• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 2024

The objective of this research is to study experimentally and numerically the behavior of steel beam columns with openings. Although the presence of openings in the beam columns is inevitable, finding ways to maintain strength is crucial. The studied parameters are opening shape, the ratio between opening height to specimen height, the percentage of opening location from support to beam column length, and web slenderness. Experimental tests are conducted including twelve specimens to study the effect of these parameters and record failure load, load deflection curve, and stress strain curve. Two failure modes are observed: local and flexural buckling. Interaction curves plotted from finite element model analysis are also used to expand the parametric study. Changing the location of the opening can decrease failure load by up to 7% and 60% in both normal and moment ratios respectively. Increasing the opening dimension can lead to a drop in the axial ratio by up to 29% and in the moment ratio by up to 74%. The weakest beam column behavior is noticed in specimens with rectangular openings which results from uneven and concentrated stresses around the opening. The main results of this research illustrate that the best location for opening is at 40% - 50% from beam column support. Also, it is advisable to use circular openings instead of rectangular openings in specimens having slender webs because moment ratios are raised by 85% accompanied by a rise in normal ratios by 9%.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.52 no.6
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• pp.627-645
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• 2024

Punching shear is a brittle failure that occurs within the RC flat slabs where stresses are concentrated within small regions, resulting in a catastrophic and unfavorable progressive collapse. However, increasing the slab slenderness ratio is believed to significantly affect the slab's behavior by the induced strain values throughout the slab depth. This study examines the punching shear behavior of flat slabs by the nonlinear finite element analysis approach using ABAQUS software, where 72 models were investigated. The parametric study includes the effect of opening existence, opening-to-column ratio (O/C), temperature level, slenderness ratio (L/d), and flexural reinforcement rebar diameter. The behavior of the punching shear failure was fully examined under elevated temperatures which was not previously considered in detail along with the combined effect of the other sensitive parameters (opening size, slab slenderness, and reinforcement rebar size). It has been realized that increasing the slab slenderness has a major role in affecting the slab's structural behavior, besides the effect of the flexural reinforcement ratio. Reducing the slab's slenderness from 18.27 to 5.37 increased the cracking load by seven times for the slab without openings compared to nine times for the initial stiffness value. In addition, the toughness capacity is reduced up to 80% upon creating an opening, where the percentage is further increased by increasing the opening size by about an additional 10%. Finally, the ultimate deflection capacity of flat slabs with an opening is increased compared to the solid slab with the enhancement being increased for openings of larger size, larger depths, and higher exposure temperature.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.7 no.9
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• pp.28-35
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• 1999

In this study, investigation of transient knock characteristics in a spark-ignition engine has been carried out. The universal knock threshold values were found by a DFDD method and a NSDBP method which is a non-dimensional version of the SDBP method. Also modified NSDBP method could be used for transient knock detection. In a commercial ECU , spark timing was retarded from the steady -state spark timing during rapid throttle opening to avoid uncomfortable feeling and knock. Knock usually occurred just after the start of rapid throttle opening when spark timing was set, as values for the steady state condition. We found that air/fuel ratio deeply involved with the knock during transient condition. Due to the difference of initial heat release rate, knock occurred more easily at rich air/fuel ratio than at lean air/fuel ratio.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.679-696
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• 2009

The paper aims at analyzing the stress distribution around an underground opening that is subjected to non-symmetrical surface loading with emphasis on opening shapes with sharp corners and the stress concentrations developed at these locations. The analysis is performed utilizing the BIE method coupled with the Neumann's series. In order to implement this approach, the special recurrent relations for half plane were proven and the modified Shanks transform was incorporated to accelerate the series convergence. To demonstrate the capability of the developed approach, a horseshoe shape opening with sharp corners was investigated and the location and magnitude of the maximum hoop stress was calculated. The dependence of the maximum hoop stress location on the parameters of the surface loading (degree of asymmetry, size of loaded area) and of the opening (the opening height) was studied. It was found that the absolute magnitude of the maximum hoop stress (for all possible surface loading locations) is developed at the roof points when the opening height/width ratio is relatively large or when the pressure loading area is relatively narrow (compared to the roof arch radius), and contrarily, when the opening height/width ratio is relatively small or when the surface pressure is applied to a relatively wide area, the absolute magnitude of the maximum hoop stress is developed at the bottom sharp corner points.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.539-546
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• 2018

Making a transverse opening in concrete beams in order to accommodate utility services through the member instead of below or above of that, sometimes may be necessary. It is obvious that inclusions of an opening in a beam decreases its flexural and shear strengths. Fabricated steel bars are usually used to increase the capacity of the opening section, but details of reinforcements around the opening are dense and complex resulting in laborious pouring and setup process. The goal of this study was to investigate the possibility of using steel fibers in concrete mixture instead of complex reinforcement detailing order to strengthen opening section. Nonlinear finite element method was employed to investigate the behavior of steel fiber reinforced concrete beams. The numerical models were validated by comparison with experimental measurements tested by other investigators and then used to study the influence of fiber length, fiber aspect ratio and fiber content on the shear performance of SFRC slender beams with opening. Finally, it was concluded that the predicted shear strength enhancement is considerably influenced by use of steel fibers in concrete mixture but the effect of fiber length and fiber aspect ratio wasn't significant.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.136-144
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• 1997

The characteristics of fatigue crack growth subject to out-of-plane bending fatigue are studied in terms of crack opening behavior by using pre-cracked smooth specimens. Crack opening stress is measured by an elastic compliance method which may precisely and continuously provide many date using strain gages during experiment. The results of the short crack and the long crack arranged by crack closure concept show that the effective stress gange ratio of short crack is grester than that of long crack, and ano- malous growth behavior of short crack may be elucidated by the variation of crack opening stress. When the variation of fatigue crack growth rate is arranged versus effective stress intensity factor range. Iinear relation is held also for the short crack. It shows that growth behavior of short crack can be quantitatively represent- ed by the fracture mechanics parameter using effective stress intensity factor range.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.68-76
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• 2004

Applying a general Galerkin FE lubrication analysis method to spiral groove dry gas seals, this study intends to analyze in detail the effects of groove design parameters, such as a spiral angle, groove width ratio, groove radius ratio, groove depth ratio, and groove taper ratio, on the lubrication performances of an opening force, leakage, axial stiffness and damping, and angular stiffness and damping at low and high rotating speeds: 3,600 and 15,000 nm. Results show that, for the primary design consideration performances such as the opening force and axial and angular stiffnesses, a spiral angle of $25^{\circ}$, a groove width ratio of 0.46, a groove radius ratio of 1.1, a groove depth ratio of 1.0, and a groove taper ratio of 0.0 are preferred. Where the recommended relatively low values of groove depth and taper ratios are to keep the axial and angular dampings positive or higher than 0 particularly at the high rotating speed.

• 유체기계공업학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.12a
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• pp.302-307
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• 2005

The discharge coefficient in segmental wedge having ninety degrees vertex angle for the five kinds of opening ratio with differential pressure taps located at both upstream and downstream of one diameter of pipe was measured main purpose of this work is placed on developing the proper form of an equation for the discharge coefficient of a segmental wedge used as a primary element of flow metering devices, and from thata six-term equation which can express the variability of opening ratios was developed. The same assumption and hypotheses were used and tested for all procedures as conventional differential producers; however, the range of the opening ratio over this work is more expanded than previous studies. The opening ratios of segmental wedge, namely 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6 and 0.7 were investigated the Reynolds number based on the spool inside diameter ranges from 12,000 to 380,000, the resulting equation for the discharge coefficient is relatively simple; it contains only one variable-opening ratio because the characteristic of discharge coefficient of segmental wedge has little connection with the Reynolds number as shown by previous studies.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.907-910
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• 2005

This paper has the object of investigating natural frequencies of tapered thick plate, tapered ratio, thick plate's opening size by means of finite element method and providing kinetic design data for mat of building structures. Free vibration analysis that tapered thick plate in this paper. Finite element analysis of rectangular plate is done by use of rectangular finite element with 8-nodes. In order to analysis plate which is varioued of plate thickness. the thickness is varied with 5, 10, 15, 20 and the tapered ratio is applied as 0.0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0 respectively. This paper is analyzed varying thickness by taper ratio.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.193-205
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• 2022

Based on the results of this study, we presented the following policy recommendations to improve the efficiency of operation and management of public cremation facilities. First, we findings the cremation number of all public cremation facilities in Gyeonggi-do increased from 39,918 people before the opening of public cremation facilities in Hwaseong to 55,642 people after the opening, showing a high rate of increase of 15,724 people(39.4%). Therefore, in order to increase the cremation ratio, the policy of expanding the supply of public cremation facilities should be actively pursued. Second, in this study we compared to before the opening of public cremation facilities in Hwaseong City, the ratio of cremation number the jurisdiction area of all public cremation facilities in Gyeonggi-do using the E-Haneul Funeral Information System increased by 19.0% from 35.9% to 54.9% after the opening, whereas it was analyzed that the outside of the jurisdiction area decreased by 19.0% from 64.1% to 45.1%. Therefore, in order to improve the convenience of citizens using the jurisdiction area, priority should be given to the promotion of policies for the establishment of public cremation facilities by local governments that do not have public cremation facilities. Third, through we research it is analyzed that the cremation ratio of the jurisdiction area of the public cremation facilities in Hwaseong City, which was jointly installed by six local governments located in Gyeonggi-do, was 92.4%, indicating that the ratio proportion of cremation number in the area is very high. Therefore, in order to improve the efficiency of the operation of public cremation facilities, the promotion of policies for joint installation and operation of public cremation facilities should be encouraged.