dataset using ADRIANA. Code of Molecular Networks. Different kernel functions available from SVM Tools of free support vector machine software and training and test sets of varying size were used in model generation and validation. Results and Conclusion: The best model obtained using kernel functions has shown 75% of accuracy on test set prediction. The other models have also displayed good prediction over the test set compounds. The results of this study can be used as simple and effective filters in the drug discovery process.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.81-93
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• 1999

Non-surgical therapy is still an important technique in periodontal treatment. In this study, scaling and root planing(SRP) with or without concomitant subgingival curettage were compared clinically and microbiologically. 14 moderate adult periodontitis patients were included in this study. After 2 weeks from screening visit, with split mouth design, one quadrant was treated by SRP, and the opposite side was treated by SRP with subgingival curettage. Clinical measurement and microbiological analysis was taken at baseline, 1 month, 3 month post-treatment. Clinical parameters used in this study was probing depth, gingival recession, gingival index, bleeding on probing, plaque index, tooth mobility(Periotest Value). Microbiological analysis consisted of determination of the percentages of 4 bacterial groups according to morphologic type with phase-contrast microscope and measuring Black-pigmented Bacteroides after anaerobic culture. 1. There were significant changes in probing depth and gingival recession at 1 month(P<0.05), and these changes remained through 3 month. However, no significant differences were observed between two groups(P<0.05). 2. There were also significant reductions in gingival index and bleeding on probing at 1 month(P<0.05),and these reduced levels were maintained through 3 month with no significant differences between two groups(P<0.05). 3. In both groups, motile bacteria decreased significantly at 1 months(P<0.05), but increased nearly to baseline level at 3 month. 4. The percentages of Black-pigmented Bacteroides, in both groups, decreased significantly at 1 month(P<0.05), and in the subgingival curettage group, significant more reductions were observed than in the root planing group(P<0.05). At 3 month, significant reduction was found in subgingival curettage group only(P<0.05). According to these results, we surmised that concomitant subgingival curettage and root planing give some advantageous effect on bacterial recolonization.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.24 no.8
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• pp.1141-1149
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• 2003

The structures and gas-phase ionization energies (ΔG°) of Meldrum's acid (I) and related cyclic (II-VI) and acyclic compounds (VII-IX) are investigated theoretically at the MP2/6-31+$G^*$, B3LYP/6-31+$G^*$, B3LYP/6- 311+$G^{**}$, B3LYP/6-311++G(3df,2p) and G3(+)(MP2) levels. Conformations of three neutral cyclic series vary gradually from boat (Meldrum's acid, I), to twisted chair (II) and to chair (III) as the methylene group is substituted for the ether oxygen successively. The preferred boat form of I can be ascribed to the two strong $n_O$ → σ* c-c antiperiplanar vicinal charge transfer interactions and electrostatic attraction between negatively charged C¹ and positively charged C⁴at the opposite end of the boat. All the deprotonated anionic forms have half-chair forms due to the two strong $n_C$ → π* c=0 vicinal charge transfer interactions. The dipole-dipole interaction theory cannot account for the higher acidity of Meldrum's acid (I) than dimedone (III). The origin of the anomalously high acidity of I is the strong increase in the vicinal charge transfer ($n_C$ → π* c=0) and 1,4-attrative electrostatic interactions (C¹↔C⁴) in the ionization (I → $I^-$ + $H^+$). In the acyclic series (VII-IX) the positively charged end atom, C⁴, is absent and the attractive electrostatic stabilization (C¹↔C⁴) is missing in the anionic form so that the acidities are much less than the corresponding cyclic series.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.37 no.7
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• pp.465-475
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• 2016

The diurnal and semidiurnal tides in the global atmosphere are examined using 3-hourly geopotential height field of the state-of-the-art reanalysis data. Unlike the previous studies, the spatial structure and seasonality of those tides are analyzed from the surface of the earth to the stratosphere. It is found that, at most levels, diurnal tide is strong in the midlatitudes while semidiurnal tide is predominant in the tropics. The former shows strong seasonal cycle with a larger amplitude in summer than in winter in both hemispheres. This is different from the semidiurnal tide which has essentially no seasonal cycle. In term of the vertical structure, while semidiurnal tide has a barotropic structure, diurnal tide exhibits a distinct vertical structure with increased amplitude and height. Especially tropical diurnal tide exhibits a nearly opposite phase from the surface to the free troposphere, and to the upper stratosphere. Its amplitude also varies nonlinearly with height, possibly influenced by water vapor, ozone, gravity waves and solar radiation.

• Atmosphere
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.301-316
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• 2017

This study analyzes the spatio-temporal variability of terrestrial carbon flux and the response of land carbon sink with climate factors to improve of understanding of the variability of land-atmosphere carbon exchanges accurately. The coupled carbon-climate models of CMIP5 (the fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project) and CT (CarbonTracker) are used. The CMIP5 multi-model ensemble mean overestimated the NEP (Net Ecosystem Production) compares to CT and GCP (Global Carbon Project) estimates over the period 2001~2012. Variation of NEP in the CMIP5 ensemble mean is similar to CT, but a couple of models which have fire module without nitrogen cycle module strongly simulate carbon sink in the Africa, Southeast Asia, South America, and some areas of the United States. Result in comparison with climate factor, the NEP is highly affected by temperature and solar radiation in both of CT and CMIP5. Partial correlation between temperature and NEP indicates that the temperature is affecting NEP positively at higher than mid-latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere, but opposite correlation represents at other latitudes in CT and most CMIP5 models. The CMIP5 models except for few models show positive correlation with precipitation at $30^{\circ}N{\sim}90^{\circ}N$, but higher percentage of negative correlation represented at $60^{\circ}S{\sim}30^{\circ}N$ compare to CT. For each season, the correlation between temperature (solar radiation) and NEP in the CMIP5 ensemble mean is similar to that of CT, but overestimated.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.310-318
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• 2012

We conducted a screening and checked the cultivation methods of lactic acid bacteria, which have anti-atopic dermatitis functions, by determining the lactic acid bacteria's immune enhancement by FACS, and antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. The increase of Tcell CD4+/CD25+/foxp3+ was bigger in Lactobacillus plantarum than Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis (Lc. lactis) and the antimicrobacterial activity against S. aureus was the opposite. The antimicrobial activity of Lb. plantarum culture with medium containing Lc. lactis culture broth was not enhanced, but the antimicrobial activity of Lc. lactis cultured in a medium containing Lb. plantarum culture broth was enhanced. As the optimal method caltivation of Lc. lactis in a medium containing 10% of heat-killed Lb. plantarum culture broth was chosen. By this method, the antibacterial activity of the pure Lc. lactis culture increased sharply at the end of the log phase, while a restraint effect on the growth of S. aureus increased 1.29 times.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.14-14
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• 2006

Homoepitaxial growth of GaN on n-type GaN substrates was carried out by hydride vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE) method. This enables us to reduce or to eliminate the bowing of the GaN substrate caused by thermal mismatch. As a result, the two opposite crystal surfaces have been found to possess low dislocation density. The surface polarity of the homoepitaxially grown GaN was confirmed by both etching of the surface and conversion beam electron diffraction(CBED). The surface morphology and the photoluminescencemeasurement indicated that the surface properties of N-polar face of the homoepitaxlally grown GaN are quite different from the initial N-polar face of the heteroepitaxially grown GaN substrate Also, both surfaces of the GaN substrate were characterized by room temperature Double crystal X-ray diffraction (DCXRD) and photoluminescence measurement.