• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.210-215
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• 2003

When fed on one of the six isonitrogenous (45%) and isolipic (8%) feed containing 5 or 10% Undaria, 2% wasabi leaf, 2% wasabi stem and 0.5% herb (Obosan) for a period of 8 weeks, 95-98% juvenile flounder survived. Growth, feed efficiency and condition factor of the flounder fed on diet containing 0.5% herb were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those fed on diet supplemented with 10% Undaria. There was no significant (p>0.05) differences in moisture, crude protein, lipid and ash of the flounder receiving the different diets. The flounder fed on diet supplemented with 10% Undaria had the highest moisture but the lowest lipid in liver. Hematological parameters such as red blood cell, hematocrit and hemoglobin and serum constituents such as glucose, total cholesterol and glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase of the flounder fed on the diets varied but no specific trend became apparent. Lysozyme activity in the serum of the flounder fed on diet supplemented with 5% Undaria and the herb, as well as nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction of macrophage in the head kidney of the flounder fed on diet containing the herb and 2% wasabi stem were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those receiving control diet. Briefly, the herb supplementation promoted growth and that of Undaria and wasabi stem enhanced non-specific immune response.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.65-75
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• 2002

This study was performed to know the effects of stress induced by the daily fluctuation of water temperture from 18$^{\circ}C$ to 25$^{\circ}C$ up and down for 30 days on the defence mechanism of olive flounder. Puralichthys olivaceus. To make clear the temperature stress on the defense mechanism of the tested fish. several factors of immune response such as counting of leucocyte appearance in peripheral blood, phagocytic activity in whole blood cells, nitroblue tetrazolium(NBT) reduction, chemiluminescence(CL) response, and lysozyme activity were investigated at 28 days after giving the change of water temperature. The fish was controlled under the none feeding condition during experimental period. Mortality of the tested fish was rapidly increased up to 22% within the first one week of the experimental period without any additional stress factors. The number of neutrophil of peripheral blood in the tested group was significantly higher than the control group at the 2nd week. but the number of lymphocyte was significantly lower than the control group at the 1st and 3rd day of the experimental period. respectively. In the NBT reduction test, the activity of macrophage in the control group fish was the highest on the 7th day while that in the tested group was on the 3rd day. Also. the phagocytosis of tested group against formalin killed cells was retarded compared with the control. CL response of the tested group was significantly lower from 2nd to 5lh day of the experimental period than the control. 'The lysozyme activity of tested group was remained higher during the experimental period than the control. Even though the tested fish showed different results in some non-specific factors of immune respceses between tested and control group fish, olive flounder seems highly adaptable in repealed water temperature change in condition after one week under the given temperature fluctuation range.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.198-205
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• 2010

Background: A crucial limitation of DNA vaccines is its weak immunogenicity, especially in terms of eliciting antibody responses in non-human primates or humans; therefore, it is essential to enhance immune responses to vaccination for the development of successful DNA vaccines for humans. Methods: Here, we approached this issue by evaluating interleukin-7 (IL-7) as a genetic adjuvant in cynomolgus monkeys immunized with multigenic HCV DNA vaccine. Results: Codelivery of human IL-7 (hIL-7)-encoding DNA appeared to increase DNA vaccine-induced antibody responses specific for HCV E2 protein, which plays a critical role in protecting from HCV infection. HCV-specific T cell responses were also significantly enhanced by codelivery of hIL-7 DNA. Interestingly, the augmentation of T cell responses by codelivery of hIL-7 DNA was shown to be due to the enhancement of both the breadth and magnitude of immune responses against dominant and subdominant epitopes. Conclusion: Taken together, these findings suggest that the hIL-7-expressing plasmid serves as a promising vaccine adjuvant capable of eliciting enhanced vaccine-induced antibody and broad T cell responses.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.16-22
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• 1995

This study was designed to investigate the antibody production to sheep red blood cells(SRBC) and proliferation of mitogen-stimulated spleen cells in Balb/c mice which received cadmium chloride. The mice were divided into three independent groups which were one control and two experimental groups by the cadmium treatment or not. No specific treatment was done for the control group. One of two experimental groups, which is called 'pre-treatment group' in this paper, was subcutaneously injected with low dose of cadmium chloride(0.5 mg/kg/day) for 5 consecutive days before the primary SRBC immunization. The other called 'non-pretreatment group' was only pretreated with normal saline. Both experimental groups were intraperitoneally injected with high dose of cadmium chloride(5 mg/kg) 8 hours before the primary immunization. Mice were intraperitoneally immunized twice with 2% SRBC suspension containing $10^8$ cells. The results obtained were as follows, 1. The PFG responses to SRBC were significantly increased in two experimental groups, cadmium pretreatment and non-pretreatment compared with that of control group(p<0.05). 2. The total antibody titers to SRBC in cadmium treated groups were similar to that of control group, but titers of IgG antibody were significantly elevated(p<0.01). 3. The proliferation response of spleen lymphocytes to various mitogens was suppressed in proportion to the concentration of cadmium and the degree of cadmium accumulation in liver was increased in the cadmium treated groups. These results suggest that cadmium chloride could affect on mouse immune response, especially its cell mediated immune response could be decreased while its humoral immune response could be increased, which may not be influenced by the administration methods or pretreatment of cadmium to mouse.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.23 no.8
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• pp.22.1-22.8
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• 2020

Background: High demand and low supply of fishmeal due to overexploitation of fisheries resources have resulted in a dramatic increase in the price of this ingredient. Olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) commercial feed contains approximately 60% fishmeal and limited success has been achieved in identifying sustainable alternative protein sources for this species. Methods: An on-farm feeding trial was conducted to compare a basal diet containing 65% as the control (CONT) with two experimental diets replacing 10% of fishmeal by animal protein (AP₁₀) or 20% of fishmeal by animal and plant protein (APP₂₀). Sub-adult olive flounder averaging 327 ± 9.3 g (mean±SD) were fed one of the three diets in triplicate groups for 16 weeks. Results: Weight gain, specific growth rate, feed efficiency, protein efficiency ratio, and survival were not significantly different among fish fed all the experimental diets (P > 0.05). Also, non-specific immune responses (superoxide dismutase and lysozyme activity), serum biochemical parameters, and intestinal villi length were not significantly different among fish fed all the experimental diets (P > 0.05). Conclusions: Therefore, based on growth performance, non-specific immune responses, serum biochemical parameters, and intestinal histology, dietary animal and plant protein mixtures could replace up to 20% of fishmeal in the diet of sub-adult olive flounder.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.26-33
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• 2009

This experiment was conducted to examine the utilization of added dietary selenium (Se) as an immune stimulant in juvenile olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Fish averaging $4.0{\pm}0.1\;g$ ($mean{\pm}SD$) were fed one of seven semi-purified diets containing 0.56, 1.07, 2.86, 4.56, 43.15, 90.71, or 161.74 mg of Se/kg ($Se_{0.56}$, $Se_{1.07}$, $Se_{2.86}$, $Se_{4.56}$, $Se_{43.2}$, $Se_{90.7}$ and $Se_{161.7}$, respectively) for 12 weeks, respectively. At the end of the feeding trial, the fish fed diets containing more than 43.2 mg of Se/kg showed above 90% mortality. There were no significant differences in weight gain, feed efficiency, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio, or hematological characteristics among the fish fed the $Se_{0.56}$, $Se_{l.07}$, $Se_{2.86}$, and $Se_{4.56}$ diets. Se concentrations of the gill, kidney, muscle and liver tissues occurred in dose-dependent manners. Alternative complement pathway activation and the chemiluminescene responses of the fish fed the $Se_{1.07}$ diet were significantly higher than those of the fish fed the other diets (P<0.05). These results indicate that the optimum dietary supplementation level of Selenium as selenoyeast could be 1.07 mg of Se/kg based on the non-specific immune responses of juvenile oilve flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.1-16
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• 2006

Purpose : The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of Kamibojoongikkitang (KBT) on the immune cells in C57BL/6 mice. Methods : KBT (500mg/kg) was administerd p.o. once a day for 7 days. Results : KBT decreased the cell viability of thymocytes in vivo and in vitro system and decreased the cell viability of splenocytes in vivo, but increased the viability of splenocytes in vitro system. In addition, KBT did not affect the population of helper T (Th) cells and cytotoxic T (Tc) cells in thymocytes and decreased the population of T- and B-lymphocytes and the population of Th and Tc cells in splenocytes. Furthermore, KBT did not affect the production of ${\gamma}%-interferon and interleukin-4 in splenocytes. KBT increased the production of nitric oxide in vivo but decreased the production of nitric oxide in vitro system. KBT enhanced the phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophages in vivo, but decreased the phagocytic activity in vitro. Conclusion : KBT has an inhibitory action on the specific immune response via decrease of the cell viability of thymocytes and splenocytes and has a potent action on the non-specific immunity via increase of phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophages.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.8
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• pp.1178-1187
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• 2000

Many immunostimulating substances have been developed to improve immunity of domestic animals, although their exact mode of action and effects are not clearly defined, and they are now widely used in feed industry. Bacterial lipopolysaccharides, called endotoxin, in particular may have a profound effect not only on the immune system but also on macrophages of the reticuloendothelial system. Glucans from a variety of yeast cell wall have been shown to stimulate both specific and non-specific immune responses and to increase growth performance in pigs. Recently, there has been great interest in the role of complex carbohydrates in disease prevention and treatment. Mannanoligosaccharide is a glucomannoprotein complex derived from the cell wall of yeast. Generally, it was also known that the deficiencies of some major vitamins (vitamin A, E and C) and minerals (chromium and selenium) lead to impaired immune system and, as a result, immune function is depressed and recovery delayed. On the other hand, many researchers suggested that one possible reason for the superior performance observed in pigs fed plasma protein may be because of the presence of biologically active plasma proteins (e.g., immunoglobulins) which are known to contribute to the health of the starter pig. And, immunoglobulins present in plasma protein have been implicated as contributing to the overall immunocompetence of the newborn pig. Other immunostimulants, lactoferrin and lysozyme, mainly found in milk and egg white, have been known as having bacteriocidal and bacteriolytic effect. When considering practical use of immunostimulants, the concept of using immunostimulants is new to many people and, in most cases, it is poorly understood how and why such compounds act, and how they should be used in practice. Therefore, in order to clarify the reason for discrepancies in results, special attention should be paid to the dose/response relationship of immunostimulants and the duration of the effect.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.347-353
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• 2022

In this study, the effect of a synbiotic mixture of probiotics and 3% inulin on the growth, non-specific immune response, and mortality due to disease resistance of Paralichthys olivaceus was investigated. The results revealed that an 8-week diet of synbiotic-added feed, had no significant effect on the growth of P. olivaceus, Analysis of the hematological parameters revealed that there was a significant difference in the content of AST, total protein, and cholesterol among the groups, whereas there was no significant difference in the ALT and glucose contents. Further, there was no significant difference in the lysozyme activity of the synbiotic and control group after 8 weeks' feeding. In addition, when the symbiotic mixture was used rather than probiotics alone, the NBT activity of the synbiotic group increased compared to that of the control group. Moreover, when only probiotics were used, the cytokine expression in the spleen of the samples was significantly lower than that in the control group, whereas the expression was significantly higher in the spleen of the synbiotics group. However, there was no significant difference in the cytokine expression in the liver, intestine, and kidney of the three groups. Lastly, after injection for 2 weeks, the mortality rates of the control group towards Edwardsiella tarda, Streptococcus parauberis, and Streptococcus iniae were 95, 85 and 85%, respectively; those of the probiotics group were 85, 80, and 80%, respectively; and those of the synbiotics group were 80, 80, and 85%, respectively.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.67-74
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• 2008

Background: The effects of the dietary administration of two heat-inactivated whole bacteria from the Vibrionaceae family, singly or combined, on innate immune response of the rainbow trout were studied. The two bacteria (Pdp11 and 51M6), which were obtained from the skin of rainbow trout, showed in vitro characteristics that suggested they could be considered as potential fish probiotics. Methods: The fish were fed four different diets: control (non-supplemented), or diets supplemented with heat-inactivated bacteria at $10^8$ cfu/g Pdp11, $10^8$ cfu/g 51M6 or with $0.5{\times}10^8$ cfu/g Pdp11 plus $0.5{\times}10^8$ cfu/g 51M6 for 4 weeks. Six fish were sampled at weeks 1, 2, 3 and 4, and then the main humoral (natural haemolytic complement activity and serum peroxidase content) and cellular innate immune responses (leucocyte peroxidase content, phagocytosis, respiratory burst and cytotoxicity) were evaluated. Results: The serum peroxidase content and the natural haemolytic complement activity increased with time, reaching the highest values in the third and fourth weeks of feeding, respectively. The phagocytic ability of specimens fed the mixture of the two inactivated bacteria was significantly higher than in the controls after 2 and 3 weeks of treatment. The same activity increased significantly in rainbow trout fed the Pdp11 diet for 2 weeks or the 51M6 diet for 3 weeks. Respiratory burst activity was unaffected by all the experimental diets at all times assayed. Cytotoxic activity had significantly increased after 3 weeks in fish fed the 51M6 diet. Conclusion: Our results demonstrated the usefulness of incorporating inactivated probiotic bacteria into fish diets.