• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.3-13
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• 2018

The formwork cost amounts for a significant proportion of project construction costs. It costs 10-15% of the total construction cost and 30-40% of the frame structure construction cost. In addition, the formwork collapse accidents are frequently causing deaths in the construction industry, and thus, is known to be of relatively high degree of risk. As so, the accuracy of structural calculation and quantity take-off when planning the formwork in a construction project are a very important matter. Accordingly, this study develops a BIM based formwork design prototype, that enables the construction manager to optimize the design through applying the proposed new IFC entities associated with the formwork design. The approach proposed in this study is expected to support the construction manager with accurate quantity calculation and rapid planning and construction. Since this study considered specific small-scale buildings using Euro-form and show the possibility of utilizing BIM entities in the formwork design process, further research is recommended towards the limitations in applying the system to other types of formworks.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.19-26
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• 2015

Purpose: Maximizing human comfort in design of medical environments depends immensely on specialized architects particularly critical care design; the study proposes Evidence-Based Design as an apparent analog to Evidence-Based Medicine. Healthcare facility designs are substantially based on the findings of study in an effort to design environments that augment care by improving patient safety and being therapeutic. On SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science) t-test is applied to simulate two independent variables of PDR (Pre Design-Research) and POE (Post- Occupancy Evaluation). PDR is conducted on relatively new hospital Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital to analyse visibility from researchers' point of view, here the ICU is arranged in I-Shape. POE is applied on Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital to simulate walking on LogWare where two NS are designed based on L- Shape and Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea where five NS are functional for ICU Intensive Care Unit, Surgical Intensive Care Unit (SICU), Medical Intensive Care Unit (MICU), Critical Care Unit (CCU), Korean Oriental Medical Care Unit which are mostly arranged in U-Shape, and walking pattern is recognized to be in a zigzag path. Method: T-Test is applied on two dependent communication variables: walkability and visibility, with confidence interval of 95%. This study systematically analyses the Nurse Station (NS) typo-morphology, and simulates nurse horizontal circulation, by computing round route visits to patient's bed, then estimating minimum round route on LogWare stop sequence software. The visual connectivity is measured on depth map graphs. Hence the aim is to reduce staff stress and fatigue for better patients care by minimizing staff horizontal travel time and to facilitate nurse walk path and support space distribution by increasing effectiveness in delivering care. Result: Applying visibility graph and isovist field on space syntax on I- Shape, L- Shape and U- Shape ICU (SICU, MICU and CCU) configuration, I-shape facilitated 20% more patients in linear view as they stir to rise from their beds from nurse station compared to U-shape. In conclusion, it was proved that U-Shape supply minimum walking and maximum visibility; and L shape provides just visibility as the nurse is at pivot. I shape provides panoramic view from the Nurse Station but very rigorous walking.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.16-36
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• 2005

The quantity of passenger cars in industrial countries has been significantly increased in recent years. According to prognoses, this tendency is likely to continue in the forthcoming future. As a direct consequence, an increase of End-of Life-Vehicles (ELV) will confront us with the problem of "ELV-Recycling". In order to cope with this situation, the European regulation for the treatment of End-of-Life-Vehicles (09/2000) has been transferred to national law in Germany (ELV-Regulation from 1 July 2002). The long term aim is to reduce residues from the ELV-treatment to less than 5 wt% from 30 wt% within the next 10 years (2015). For that reason, there is a need for innovative and more efficient recycling techniques tailored to future materials in automobiles. The design process at automotive industry is continuously changing due to the strong demand on optional equipment and new technical solutions for fuel saving. Light materials, such as aluminum and plastics, consequently become more important and cause a decrease of ferrous metals. Since plastic materials are often used as compounds, a separation into initial material types by means of mechanical recycling methods is not possible. For that reason, efficient recycling can only be realized by introducing recycling-friendly car designs. In the end an integrated approach of auto makers and recycling industry is of decisive significance for the fulfillment of future regulations.

• 한국정보디스플레이학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2008.10a
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• pp.4-4
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• 2008

The progress in flat panel displays over the last two decades has been astonishing. In just 20 years, the LCD-TV grew up from a 2-inch curiosity, to an industry that will sell about 120 million flat panel TV's this year, with viewing area up to 4000 times larger. That success is based on continuous innovation, especially in manufacturing processes. For the next decade to bring another doubling of the business, progress will need to continue in four major areas: Human factors, ecological impact, visual quality, and of course continued drive towards affordability. This talk will detail the technology advances that can allow this industry to meet those challenges. Human factors. Today, we adapt our lifestyle to our technology. People organize their offices, and their homes, around displays. We pass around mobile phones to share images, rather than experiencing them as a group. Billions of newspapers continue to be sold daily. Advances in flexible displays can lead to large portable displays. "New era projection" includes the handheld Pico Projectors that are already on the market, and will ultimately appear integrated in mobile phones the same way cameras do today. "Eco" impact. Today TV's are one of the top energy consumers in a U.S. home, and the fastest growing. Watching a large flat panel TV can cost twice as much as running a large refrigerator. With today's concern about energy consumption, regulations are starting to emerge worldwide to limit TV electrical use. Fortunately, good solutions exist in using light management films to eliminate bulbs, saving power without increasing cost. Going forward, LED backlights will drive another step downward. OLED displays might be the ultimate solution. Visual quality. The color of an LCD-TV is still often considered inferior to a far less expensive CRT. And almost all displays suffer from representing a three-dimensional world on a two dimensional surface. The technology to improve color is available today, and will likely move from premium sets into the mainstream as costs come down. 3D is now arriving in movie theaters worldwide, and that will drive up the demand for similar realistic images in home theaters. And the technology is emerging today for 3D representation to move beyond specialized applications into everyday use, on screens large and small. Affordability. The world takes cost-down miracles for granted in consumer electronics. Each of these other advances will be balanced with a drive for affordability, especially as the market grows in emerging countries. The other three challenges must be met without increasing cost. Putting this all together, the next few years will emphasize "eco friendly" designs, and enhanced images such as 3D. By 2013 we will start to see serious penetration by emissive technologies (OLED, high efficiency plasma, or other), with the "ultimate display" likely not in the market for a decade. Lots of opportunities for innovation remain ahead of us.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.708-720
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• 1993

The new preventive control mechanisms for traffic management in BISDN/ATM networks can be divided into Connection Admission Control(CAC), Usage Parameter Control (UPC), and Priority Control. Of these mechanism, Usage Parameter Control continuously monitors the parameters admitted in the network's entry point to guarantee quality of service of connections already admitted. Upon detecting traffic that violates the negotiated parameter, it takes the necessary control measures to prevent congestion. Among these traffic control methods, this paper focuses on the Usage Parameter Control method, and proposes and designs GRACE-LB(Guaranteed Rate Acceptance & Control Element-using Leaky Bucket) which improves upon existing UPC models. GRACE-LB modifies the previous LB model by eliminating the cell buffer, dividing the token Pool into two pools, Long-term pool, Short-term pool, and changing the long-term token generating form using 'Cycle Token' into the same bursty form as the traffic source. Through this, GRACE-LB achieves effective control of the Average Bit Rate(ABR) and burst duration of bursty multimedia traffic which previous LB models found difficult to control. Also, since GRACE-LB can e implemented using only simple operations and there are no cell buffers in it, it has the merit of being easily installed at any place.

• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.95-110
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• 2001

The purpose of this research is to analyze how appropriately the sizing of domestically produced children's wear compares to children's sizes; it is based on an anthropometric survey conducted in 1998. By discovering and understanding discrepancies between the sizing system of children s wear and the real size of children, this study aims to suggest solutions that will lead to increased comfort and more suitable fitting in children's clothes. This research analyzes and compares 'the extent of growth between age groups' with 'the difference in sizing system in use by manufacturers'. The study focused on aged 4 to 12 children, who are usually divided in two groups; primary students and toddlers. In total, seven sizes were selected: bust, waist, and hip (which are girth sizes), and height, back neck to waist (top length), sleeve length, and waist to ankle (slacks length) as representing length. The results of this research are analyzed by basing on the actual increments between the sizes of children's wear in certain basic items rather than sizes themselves because each size quite differed according to companies, items and designs. Significantly, the increase in the sizing was not as great as the average biennial growth rate of children. The consequences are poorer fit and unsuitable representative value for each age group because the actual sizes of children increasingly differ from the sample size. Observing the increments in several sizes, we found that 81.8% of the companies used the certain and equal increases for grading sizes in sleeve length, waist, and bust. In addition, 72.7% of the companies adopted the same increments between sizes in height and hip girth, and 63.6% also chose equal increments in T-shirt length for making smaller or bigger sizes from the sample size. However, sleeve length and pant length were the components that displayed the most varied sizing. Interestingly, the few companies that used different increments between size groups, adopted the change only between one or two size groups, instead of all sizes. In conclusion, this research reveals the unsuitability of the current sizing system and the necessity to increase consumer confidence in the size tags on children's wear by modifying the system to reflect the actual growth of children. The results can also contribute to future study on the development of a new and more accurate sizing system for children's wear.

• Archives of design research
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.375-384
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• 2004

The general tendency of approach to Korean Design History has been focusing its primary interest on the grand story in relation to the problems of modernization in political, economical and social aspects of Korea. In the discourse of modernization, however, there are two sides immanent in the modernization: there is the formal, institutional and authoritative modernization developed inside the capitalistic mode of production and the informal, individual and cultural modernization manifested in the mode of everyday lives. Especially, despite the viewpoint of the latter being embossed as an alternative approach in various areas including the academic world of history since the collapse of socialism, the historical recognition of the phenomena of modern design by the Korean design historians is more like the 'history from the above' that exists at the level of the discourse outside the reality rather than the 'history from the below' that exists within the ordinary life. To grant a sense of balance in such frame of historical understanding, it requires the restructuring the design history of Korea through the cultural perspectives from having the representation of mundane lives realized by the voluntary design activity of the common people as research subjects. One of the methods to acquire an answer to such problem is decoding, in the manner of 'cultural history', the life-long domestic artifact made by Madame Yang, Gap Jo (currently 87 years of age) who is a model of typical Korean mother. Through the historical rumination on the traces of unpretentious lives of the people that has been buried under the grand narrative of the Korean Design History, a new era aimed for the historical prospect of Korean design as cultural history will be possible by excavating the petit yet multi-layered meaning of Korean designs.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.275-281
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• 2012

Thermal distribution in soils must be considered in engineering designs and constructions, including estimates of frost heave and thaw settlement, infrastructure in cold regions, and geothermal systems. Because thermal conductivity is a key parameter for evaluation of thermal distribution in soils, it must be accurately estimated. The thermal conductivity of fine-grained soils has been widely studied in recent years; however, few studies have reported a reliable method for experimental measurement. The present study presents the results of an experimental investigation of the thermal conductivity of a saturated kaolinite-silica mixture with respect to the variation of dry density. Thermal conductivities were measured in Constant Rate of Strain (CRS) consolidation tests, and the experimental data were analyzed to evaluate the accuracy of the new measurement system. In addition, we present an evaluation method for predicting thermal conductivity in fine-grained soils.

• Journal of Korean Association for Spatial Structures
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.105-115
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• 2010

Recently, High-rise building are irregular-shaped to be city landmarks and function as vertical cities to enable the efficient use of land. 3T (Twisted, Tilted & Tapered) designs are being suggested for irregular buildings and studies to develop new structural system have been actively made to satisfy slender shape ratio. In diagrid system, not only gravity load but also lateral load is delivered based on the triangular shape of diagrid, so most of columns are eliminated. Because shearing force is delivered by the axial behavior (tensile/compressive) of diagrid to minimize shearing deformation, the system is more applicable to irregular buildings than existing system where shearing force is delivered by the columns. In this study, the process of selecting connection details and the structural safety of the selected details are verified using the finite element analysis with focus given to the construction overview of the Cyclone Tower. However, the relersed methods of stress concentration are suggested and the performance of stress concentration relieves that it's suggested for the appropriate cap plate thickness and extended length.

• Proceedings of the KSMRM Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.103-105
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• 2003

After fifteen years of development, Magnetic Resonance (MR) technology for human imaging and spectroscopy is reaching a refined state with FDA approved 3T clinical products from Siemens, GE, and Philips. Broker has cleared CE approval with a 4T system. Varian supports a 4T system platform as well. Shielded magnets are standard at 3T from GE, Oxford, Magnex, and IGC. A shielded 4T whole body magnet is available from Oxford. Stronger switched gradients and dynamic shim coils, desired at any field, areespecially useful at higher static magnetic fields B0. In addition to the higher currents required for higher resolution slice or volume selection afforded by higher SNR, whole body gradient coils will be driven at increasing slew rates to meet the needs of new cardiac applications and other requirements. For example 3T and 4T systems are now being equipped with 2kV, 500A gradient coils and amplifiers capable of generating 4G/cm in 200msec, over a 67+/-cm bore diameter. High field EPI applications require oscillation rates at 1 kHz and higher. To achieve a benchmark 0.2 ppm shim over a 30cm sphere in a high field magnet, at least four stages of shimming need to be considered. 1) A good high field magnet will be built to a homogeneity spec. falling in the range of 100 to 150 ppm over this 30cm spherical "sweet spot" 2) Most modern high field magnets will also have superconducting shim coils capable of finding 1.5 ppm by their adjustment during system installation. 3) Passive ferro-magnetic shimming combined with 4) active, high order room temperature shim coils (as many as five orders are now being recommended) will accomplish 0.2 ppm over the 30cm sphere, and 0.1 ppm over a human brain in even the highest field magnets for human studies. Safety concerns for strong, fast gradients at any B0 field include acoustic noise and peripheral nerve stimulation. One or more of the mechanical decoupling methods may lead to quieter gradients. Patient positioning relative to asymmetric or short gradient coils may limit peripheral nerve stimulation at higher slew rates. Gradient designs combining a short coil for local speed and strength with a longer coil for coverage are being developed for 3T systems. Local gradients give another approach to maximizing performance over a limited region while keeping within the physiologically imposed dB0/dt performance limits.