• Journal of Advanced Navigation Technology
• /
• v.2 no.2
• /
• pp.75-83
• /
• 1998

This paper presents a low cost and high accuracy integrated Global Positioning System (GPS)/dead reckoning (DR) system. The integrated GPS/DR system is capable of providing highly accurate position data in real-time or in post processing. Based on the analysis of the main error source affecting the DR measurements, an eight-state mathematical model for the integrated system has been developed to represent these errors. This eight-state model has been used to build a nonlinear filter for the estimation of the state vector at every epoch when DR measurements are available. The accuracy of the system has been evaluated using 1Hz DR measurements and 3Hz continuous GPS position estimates. Through numerical simulation the system performance during periods with GPS outage has been investigated by comparing two different noise models. While one model is the position estimation filter containing a single noise model, the other filter includes two-level noise model. The simulation results have shown that the estimation filter containing two-level noise model for computing the position error of the integrated GPS/DR system yields better performance than that the filter including the single-level noise model does.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Advanced Composite Structures
• /
• v.2 no.4
• /
• pp.35-43
• /
• 2011

This study examined the structural behaviors of foam insulated concrete sandwich panels subjected to uniform pressure. Finite element models were used to simulate the detailed shear resistance of connectors and the nonlinear behaviors of concrete, foam and rebar components. The models were then validated using data from static tests performed at the University of Missouri. Both composite and non-composite action had a significant effect on the response of the foam insulated concrete sandwich panels, indicating that the simulated shear tie resistance should indeed be incorporated in numerical analyses. The modeling approach used here conveniently simulated the structural behaviors during all loading stages (elastic, yielding, ultimate and post-failure) and was compatible with the American Concrete Institute (ACI) Code and existing design practices. The results of this study will therefore provide useful guidelines for the analysis and design of foam insulated sandwich panels under both static and dynamic loadings.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• v.13 no.4
• /
• pp.39-49
• /
• 1993

In order to present the geometrically nonlinear F.E. formulation of space frames, two beam/column elements including the effects of transverse shear deformation and bending stretching coupling are developed. In the case of the first element (Finite segment method), the tangent stiffness matrices are derived by directly integrating the equilibrium equations, whereas in the case of the second element (Finite element method) elastic and geometric stiffness matrices are calculated by using the hermitian polynomials including shear deformation effect as the shape function. Both elements possess the usual twelve degrees of freedom. Also, the bowing function including shear deformation effects is obtained in order to account for the effect of shortening of member chord length due to the bending and torsional behavior. Numerical results are presented for the selected test problems which demonstrate that both elements represent reliable and highly accurate tools.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• v.7 no.3
• /
• pp.141-154
• /
• 1987

The algorithm proposed utilizes the tow-levels technique. In the first level which consists of teeatment only the applied load and design stress as the random variables whose parent distribution has the normal distribution, the cross-sectional areas of the truss members such that the their probabilities of failure have the preseribed failure probabilites are optimized by transforming the nonlinear problem into SUMT, and solving it utilizing modified Newton-Raphson method. In the second level, the geometric shape of truss structure is optimized by utilizing the unidirectional search technique of Powell method which makes it possible to minimize only the objective function. The algorithm proposed is numerically tested for the several truss structures with various shapes and loading conditions. The numerical analysis shows that the rate of decreasing the weight of truss structures is dependent on the prescribed failure probability of the each member of truss structure and the covariance of the applied load and design stress.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
• /
• v.11 no.1
• /
• pp.65-73
• /
• 1997

The floating body discussed in this study is a 2-D rectangular floating unit supported by four vertical piles at its corners. Structures of this type are frequently seen as floating piers for the crafts in a small harbour. The movement in some modes of motion of such a flating body is fully or partially restrincted by the piles. The authors(Kim et al. 1994) carried out a series of model tests on its wave control function, its motion and the loads on piles. The experimental results showed that a certain degree of intial constriction force which clamps the floating unit in the horizontal direction can effectively reduce the body motion and wave energy without increasing mooring forces. This may be due to the friction forces occuring between the piles and the rollers installed in the mooring equipments on the floating unit. In this paper, we develop a numerical model for the prediction of wave transformation and floating body motions, where the friction force is idealized as the Coulomb friction and linearized into a damping force using the equivalent damping cofficient. This linearization is verified by comparing the results of motions between the linear and nonlinear analysis of the ezuations of motion. We further compare the caculation results by the linear model with the experimental results and discuss the effect of the friction force or the constriction force on body motions and wave energy dissipation.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
• /
• v.22 no.8
• /
• pp.797-804
• /
• 2011

Network coding has recently emerged as an effective solution for multicast and broadcast communications in wireless ad hoc networks. In this paper, we propose a throughput performance model for IEEE 802.11 wireless networks with network coding. Specifically, we consider IEEE 802.11 DCF protocol and linear topology in which traffic sources are located at both ends and intermediate nodes act as relays performing network coding. The proposed analytic model has the form of nonlinear equations in terms of throughput of each node. The solution of the nonliear equations thus correspond to the end-to-end throughput. Extensive simulation experiments have been performed to validate accuracy of the proposed model. Numerical results show that the results of the proposed analytic model agree fairly well with the corresponding simulation results.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
• /
• v.19 no.4
• /
• pp.55-64
• /
• 2003

Desiccation of a soil is basically the removal of water by evaporation, which is controlled by evaporativity and evaporability. Surface evaporation improves the trafficability which is essential for the access of construction equipment in the area reclaimed with soft clay. The existing traditional methods for evaluating evaporation can not account for the deformation of reclaimed soft soils during evaporation. Therefore, a theoretical model for predicting the rate of evaporation from the surface of a deformable material is proposed. The model is based on a system of equations for coupled heat and mass transfer in unsaturated soils. The modified pressure plate extractor test and glass desiccator test were carried out to obtain the soil-water characteristic curve for a deformable soil. The column drying test was conducted to investigate one dimensional water flow, heat flow and evaporation in the surface. A finite difference program was developed to solve the coupled nonlinear partial differential equations, which permit the study of water, vapor and heat flows in the deformable soil. Comparison between measured and simulated values shows a reasonably good matching between the two.

• Earthquakes and Structures
• /
• v.11 no.5
• /
• pp.823-840
• /
• 2016

The plastic hinge lengths of beams and columns are a critical demand parameter in the nonlinear analysis of structures using the finite element method. The numerical model of a plastic hinge plays an important role in evaluating the response and damage of a structure to earthquakes or other loads causing the formation of plastic hinges. Previous research demonstrates that the plastic hinge length of reinforced concrete (RC) columns is closely related to section size, reinforcement ratio, reinforcement strength, concrete strength, axial compression ratio, and so on. However, because of the limitations of testing facilities, there is a lack of experimental data on columns with large section sizes and high axial compression ratios. In this work, we conducted a series of quasi-static tests for columns with large section sizes (up to 700 mm) and high axial compression ratios (up to 0.6) to explore the propagation of plastic hinge length during the whole loading process. The experimental results show that besides these parameters mentioned in previous work, the plastic hinge of RC columns is also affected by loading amplitude and size effect. Therefore, an approach toward considering the effect of these two parameters is discussed in this work.

• Earthquakes and Structures
• /
• v.11 no.6
• /
• pp.925-942
• /
• 2016

With ongoing development of earthquake engineering research and the lessons learnt from a series of strong earthquakes, the seismic design concept of "resilience" has received much attention. Resilience describes the capability of a structure or a city to recover rapidly after earthquakes or other disasters. As one of the main features of urban constructions, tall buildings have greater impact on the sustainability and resilience of major cities. Therefore, it is important and timely to quantify their seismic resilience. In this work, a quantitative comparison of the seismic resilience of two tall buildings designed according to the Chinese and US seismic design codes was conducted. The prototype building, originally designed according to the US code as part of the Tall Building Initiative (TBI) Project, was redesigned in this work according to the Chinese codes under the same design conditions. Two refined nonlinear finite element (FE) models were established for both cases and their seismic responses were evaluated at different earthquake intensities, including the service level earthquake (SLE), the design-based earthquake (DBE) and the maximum considered earthquake (MCE). In addition, the collapse fragility functions of these two building models were established through incremental dynamic analysis (IDA). Based on the numerical results, the seismic resilience of both models was quantified and compared using the new-generation seismic performance assessment method proposed by FEMA P-58. The outcomes of this study indicate that the seismic resilience of the building according to the Chinese design is slightly better than that according to the US design. The conclusions drawn from this research are expected to guide further in-depth studies on improving the seismic resilience of tall buildings.

• Advances in concrete construction
• /
• v.9 no.4
• /
• pp.413-421
• /
• 2020

For steel-concrete girders made composite using shear studs, initial damage on studs induced by weld defect, unexpected overloading, fatigue and others might degrade the service performance and even threaten the structural safety. This paper conducted a numerical study to investigate the static behavior of damaged stud shear connectors that were embedded in ultra high performance concrete (UHPC). Parameters included damage degree and damage location. The material nonlinear behavior was characterized by multi-linear stress-strain relationship and damage plasticity model. The results indicated that the shear strength was not sensitive to the damage degree when the damage occurred at 2/3d (d is the stud diameter) from the stud root. An increased stud area would be engaged in resisting shear force as the distance of damage location from stud root increased and the failure section becomes inclined, resulting in a less reduction in the shear strength and shear stiffness. The reduction factor was proposed to consider the degradation of the shear strength of the damaged stud. The reduction factor can be calculated using two approaches: a linear relationship and a square relationship with the damage degree corresponding to the shear strength dominated by the section area and the nominal diameter of the damaged stud. It was found that the proposed method is preferred to predict the shear strength of a stud with initial damage.