• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.789-795
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to examine the appropriate surplus of clothing for a jacket bodice pattern of middle-aged obese men by using the 3D virtual twin and virtual garment simulation system. The results were as follows ; 1. BMI rate of middle-aged males was 28.13 which was equivalent to mild obesity, whereas WHR(W/H ratio from waist to hips) rate was near 1.00 which was highly dangerous against their obesity. In case of middle-aged obese men, the WHR was significantly higher than the entire middle-aged men's average and the section shape in which their thickness was relatively more than width. 2. As a result of appearances evaluation through virtual garment simulation, the cut-off amount of the side seam and the center back was regulated accordingly. Hereby, the final tolerance range was set up at 21.15 cm at the hips, so that the appearances became better and the bilateral distribution of the cross section and space length was formed symmetrically. Especially in case of increasing the cross amount of hems to produce a natural silhouette of the waist-to-hips parts, the ease of buttocks was judged to be moderate, but it turned out that a wavy cross section was made and the silhouette was not good. Thus it was found to be not good that the ease of the hips became excessively increased in proportion as circumference of waist and belly were increased in obesity. The use of the virtual twin made it impossible to comprehend the appearances and ease correspondent to motions. In order to evaluate wearing fitness, therefore, the system should be improved so as to change arm positions and perform various motions.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.1150-1162
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• 2011

Considering the fact that the fit for men's clothes is important for the sizing system modern ready-made pants, an analysis of obese middle-aged men is required at this period of time to determine the appropriate fit for obese men. The following research focused on 635 middle-aged obese men who had a BMI index of at least 25 and a waist circumference from the belly-button level of 34 inches or more. This research deals with the articles of circumference, thickness and other major physical changes that happen during the 30s, 40s, and 50s. According to the analysis of these body measurement articles with specific regard to age, men's height and the height of their waist seemed to decrease as their age increased. This demonstrates that as these men grow older, the waist and stomach slowly curved into a circular and flat body type due to their obesity. In this study, the first factor figure was the height and leg length. The second factor figure was the waist form. The third factor figure was the center thigh circumference. The fourth and fifth factor figures were the hip length and shape. Lastly, the sixth factor figure was the calf circumference. These 6 factor figures construct 80.57% of the volume explanation and showed 3 patterns through a cluster analysis that showed different patterns of obesity forms for waist circumferences in key figure 1, waist and thigh circumferences in key figure 2, and waist and buttocks circumferences. Therefore, it was worthwhile to consider the circumferences of the waist, buttocks and thigh according to the body type category to enhance the drafting of well-fitting pants.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.72-82
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to compare the body compositions and food behaviors of middle aged men with different obesity indices. The subjects were 62 middle aged men who lived Gunsan city. Heights, body weights, soft/lean masses, fat masses, percentages of body fat, and fat distributions were measured. Food habits and health-related lifestyle habits were evaluated based on questionnaires. The subjects were assigned to one of the following groups based on their percentage of body fat ($\%$Fat) ; normal, overweight and obesity. The results were as follows: their heights, fat masses, percentages of body fat, WHR, RBW, BMI and fitness scores were significantly higher in the obese subjects when compared to the normal and overweight subjects. Self-perceptions of weight and desires of weight control were significantly related with their percents of Fat. The overweight and the obese groups skipped meals, ate supper out, ate snacks, smoked tobacco, and exercised less frequently than the normal group. There were no significant differences in the scores of the dietary habits and drinking of alcohol among the three groups. Therefore, proper nutritional education on regular meals and intervention is required if middle aged men want to be of normal weight and have healthy lifestyles.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.53-66
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• 1995

The purpose of this research is to investigate how obesity and eating behavior are related to the concentration of serum insulin and lipids and blood pressure of middle-aged men The sample for this study utilizes 240 middle-aged men between th4 age of 40 and 60 living in the city of Kumi. Through a process of anthropometry and categorization by relative body weight, the sample is devide into two groups, the obese group (51 men) and the normal group (129 men). The results of the study were as follows : 1111111. The men from the obese group with the exception of height, subs-capular/triceps skinfold girth ratio(STR) had a higher level of body mass index (BMI), waist and hip circumference, waist/hip girth ratio(WHR), subscapular and triceps skinfold thickness than the normal group (P=0.0001). 2. In comparing the serum insulin and lipids between the obese and normal group, the obese group had a higher level of insulin and triglyceride (P=0.016, P=0.050) but a lower concentration of HDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol/total cholesterol (P=0.034, P=0.004). Also, the obese group had a higher level of systolic and diastolic blood pressure (P=0.001, P=0.029). When looking at the relationship between the serum insulin and lipids and anthropometric measurements, the relationship between waist/hip girth ratio(THR), the concentration of fasting serum insulin and lipids were stronger than the obesity index, body mass index(BMI). 3. Men who exercised regularly had a lower total cholesterol and systolic blood pressure 9P=0.049, P=0.041), and a higher level of HDL-cholesterol/total cholesterol (P=0.004). There was no observable relationship between the food habit score, the preference for fiber foods, and the concentration of serum lipids. Also, the concentration of serum lipids had no apparent effect on the preference for salty, sweet, and greasy foods.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.28 no.3_4
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• pp.499-508
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• 2004

The purpose of this research is to define body characteristics of middle-aged men at ages between 35 and 55 whose physical changes are very prominent, by comparing the measurement data collected from this age group. This research also classifies different body types, and provides basic data for designing slacks' original forms according to each body type. Based on factor analysis of the measured data, seven key factors are grouped. And five different body types are classified based on the cluster analysis using factor marks. Type 1 refers to those who are tall and standard. This body type is characterized by trapezoid body shape when looked from the front, and slim abdomen when looked from the side. Type 2 refers to short and a little fat body shapes, with trapezoid front and protruding hip and abdomen. Type 3 refers to tall and fat body shapes, with rectangular front, protruding abdomen, and slim hip. Type 4 refers to those who are of medium height and a little obese, with rectangular front and protruding abdomen and hip. Type 5 refers to short and obese body shapes, with rectangular front, slim abdomen, and protruding hip. 12 items are available to judge middle-aged men's low body types and the hit ratio is 90%.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.11 no.10
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• pp.155-162
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• 2020

This study wanted to confirm the relevance between body mass index(BMI) and insulin resistance and beta-cell function based on abdominal obesity in obese middle-aged men. This study targeted 797 obese middle-aged men who had undergone health checkups at general hospitals in Gyeonggi-do from January 2018 to June 2020. There were 327 in the group with abdominal obesity and 470 in the group without abdominal obesity. Glucose(p<0.001), HbA1c(p=0.003), insulin(p<0.001), HOMA-IR(p<0.001) was different between groups. BMI was a factor affecting insulin resistance and beta cell function regardless of the with or without of abdominal obesity. BMI was associated with the onset of disease of insulin resistance and beta cell functional degradation regardless of the with or without of abdominal obesity. Therefore, it is considered necessary to manage the indicators of the BMI through exercise programs and regular checkups for health management of middle-aged obese men.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.299-312
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• 1993

Anthropometry, computed tomography(CT) at the umbilical level, nutrient intake, blood pressure, serum levels of lipids and lipoproteins and response of glucose, c-peptide, insulin, and free fatty acid(FFA) during oral glucose tolerance test(OGTT) were estimated on 11 normal-weight controls and 35 overweight and obese middle-agd men. The areas of total abdominal, subcutaneous and visceral were determined by CT scanning technique. Total abdominal fat area correlated the most significantly with the levels of serum lipids, lipoproteins and insulin among several obese indices. Compared with normal-weight controls, overweight and obese men with abdominal fat lower than 29000$\textrm{mm}^2$ showed an increase in waist-hip ratio, areas of total abdominal(35%), visceral and subcutaneous fat and C-peptide response area during OGTT, though age, percent ideal body weight, body mass index, % body fat, and all biochemical indices except C-peptide response area were not different between two groups. Overweight and obese men with abdominal fat greater than 29000$\textrm{mm}^2$ showed a higher values in total abdominal fat(85%), serum levels of triglyceride, total-and LDL-cholesterol, the ratio of LDL-to HDL-cholesterol, and response areas of FFA, insulin and C-peptide during OGTT than normal-weight controls. Overweight and obese men with great abdominal fat showed an increase in alcohol ingestion and percent calorie intake per total energy expenditure, compared with normal-weight controls. Our results indicate that obesity and a certain level of total abdominal fat accumulation is required to observe abnormal levels of serum lipids, lipoproteins and insulin in Korean middle-aged men. In addition, increased alcohol and calorie intake and decreased physical activity could partly explain total abdominal fat accumulation in men.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.301-308
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to design men's clothing pattern that supplemented the problems of body shapes, by grasping the physical characteristics of middle-aged men and classifying their body shapes through comparing measurements after carrying out the human-body measurement targeting 120 middle-aged men at the age of 35-49 in full. As to the technical-statistic analysis of the measurement items, it could be seen that the middle-aged people who are the research target, have the obese body shapes. As a result of carrying out the factor analysis by the measurement analysis, it was derived the totally five factors such as thickness and width, stature and height, weight and girth, the bust length, and the shoulder shape. The total communality is 78.47%, and as a result of the cluster analysis by the factor score, it was classified into three clusters. Type 1 is the body shape with the great stature, the waist region a little obese, and the biggest thickness, width and girth. It is a flat body shape with the narrow shoulder and the smallest difference between the breast width and the waist width. As type 2 is the body shape that is small stature and is relatively not fat, it is the shape with the biggest difference between the breast width and the waist width and with the wide shoulder. Type 3 is the body shape that belongs to the middle of type 1 and type 2, has the upper-part body longer than other body shapes, and has the developed breast region with the biggest bosom width and bosom thickness.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.137-144
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to provide basic data for the development of a prototype of a garment that allows middle aged men to look idealized by examining the type of perception of middle aged men based on their subjective evaluation and their characteristics. This study used the Q methodology, which is a subjective research method that finds correlations among middle aged men across subjective attributes. The types of perception of body shape of middle aged men were analyzed as three types: leaning forward shape with bird legs, developed upper body shape with thick legs, protruding abdomen obesity body shape. The leaning forward shape with bird legs was recognized as the lowest in the BMI index, and the shoulder and chest were sagging, legs were thinner than the body and leaned forward. And that the hip were protruding and had a flat rectangular shape. Developed upper body shape with thick legs was the second overweight type of BMI index. It was recognized that the ankle and calf thighs were thick and the upper abdomen protruded upper body development body. Protruding abdomen obesity body shape was the most obese type with BMI index. In this type, the height was the smallest, and the upper abdomen came out and the abdomen protruded, and the abdomen was more exuded than the chest, and the neck was thick and the hips were recognized as the big body. The middle aged men's recognitive body shape was classified as a similar to actual body shape. However, in the recognition type, the frontal and side body types were mixed and classified. It is necessary to study the ergonomic pattern considering the features of each body type. This suggests that psychological effects can be obtained that allow the body shape that changes with age to be accepted more positively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.37-51
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to measure middle-aged men's bodies around the ages of thirty-five through fifty-five, whose age-group undergoes drastic changes on their body shapes, and to reveal their physical characteristics by comparing the measurements. Sixty Body measurements were taken on 168 subjects. Statistics analysis of data used Oneway Anova, Correlation, Fator Analysis, Cluster Analysis, Crosstabs. Body shapes are grouped based on the measurements, and TypeI is characterized by small and middle-sized body shapes. Tall and obese body shapes belong to TypeII. Lastly, TypeIII is characterized by body shapes with very tall height and obesity, especially around the abdomen area.