• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.362-367
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• 2011

The study was conducted to investigate functional materials as skin whitening and anti-inflammatory agent from Taraxacum officinale and Taraxacum coreanum. The total polyphenol and flavonoid content in the ethanol extract of Taraxacum officinale were found to be 64.07mg/g and 32.46mg/g, respectively. In tyrosinase inhibitory activity, the hot water extract of Taraxacum coreanum was higher than the other extracts. However, in nitric oxide (NO) scavenging ability, the ethanol extract of Taraxacum coreanum was higher than the other extracts. the ethanol extract of Taraxacum coreanum showed strong NO production inhibitory effect in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated Raw 264.7 cell. In the cell viability measurement by MTT assay and the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay against L929 cell, the extracts were exhibited fine cell viabilities and normal LDH release levels as nontoxic result in sample concentration of $250{\sim}1000{\mu}g/m{\ell}$. As a result, the ethanol extract and the hot water extract of Taraxacum coreanum could be applicable to functional materials for anti-inflammatory and skin whitening related fields, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.191-196
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• 2013

The effect on the antioxidant activity and Nitric Oxide activity production inhibitory activity of Taraxacum has not been known. Therefore, phenolics and flavonoid contents were investigated from the ethanol extracts of five different Taraxacum species. The results showed that, among the five Taraxacum, T. hallaisanensis contains the highest total phenolic and flavonoid contents. When the antioxidant activity was measured by DPPH, $ABTS^+$ and reducing power activity, the free radical scavenging activity of T. hallaisanensis was also the highest among five Taraxacum species. However, measurement by CCK-8 assay in Raw264.7 cells indicated that the extracts of Taraxacum species have no effect on cell viability. Moreover, we also investigated the effect of Taraxacum species on NO scavenging activity in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated Raw264.7 cells. The results clearly showed that Taraxacum species inhibited NO production, and the inhibitory effect of T. hallaisanensis was the strongest. The above results suggested that Taraxacum species affected the antioxidant and NO scavenging activity, and among the five species, antioxidant and NO scavenging activity assay of T. hallaisanensis was significantly higher than those of other four Taraxacum species. Therefore, T. hallaisanensis could be used as a potential drug with anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effect.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.201-206
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• 1999

Nitric oxide(NO) is a potent and selective pulmonary artery vasodilator. Erythropoietin(EPO) is produced in the kidney in response to reduced oxygen availability. In this study, blood samples were collected for determination of NO and EPO concentrations in 18 normal newborns and 16 newborns with respiratory distress syndrome(RDS). Serum was measured by Ding's method for NO concentration and by enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay for EPO concentration. Nitric ion concentration in serum was 14.9$\pm$3.2 $\mu$M in normal control group and 12.8$\pm$3.3 $\mu$M in RDS group. EPO concentration in serum was 16.2$\pm$3.4 mU/ml in normal control group and 21.2$\pm$5.4 mU/ml in RDS group. These results show the decrease of NO and increase of EPO in RDS newborn patients in comparison with normal newborns. Such imbalances may contribute to the development of several clinical symptoms.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.54-70
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• 2008

Background and Object : This study was carried out to investigate the effects of GCSBPT (Gagam-Cheongsang BangPungTang) on the in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory reactions. Methods : Vascular permeability and Cyclooxygenase inhibition assay are examined in vitro and nitric oxide inhibition assay, radical scavenging activity test, $TNF-{\alpha}$, COX-2 inhibition test are examined in vivo. Results : GCSBPT showed inhibitory effects on vascular permeability and leukocyte migration in animal test. In cyclooxygenase 2 inhibition assay, an ethanol extract of GCSBPT inhibited prostaglandin E2 generation at a concentration of $10{\mu}g/ml$. Among the herbal ingredients of GCSBPT, ethanol extracts of Nepetae Spica exhibited potent inhibitory activities. Ethanol extract of GCSBPT inhibited the release of nitric oxide and the gene expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in RAW 246.7 cells stimulated by lipopolysaccharide. Ethanol extract of GCSBPT exhibited radical scavenging activity of 54% at $100{\mu}g/ml$. Among the herbal ingredients of GCSBPT. Conclusions : According to the above results, I expected that GCSBPT was a potent anti-inflammatory prescription.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.251-256
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• 1997

Toluene inhalation increases glutamate level and its receptor in various brain regions. In this study, nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activities were investigated in various rat brain regions using NADPH diaphorase staining method which examined histochemical changes of NOS in the neural cells. Also, in vitro LDH leakage assay and MTT test were performed to investigate the toxic influences of toluene in cultured granule cell of rat cerebellum which was significantly affected with toluene in vivo. Rats were exposed to toluene of 10000 ppm for 3 days. 7 days and 14 days by 20 min $\times$ 2 times a day. NADPH diaphorase staining was processed in the different brain regions after inhalation. NADPH diaphorase staining density was not significantly changed at 3 days inhalation group, but the density decreased in proportion to the duration of toluene inhalation. Over 30% of staining density was decreased at 14 days group which was maximum duration of inhalation in this study. The tendency of staining density decrease was significant in granule cell of cerebellum. Cell death by toluene exposure was observed in cultured cerebellar granule cell. $EC_{50}$ measured with LDH leakage assay and MTT test were 43 mM and 72 mM respectively.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.143-147
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• 2006

In the mouse leukemic monocyte cell line RAW 264.7, the vacuolar-type $(H^+)$-ATPase (V-ATPase) inhibitor bafilomycin $A_1$ at 10 and 100 nM decreased cell growth and survival as determined by 3-(4,5-dimethyl(thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay in a concentration-dependent manner. At such concentrations, bafilomycin $A_1$ induced nitric oxide (NO) production through the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). The bafilomycin $A_1$-induced NO production was inhibited by the NOS inhibitor $N^G$-monomethyl-L-arginine acetate (L-NMMA). Our findings suggest that the V-ATPase inhibitor bafilomycin $A_1$ induces NO production through the expression of iNOS protein.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.294-299
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to investigate effects of Red Ginseng-Ejung-tang (RE) on nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen peroxide production in RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Cell viability was measured by modified MTT assay. NO production was measured by Griess reagent assay. Hydrogen peroxide production was measured by dihydrorhodamine 123 (DHR) assay. RE did not show cell toxicity against RAW 264.7 for 24 hr incubation at the concentrations of 10, 25, 50, 100, and $200{\mu}g/mL$ in RAW 264.7. RE significantly inhibited NO production for 24 hr incubation at the concentrations of 10, 25, 50, and $100{\mu}g/mL$ in RAW 264.7 (P < 0.05). RE significantly inhibited the LPS-induced production of NO for 24 hr incubation at the concentrations of 10, 25, 50, and $100{\mu}g/mL$ in RAW 264.7 (P < 0.05). RE significantly inhibited the LPS-induced production of hydrogen peroxide for 16, 24, 40, 48, 64, and 72 hr incubation at the concentrations of 50, 100, and $200{\mu}g/mL$ in RAW 264.7 (P < 0.05). These results suggest that RE has anti-inflammatory property related with its inhibition of NO and hydrogen peroxide production in LPS-induced macrophages.

• Proceedings of the SCSK Conference
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• 2003.09a
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• pp.601-610
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• 2003

Biotin is a water-soluble vitamin used as a skin conditioning agent and promotes the formation of intercellular lipid layers through increased lipid synthesis, which improves the skin's natural barrier function. The anti-inflammatory effects of biotin have been investigated using in vitro assay models, such as MTT assay, measurements of concentrations of nitric oxide(NO), prostaglandin E2(PGE$_2$), and inhibition rate of 5-lipoxygenase(5-LOX). In comparison with biotin, other plant extracts were tested at the same time which were kudzu vine extract, sage extract, paeonia extract, and dipotassium glycyrrhetinate. Nitric oxide is a signal molecule with functions such as neurotransmission, local vascular relaxation, and anti-inflammation in many physiological and pathological processes. NO can cause apoptosis and necrosis of target cells such as keratinocytes and is generated from L-arginine by nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Prostanoids, including prostaglandins and thromboxanes, are generated by the phospholipase $A_2$/cyclooxygenase(COX) pathway, and leukotrienes are generated by the 5-lipoxygenase pathway from arachidonic acid. Prostaglandin E2 recently have been shown to be beneficial in the resolution of tissue injury and inflammation, also has been implicated as an immunosuppressive agent and plasma levels of PGE$_2$ are elevated in patients sustaining thermal injury. Lipoxygenase metabolites from arachidonic acid have been implicated in inflammation, anti-inflammatory activity of the raw materials was evaluated in vitro by the offered inhibition of lipoxygenase.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.74-78
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• 1999

Nine sesquiterpene lactones, which were isolated from Hemisteptia lyrata Bunge, Chrysanthemum zawadskii Herbich var. latilobum Kitamura and Chrysanthemum boreale Makino were evaluated for the inhibition upon the nitric oxide release from the Raw cell and for the ACAT (acyl Co A: cholesterol acyltransferase) inhibitory assay. In the nitric oxide release inhibitory experiment, hemistepsin B $(IC_{50}\;=\;0.05\;{\mu}g/ml,\;0.15\;{\mu}M),$ cumambrin B, tulipinolide and costunolide exhibited strong inhibition with $IC_{50}$ values $0.05\;{\mu}g/ml\;(0.15\;{\mu}M),\;0.1\;{\mu}g/ml\;(0.38\;{\mu}M),\;0.2\;{\mu}g/ml\;(0.69\;{\mu}M)$ and $0.2\;{\mu}g/ml(0.86\;{\mu}M),$ respectively. In the ACAT inhibitory assay, angeloylcumambrin B, tigloylcumambrin B, tulipinolide and costunolide exhibited strong inhibition with $IC_{50}$ values $33\;{\mu}g/ml\;(95.4\;{\mu}M),\;22\;{\mu}g/ml\;(63.6\;{\mu}M),\;38\;{\mu}g/ml\;(151\;{\mu}M)$ and $17\;{\mu}g/ml(73.3\;{\mu}M),$ respectively, whereas other compounds did not exhibit significant activity against ACAT above $100\; {\mu}g/ml.$.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.368-372
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• 2011

In this study, we investigated on antioxidative activity and nitric oxide production inhibitory activity of various solvent extracts of Lespedeza bicolor. The total polyphenol content of the methanol extract was 192.6 mg/g and flavonoid content of the acetone extract was 40.6 mg/g, as the highest content. In DPPH radical scavenging ability, $SC_{50}$ values of the ethanol and methanol extract were exhibited $0.69mg/m{\ell}$ and $0.89mg/m{\ell}$, respectively. However, in nitric oxide(NO) scavenging ability, $SC_{50}$ values of the acetone was exhibited $0.72mg/m{\ell}$ as the highest activity. Moreover, the acetone extract showed strong NO production inhibitory effect in lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-stimulated Raw 264.7 cell. In the cytotoxicity measurement by MTT assay, the extracts were exhibited Raw 264.7 cell viabilities of 92.57~129.04% as nontoxic result in concentration of $65{\sim}650{\mu}g/m{\ell}$. As a result, the acetone extract of L. bicolor could be applicable to functional materials for anti-inflammatory related fields.