• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.1100-1108
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• 2009

The Objectives: The purpose of this study is to identify the factors related to management of DM in Korea. Methods: The subjects selected by using data of National Health and Nutrition Survey(NHANS) in 2005 were 415 adults, aged 20 and older, and diagnosed with DM. This study used data mining algorithms. This study validated the predictive power of data mining algorithms by comparing the performance of logistic regression, decision tree, and Neural Network on the basic of validation, it was found that the model performance of decision tree was the best among the above three techniques. Result: First, awareness of DM was positively associated with age, residential area, and job. The most important factor of DM awareness is age. Awareness rate of DM with 52 age over is 76.1%. Among the ${\geq}52$ age group, an important factor is family history. Among patients who are 52 years or over with family history of DM, an important factor is job. The awareness rate of patients who are 52 age over, family, history of DM, and professionals is 95.0%. Second, treatment of DM was also positively associated with awareness, region, and job. The most important factor of DM treatment is DM awareness. Treatment rate of patients who are aware of DM is 84.8%. Among patients who have awareness of DM, an important factor is region. The awareness rate of patients who are aware of DM in rural area is 10.4%. Conclusion: Finally, the result of analysis suggest that DM management programs should consider group characteristic of DM patients.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.222-229
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• 2001

This study describes the application of the stages of change construct to fat intake by examining the associations of the stages of change with nutritional status and beliefs on health behavior. Data were obtained from apparently healthy 596 adults(326 females and 270 males) residing in large cities. Stages of change assessed by an algorithms based on 6 items were designed each subject into one of the 5 stages: precontemplation(PC), contemplation(CO), preparation(PR), action(AC) and maintenance(MA). Beliefs on health behavior were assessed by self efficacy as well as 4 belief scales from the Locus of Illness Control(LIC) developed using factor analysis such as internal disease cure and prevention and external disease cure and prevention. Energy and fat intakes were measured by a 39 item short form food frequency questionnaire. Regarding the 5 stages of change, MA stage comprised the largest group(37.9%), followed by Ac(30.7%), PC(11.4%), CO(10.4%) and PR(9.6%). Subjects who were females, older or healthier were more likely to belong to either AC or MA. Stage assignment of individuals was corroborated by their nutritional variables. Those in PC had the most energy and fat and those in MA ate the least for females. BMI was higher in PR than any other stages for both males and females. Those in PC were distinctive in that they were more externally oriented in terms of health control showing higher scores on external disease prevention(for males) and external disease cure(for females), and lower score on internal disease cure. On the other hand, those in MA received the highest scores on internal disease prevention and self efficacy, which suggested that they were more internally oriented. Canonical discriminant function analysis indicated that the 5 stages were importantly discriminated by BMI, self efficacy, internal disease prevention and external disease prevention for males and by fat intake, self efficacy and external disease cure variables for females. The results of our study confirm differences in stages of change in fat intake in terms of nutritional status and beliefs on heath behavior and indicate the need for taking these phases of change into account in nutrition advice. (Korean J Nutrition 34(2) : 222-229, 2001)

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.39 no.8
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• pp.786-794
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to establish an association between the consumption of ready-to-eat cereal (RTEC), milk, and calcium within the context of the most current population dietary practice in Korea. Inadequate calcium intake among Korean children and adults is one of the important public health concern. Milk is one of the best calcium sources because or its bioavailability, and RTEC is one or the foods commonly consumed with milk. The most recent Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey, 2001 dataset was used as the source of data for this research. Subjects excluding pregnant women, were categorized according to gender and age ($1{\sim}5,\;6{\sim}11,\;12{\sim}19,\;20{\sim}49,\;50+$ years) and then by consumption of RTEC and milk. SAS and SUDAAN were used for statistical analyses. Sample weighted means, standard errors, and population percentages were calculated, and multiple regression model with adjustment for covariates were used to determine the predictability of total daily calcium intake from inclusion of RTEC and milk compared to the meal without RTEC and milk. RTEC was consumed by 2.4% or Korean people. Average calcium intake was 17 times greater when RTEC was consumed with milk than when RTEC was consumed without milk. Respondents who consumed RTEC with milk had significantly higher mean daily calcium and other nutrient intakes than respondents who consumed neither. in the multiple regression analysis, milk consumption with or without RTEC predicted total daily calcium intake after adjusting for age, income, and alcohol consumption (p<0.0001). The percentage of respondents below the estimated average requirement (EAR) level for calcium was lower for RTEC consumers than for RTEC non-consumers in all age-gender groups, especially significant differences were in children aged $1{\sim}5$, boys and girls aged $12{\sim}19$, men aged $20{\sim}49$, and women older than 50 years of age. RTEC consumption was not associated with intake in excess of the tolerable upper intake level (UL) for calcium. In conclusion, RTEC consumption was positively associated with both milk and calcium intakes in all age and gender groups in Korean population.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.192-198
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• 2015

Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine associations between marital status and vegetable intake. Methods: Data were from participants 30 years and over (n = 18,190) in the 2007~2010 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Marital status was divided into three groups: married, never married, and separated/divorced/widowed. Vegetable intake was estimated from the twenty-four hour dietary recall. Data were analyzed using a chi-square test, analysis of covariance, least squares means, and logistic regression. Results: Married respondents tend to consume more vegetables, including kimchi, than all other marital status groups. Vegetable intake, excluding kimchi, was lowest among 30~64 year-old respondents who had never married. Elderly men (65 years and older) who were never married/separated/divorced/ widowed had significantly lower vegetable intake than elderly men who were married (p = 0.0008). When considering the Korean dietary reference intake (KDRIs), elderly men who were never married/separated/divorced/widowed, compared with elderly men who were married, had a significantly higher odds ratio for consuming fewer vegetables than the KDRIs (OR = 1.64, 95% CI: 1.13~2.37). Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that marital status might influence vegetable intake and the probability of consuming fewer vegetables than the KDRIs. In particular, being never married/separated/divorced/ widowed might adversely affect vegetable consumption among elderly men, although assessing the causal effect of marital status from this cross-sectional study is difficult.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.80-93
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• 2012

Recent studies have reported that the glycemic index (GI) has an effect on developing the risk for metabolic abnormalities such as diabetes, dyslipidemia, and obesity. As there are no reliable GI values for common Korean foods, only a few studies have been carried out using the dietary GI for Korean adults. The aim of this study was to establish a table of GI values for common Korean foods and evaluate dietary glycemic index (DGI) and dietary glycemic load (DGL) among the Korean adult population. International tables of GI values and other published values were used to tabulate GI values for common Korean foods. Among 653 food items, 149 (22.8%) were adapted from published data, 60 (9.2%) were imputed from similar foods, and 444 (68.0%) were assigned a zero. Data from 7,940 subjects aged 20 years and older in the 2007-2008 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were obtained, and DGI and DGL were calculated. The average DGI was 60.0 and the average DGL was 182.5 when the reference food GI value was glucose. After adjusting for potential confounding variables, DGI and DGL increased significantly according to age group (p for trend < 0.001). The food group that contributed most to DGL was grain and its products supplying 85.3% of total DGL, whereas the mean GI value in grain and its products was 72.6. Fruits and potatoes also contributed to DGL (5.8 and 2.9%, respectively), and their GIs were high (67.7 for potatoes and 45.8 for fruits). For individual food items, white rice supplied 66.7% of total GI followed by glutinous rice (2.3%) and steamed white rice cakes (2.0%). In conclusion, a table of GI values for 653 common food items was established in which white rice was the most contributing item to DGL. Our results will be useful to examine the relationships between DGI, DGL, and metabolic abnormalities in the Korean population.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.306-317
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• 2002

The Sample was consist of 216 female adults who were selected with my convenience from residing women in and around Seoul, Korea. The result were as fellowing; According to the factor analysis of their foot discomfort, it is divided into 3 factors: the discomfort of whole body (factor 1), the discomfort of foot sole (factor 2), and the discomfort of toes (factor 3). And the foot part of discomfort is more frequent in the order of the big toe, 2·3 metatarsal bones, and the little toe. As the age gets older, the discomfort of foot sole and toes are reported more frequently, and, particularly, more student and office employees have the discomfort of whole body while more sales women and housewives have the discomfort of foot sole. In terms of the shoe types, the higher the hill height, the more the discomfort of foot sole with wearing the sharp toe. As the wearing time is longer, the discomfort of foot sole increases. Being related to the from patterns, the broad and short type has more of the discomfort of foot sole, the flat foot feel more discomfort from the entire body and the sole. Walking with leaning toward the frontal the discomfort on toes and sole increases.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.200-209
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to compare the dental health capacity of smokers and nonsmokers. This study included 9,856 adults aged 19 years or older. The data used for analysis were obtained from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey for the 6th round, 1st (2013), and 2nd round (2014). Statistical analysis was performed by analysis of complex sample survey data. The demographic characteristics and results of the comparison of the dental health capacity between smokers and nonsmokers were as follows: with regard to the tissue health (T-health) index, the sex, age, and education level were statistically significant in smokers and nonsmokers. For the functioning teeth (FS-T) index, age, income, and education levels were statistically significant in smokers, while sex, age, and education level were statistically significant in nonsmokers. In smokers, the age and education level were statistically significant for present teeth (PT), sound teeth (ST), and missing teeth (MT), while in nonsmokers, the sex, age, and education level were statistically significant for the same parameters (p<0.05). A comparison of the dental health capacity between smokers and nonsmokers yielded the following findings: the T-health index was higher in smokers, while the FS-T index was higher in nonsmokers. PT and ST were higher in nonsmokers (p<0.05). The results of this study show that the dental health capacity of nonsmokers was higher than that of smokers. Therefore, a clear difference was observed in the dental health capacity of smokers and nonsmokers. The results of this study can provide objective data for nonsmoking treatment.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.117-122
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to obtain basic data on the relationing between smoking, drinking and periodontal pocket formation. There was no nationwide epidemiologic study on periodontal diseases and smoking, drinking in korea. 177 adults aged 20 and older were recruited the study subjects. Data for smoking, drinking and general characteristics were collected by questions. Periodontal pocket formation was measured greater than 3 mm by probing. Sectional arch numbers of periodontal pocket formation by sex, marriage status and drink yes or no were no statististically difference. Sectional arch numbers of periodontal pocket formation by ages were statististically to increase in proportion to age. Sectional arch numbers of periodontal pocket formation by economic status were statististically to increase in proportion to high economic status. Sectional arch numbers of periodontal pocket formation by smoke yes or no were statististically to increase more smokers than non-smokers. According to regression analysis, periodontal pocket formation was influenced by age, economic status and smoke yes or no.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.107-113
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• 2014

This study was conducted to evaluate the association between periodontal disease and diabetes mellitus. The final analysis population of this study was composed of 4,830 adults with diabetes mellitus or periodontal disease and aged 19 years or older, based on the third-edition data of the 4th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) (in 2009). Diabetic status and potential confounders were used in questionnaire materials and physical examination materials, and the presence of periodontal disease was used in the materials for oral health examination by a dentist. For diabetic status, fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels <100 mg/dl were subcategorized into normal group and FPG levels ${\geq}100mg/dl$ into impaired fasting glucose group; glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels <7% into normal group and HbA1c ${\geq}7%$ into diabetes group, on the basis of the American Diabetes Association. According to the 2009 Korea Health Statistics, the case where the pocket depth is 3 mm or more was defined as periodontal disease. The association between the two diseases was evaluated through $x^2$-test and logistic regression analysis using R-commander 2.14. In impaired fasting glucose group, community periodontal index (CPI) groups 3 to 4 had higher risks for periodontal disease 1.23 times (95% confidence interval, 1.07~1.42) than those of CPI groups CPI 0~2, even after adjustment for several confounders. In addition, periodontal disease and diabetes mellitus showed statistically significant differences depending on age, sex, income level, educational background, smoking status, alcohol consumption, and snack intake. The analyses of the third-edition data of the 4th KNHANES showed that there was a statistically significant association between periodontal disease and diabetes mellitus as examined by means of CPI in this study.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.9
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• pp.1431-1438
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• 2014

This study assessed the risk and prevalence of anorexia as well as associated factors among home-dwelling elderly adults. The subjects were 419 elderly men (116) and women (303) aged 65 years and older ($76{\pm}5.6yr$) living in Korea. Data were collected by personal interviews using questionnaires. The collected data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and Pearson's correlation. The prevalence of anorexia was 35.1% among participants. Male elders (74.1%) had higher proportions of anorexia than female elders (20.1%) (P<0.001). Significant differences in the appetite were observed according to type of disease, depression, and activities of daily living (ADL) index. In the poor appetite group, central nervous system diseases were the primary illness in male elders (P<0.01), whereas endocrine diseases were the primary illness in female elders (P<0.01). Elders with good appetites had less symptoms of depression (P<0.001) and greater independence in ADL (P<0.001). These results explored the high prevalence of anorexia in geriatric populations in Korea and its impact on elderly nutritional status and health. Further research should be performed to identify the causes of anorexia and establish an intervention protocol allowing the early diagnosis of anorexia.