• Journal of Wellbeing Management and Applied Psychology
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.19-23
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• 2023

Purpose: High concentrations of nitrogen exist in food wastewater, and when nitrogen is not properly treated and discharged, it can cause eutrophication in the aquatic ecosystem. Research design, data and methodology: In order to remove nitrogen using sodium hypochlorite, the BNCR tank was designed and installed in the step behind the biological treatment tank, and the data of pH, TOC, and T-N were collected after about a month of demonstration. Results: As a result of operating the BNCR tank, total nitrogen decreased by about 83% on average. The total nitrogen in the second sedimentation tank before going through the BNCR tank must be removed and finally discharged after nitrogen is removed above the legal standard of 60 mg/L. Conclusions: If BNCR tank is added to the process currently applied to nitrogen removal and operated, ammonia nitrogen can be removed more efficiently. However, the disadvantage is that nitric acid nitrogen and nitric acid nitrogen cannot be removed. If these disadvantages are supplemented and optimized in the future, it will be helpful for workplaces that are having difficulty removing nitrogen.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.33-44
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• 1988

For the purpose of examining the effects of simulated acid rain on the chemical properties of the experimental soil in Pinus densiflora seedlings and Forsythia koreana rooted cuttings, the experimental design of randomized block arrangement with three replications was implemented in the experimental field of Yesan National Agricultural Junior College. One-year-old Pinus densiflora seedlings and Forsythia koreana cuttings were planted in the pots filled the mixed soils (nursery soil: forest soil of siliceous sandy loam = 1 : V/V)in the early spring of 1985. The regime of artificil acid rain, in terms of spray frequency per monthly and spray amount at single treatment per plot, was simulated on the basis of climatological data averaged from 30 years records. Simulated acid rain (pH 2.0, pH4.0, and pH 5.5 as control) containing sulfuric and nitric acid in the ratio of 3:2 (chemical equivalant basis) diluted ground water, were treated on the experimental plants under condition of cutting off the natural precipitation with vinyl tunnel, during the growing season (May 1 to August 31) in 1985. THe results obtained in this study were as follows; 1. Soil acidity was dropped, and exchangeable aluminum contents in the soil was dramatically increased in both species, with decreasing pH levels of acid rain. 2. Exchangeable potassium, clacium, magnesium contents, and base saturation degree of the soil were highly drcreased in two species as the pH levels of acid rain decreased. 3. In two species, sulfate concentrations in the soil were decreased of pH 4.0 treatment, and remarkably increased at pH 2.0 treatment of acid rain in comparison with control. 4. Total nitrogen and available phosphate contents of the soil were not affected by acid rain treatment in the both species, and Fe contents at pH 2.0 treatment were highest among three acid rain treatments.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.26 no.12
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• pp.1067-1073
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• 2003

Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is a non-toxic, hydrophilic bile acid in widespread clinical use mainly for acute and chronic liver disease. Recently, treatment with UDCA in hepatic graft-versus-host disease has been given in immunosuppressive therapy for improvement of the biochemical markers of cholestasis. Moreover, it has been reported that UDCA possesses immunomodulatory effects by the suppression of cytokine production. In the present study, we hypothesized that UDCA may inhibit the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine, IL-1$\beta$, and nitric oxide (NO) in microglia. In the study, we found that 100 $\mu$ g/mL UDCA effectively inhibited these two pro-inflammatory factors at 24 hand 48 h, compared to the $A\beta$42-pretreated groups. These results were compared with the LPS+UDCA group to confirm the UDCA effect. As microglia can be activated by several stimulants, such as $A\beta$42, in Alzheimers brain and can release those inflammatory factors, the ability to inhibit or at least decrease the production of IL-1$\beta$ and NO in Alzheimers disease (AD) is essential. Using RT-PCR, ELISA and the Griess Reagent System, we therefore found that UDCA in $A\beta$42 pre-treated cultures played a significant role in suppressing the expression or the production of IL-1$\beta$ and NO. Similarly, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) did not activate microglia in the presence of UDCA. Moreover, we found that UDCA exhibits a prolonged effect on microglial cells (up to 48 h), which suggests that UDCA may play an important role in chronic cell damage due to this long effect. These results further imply that UDCA could be an important cue in suppressing the microglial activation stimulated by massive AD peptides in the AD progressing brain.

• Food Quality and Culture
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.89-96
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• 2008

In order to determine whether green tea tannin ameliorates abnormal arginine metabolism as the result of excessive arginine, we have assessed the effects of the administration of green tea tannin mixture in rats treated 30 days with 2% arginine. In the arginine-treated group, the level of guanidino compounds such as arginine (Arg), guanidinoacetic acid (GAA), creatinine (Cr), methylguanidine (MG) and guanidinosuccinic acid (GSA), nitric oxide, urea, protein and glucose increased significantly in the serum, urine and kidney, whereas the oxygen species-scavenging enzymes of kidney were reduced as compared with the non-arginine-treated group. By way of contrast, the administration of green tea tannin reduced blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine, and reduced the urinary excretion of guanidinoacetic acid, creatinine, and $NO_2^-+NO_3^-$. The increased levels of urinary urea, protein and glucose in the arginine-treated group were also lowered by the administration of green tea tannin. In these groups, the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase in the kidney were increased, thereby suggesting the involvement of radicals in the normalizing of kidney function. These results show that the abnormal renal function induced by the adminstration of excessive arginine in rats may be restored by treatment with green tea tannin.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.225-230
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• 2011

Indirubin is the active ingredient of Danggui Longhui Wan, a mixture of plants that is used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat chronic diseases. In this study we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of an indirubin derivative, indirubin-3’-monoxime-5-sulphonic acid (I3M-5S, $C_{16}H_{11}N_3O_5S$). We found that I3M-5S inhibits the production of various inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) as well as inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ and interleukin-6 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated murine macrophage, RAW264.7 cells. In addition, the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2, which are essential enzymes to produce NO and $PGE_2$, respectively, was blocked by I3M-5S treatment in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Present data suggest that I3M-5S exhibits potent anti-inflammatory activity in cultured macrophages and merit further study as potential therapeutic agents for inflammatory disorders.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.10-19
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• 2020

Objectives: Oxidative stress-mediated neuroinflammation has been supposed as a crucial factor that contributes to the pathogenesis of many neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we aimed to investigate the protective activity against oxidative stress and neuroinflammation of protocatechuic acid (PA), active phenolic compound from Momordica Charantia. Methods: Protective activity of PA from oxidative stress was performed under in vitro conditions. Our study investigated the protective mechanism of PA from neuroinflammation in cellular system using C6 glial cell. To investigate the improvement the effects on oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, we induced oxidative stress by H₂O₂ (100 μM) stimulation and induced neuroinflammation by treatment with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (1 ㎍/mL) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) (10 ng/mL) in C6 glial cells. Results: PA showed strong radical scavenging effect against 1,1-dipenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, hydroxy radical (·OH) and nitric oxide (NO). Under oxidative stress treated by H₂O₂, the result showed the increased mRNA expressions of oxidative stress markers such as nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB), cyclooxygenase (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide (iNOS). However, the treatment of PA led to reduced mRNA expressions of NF-κB, COX-2 and iNOS. Moreover, PA attenuated the production of interleukin-6 and scavenged NO generated by both endotoxin LPS and IFN-γ together. Furthermore, it also reduced LPS and IFN-γ-induced mRNA expressions of iNOS and COX-2. Conclusions: In conclusion, our results collectively suggest that PA, phenolic compound of Momordica Charantia, could be a safe anti-oxidant and a promising anti-neuroinflammatory molecule for neurodegenerative diseases.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.135-140
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• 2015

Trans-10, cis-12-conjugated linoleic acid (t10c12-CLA) has been shown to participate in the regulation of anti-inflammatory effects. The objectives of this study were to examine the effects of t10c12-CLA on reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) production and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-${\kappa}B$) activation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells and to determine whether these effects were associated with change of intracellular calcium ion ($Ca^{2+}$). ROS production was increased in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, and this effect was suppressed by 1,2-bis-(o-aminophenoxy) ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid-acetoxymethyl ester (BAPTA/AM), a calcium chelator. t10c12-CLA suppressed ROS production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, which was further more decreased by treatment with BAPTA/AM. These indicated that t10c12-CLA decreases $Ca^{2+}$-dependent ROS production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Similarly, NF-${\kappa}B$ p65 DNA binding activity and NO production were decreased by treatment with either t10c12-CLA, BAPTA/AM, or t10c12-CLA and BAPTA/AM combination. However, there were no differences between t10c12-CLA and BAPTA/AM treatment in NO production of LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. These data indicate that t10c12-CLA inhibits the increases in ROS and NO production and the NF-${\kappa}B$ activation in LPS-stimulated condition. These results suggested that CLA exerts potent anti-inflammatory effects by suppression of LPS-induced ROS and NO production, and NF-${\kappa}B$ activationn via $Ca^{2+}$-dependent pathway.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.208-218
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• 1991

To compare the resistance of landscape trees by acid rain, simulated acid rain was treated on the seeds of 6 coniferous species (Pinus densiflora, Pinus thunbergii, Pinus koraiensis, Taxus cuspidata, Cedrus deodara, Thuja occidentalis) and 6 broad-leafed species (Ligustrum obtusifolium, Acer Buergerianum, Acer Ginnala, Styrax obassia, Cornus Kousa, Magnolia obovata). The experimental design of randomized block arrangement with three replications was implemented in the experimental field of Yesan National Agri-Tech Junior College. The seeds of 12 tree species were planted on the nursery soil in the early spring of 1991. The regime of artificial acid rain, in terms of spray frequency per monthly and spray amount at year records. Simulated acid rain (pH 2.0, pH 4.0, pH 5.6 as control) containing sulfuric and nitric acid in the ratio of 3:2 (chemical equivalant basis) diluted ground water, were treated on the experimental plants under condition of cutting off the natural precipitation with vinyl tunnel, during the growing season (April 8 to August 31) in 1991. Seedling establishment, seedling growth and nutrient contents in needles and leaves were measured and compared among the treatment. The results were summerized as follows; 1. In general, coniferous species were more resistant than broad-leafed species in the resistant comparisons of landscape trees by simulated acid rain. But there were resistant tree species to acid rain among the broad-leafed species. 2. Among 6 coniferous species used in this experiment, Pinus densiflora, Pinus koraiensis, Taxus cuspidata, Cedrus deodara and Pinus thunbergii revealed the resistant tree species to acid rain. But Thuja occidentalis was very susceptible to acid rain, because of no germination in pH 2.0 treatment plot of acid rain. 3. Among 6 broad-leafed species used in this study, Magnolia obovata, Styrax obassia and Ligustrum obtusifolium showed relative resistant tree species to acid rain. But Acer Buergerianum, Acer Ginnala and Cornus Kousa were very susceptible to acid rain, because of no germination in pH 2.0 plot of acid rain treatment.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.117-127
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• 2002

Saururus chinensis Baill has been used in Korean folk medicine for the treatment of various diseases such as edema, Jaundice, and furuncle. The components of this plant were extracted into four fraction. Among the four fraction, hexane and ethyl acetate fraction were highly toxic to 3T3 mouse embryo fibroblast and Raw 264.7 mouse macrophage, but n-butanol and residue fraction did not show any toxic effect to those cell lines. n-Butanol and residue fraction exhibited antioxidant effects on hydro-gen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, and superoxide anion directly in vitro and in the 3T3 fibroblasts. All the four fractions inhibited lipid peroxidation measured by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) formation. In addition, n-butanol and residue fraction showed inhibitory effects on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide production, and also down-regulated inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA transcription 6 h after LPS stimulation in Raw 204.7 cells. Only n-butanol fraction, which mainly consists of flavonoids, inhibited NF-kB activation by decreasing IkBa degradation 90 min after LPS stimulation. horn the results, it is suggested that this plant could be a good candidate material for drug development based on its antioxidant and/or anti-inflammatory constituents.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.311-319
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• 2022

Hyaluronic acid from Liparis tessellatus eggs (HALTE) was grafted with caffeic acid (CA-g-HALTE), ferulic acid (FA-g-HALTE), gallic acid (GA-g-HALTE), and nisin (Nisin-g-HALTE) and investigated for their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential in lipopolysaccharides-stimulated RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages. Nitric oxide (NO) generation and prostaglandin E₂ activity were measured after treatment with the grafted HALTE samples. All grafted HALTE samples exhibited more antioxidant activity against 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radicals than 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radicals. Nisin-g-HALTE showed the least antioxidant activity. Additionally, the NO assay results showed that all grafted samples had no cytotoxic effect on RAW 264.7 macrophages and reduced macrophage activity after treatment. The most effective concentrations of CA-g-HALTE and FA-g-HALTE were found to be above 100 ㎍/mL. Increased sample concentration resulted in increased activity except with Nisin-gHALTE at 100 ㎍/mL. CA-g-HALTE, FA-g-HALTE, GA-g-HALTE, and Nisin-g-HALTE were found to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential, which can be further explored for use in food, cosmetic, nutraceutical, and biomedical applications.