• Journal of Communications and Networks
• /
• v.7 no.3
• /
• pp.325-336
• /
• 2005

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) are composed of moving wireless hosts which, within range of each other, form wireless networks. For communication to occur between hosts that are not within each other's range, routes involving intermediate nodes must be established; however, since the hosts may be in motion, a host that was part of a route may move away from its upstream and downstream partners, thus breaking the route. In this paper, we propose anticipated route maintenance (ARM) protocol with two extensions to route discovery based routing scheme: Extend the route when nodes on a link move apart from each other and they have common neighbor that can be 'inserted' in the path, and shrink route when a node discovers that one of its neighbor which is not the next hop is also on the same route several hops later on. By utilizing only local geographic information (now a part of some route finding algorithms), a host can anticipate its neighbor's departure and, if other hosts are available, choose a host to bridge the gap, keeping the path connected. We present a distributed algorithm that anticipates route failure and performs preventative route maintenance using location information to increase a route lifespan. The benefits are that this reduces the need to find new routes (which is very expensive) and prevents interruptions in service. As the density of nodes increases, the chance to successfully utilize our route maintenance approach increases, and so does the savings. We have compared the performance of two protocols, pure dynamic source routing (DSR) protocol and DSR with ARM. The simulation results show how ARM improves the functionality of DSR by preventing the links in the route from breaking. Packets delivery ratio could be increased using ARM and achieved approximately $\100%$ improvement. The simulations clarify also how ARM shows a noticeable improvement in dropped packets and links stability over DSR, even though there is more traffic and channel overhead in ARM.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• v.14 no.8
• /
• pp.4621-4625
• /
• 2013

The purpose of this study was to construct a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network related to oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Each protein was ranked and those most associated with OSCC were mined within the network. First, OSCC-related genes were retrieved from the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database. Then they were mapped to their protein identifiers and a seed set of proteins was built. The seed proteins were expanded using the nearest neighbor expansion method to construct a PPI network through the Online Predicated Human Interaction Database (OPHID). The network was verified to be statistically significant, the score of each protein was evaluated by algorithm, then the OSCC-related proteins were ranked. 38 OSCC related seed proteins were expanded to 750 protein pairs. A protein-protein interaction nerwork was then constructed and the 30 top-ranked proteins listed. The four highest-scoring seed proteins were SMAD4, CTNNB1, HRAS, NOTCH1, and four non-seed proteins P53, EP300, SMAD3, SRC were mined using the nearest neighbor expansion method. The methods shown here may facilitate the discovery of important OSCC proteins and guide medical researchers in further pertinent studies.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
• /
• 2000.11a
• /
• pp.481-484
• /
• 2000

In this paper, we describe the design and implementation of IPv6 LAN. The legacy protocol for Internet is IPv4(IP version 4). The ability of IPv4 is not enough for modern real time multimedia communication services. So IPv6(IP version 6) protocol was suggested to resolve the problems of IPv4. We implemented IPv6 LAN using sTLA(sub Top Level Aggregation identifier) address and KOREN(KOrea Research and Experimental Network). Our IPv6 LAN is connected with 6TAP(Chicago), WIDE(Tokyo), and SingAREN(Singapore). We used a dedicated router, Windows 2000 PC host FreeBSD PC host, Solaris 7 workstation and Solaris 8 workstation for IPv6 NDP(Neighbor Discovery Protocol) protocol test. To support all data services including voice and video, IP protocol should be enhanced because the characteristics of modern network services are requiring QoS(Quality of Service) functions, auto-configuration, security, mobility and so on. So a new IP protocol, IPv6, has been developing to meet the requirements. In this paper, we introduce the implementation method and configuration information of IPv6 LAN.

• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
• /
• 2006.10c
• /
• pp.629-632
• /
• 2006

기존의 무선 네트워크에 비해 빠르고 저렴하며 설치가 편리한 무선 메쉬 네트워크를 인터넷망 구성에 도입하려고 하는 것이 최근의 경향이다. 무선 메쉬 네트워크는 이종망간의 네트워크를 통합함으로 수많은 클라이언트들을 통제해야하며 기존의 IPv4 주소는 10년 내에 고갈이 됨으로, IPv6 주소 환경에 적합하게 연구 개발하여야 한다. 그러나 아직 무선 메쉬 네트워크는 개발 중인 기술로써 보완해야할 보안상의 문제점들이 발견되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 무선 메쉬 네트워크에 MIPv6를 어떻게 도입할지를 언급하고 MIPv6 도입 시에 발생하게 되는 보안상의 문제점을 SEND(SEcure Neighbor Discovery)와 MCGAs를 이용하여 해결하는 방법을 소개한다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
• /
• 2007.05a
• /
• pp.1079-1082
• /
• 2007

IPv6 프로토콜에서는 ND(Neighbor Discovery) 프로토콜의 보안을 위해 SEND(Secure ND) 프로토콜을 사용하고, IP 헤더와 데이터의 보안을 위해 IPsec(IP Security) 프로토콜을 사용하도록 하고 있다. 개별적인 목적을 갖고 운용되는 두 보안 메커니즘은 보안에 사용되는 옵션의 형태가 비슷하여 상호 운영하는 경우 보안 연산의 중복으로 이동형 기기의 성능 저하 및 네트워크에 불필요한 부하를 발생시킨다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 IPsec과 SEND 프로토콜이 동시에 사용되는 환경을 구분하고, 이러한 환경에서 발생할 수 문제점을 발견하고 분석함을 보인다.

• Review of KIISC
• /
• v.15 no.3
• /
• pp.29-39
• /
• 2005

IT839의 3대 인프라 중 하나인 IPv6 환경에서 단말의 이동성을 지원하기 위한 기술로 IETF(Internet Engineering Task Force) 표준화 기구에서는 Mobile IPv6 기술을 제안하였으며, 현재 RFC3775와 RFC3776으로 기본 스펙이 확정된 상태이다. 상기 표준 문서에 의하면 이동노드의 위치 인증을 위해 RR(Return Routability)을 사용하도록 규정되어 있으며, 이동노드와 홈에이전트 구간의 보호를 위해 IPsec 사용을 제안하고 있다. IETF 기구는 또한 이동 중인 단말이 새로운 네트워크에 접속시 수행하는 Auto-configuraton을 통한 주소 생성 과정을 안전하게 하기 위한 프로토콜로 SEND(SEcure Neighbor Discovery) 라는 프로토콜을 제안하기도 하였다. 최근에 IPv6 단말의 이동성 보안과 관련하여 주요 이슈가 되고 있는 분야는 이동노드의 Bootstrapping기술이다. 이동노드의 Bootstrapping 시에 AAA와 같은 안전한 인프라를 이용하여 인증, 위치갱신, 홈에이전트 할당, 보안연계 설정 등의 작업을 해주고자 하는 것이 이 기술의 목표이다. 본 고에서는 IPv6 환경에서 이동성 지원을 위해 현재 정의된 그리고 연구 중인 보안 프로토콜들을 살펴보고 ETRI에서 개발한 MIPv6 Bootstrapping 기술을 간단히 소개하도록 한다.

• Electronics and Telecommunications Trends
• /
• v.21 no.2 s.98
• /
• pp.192-199
• /
• 2006

본 고에서는 IEEE 802.16/와이브로 망에서의 IPv6 적용에 따른 시나리오 및 기존IPv6 프로토콜에 대한 네트워크 이슈들을 기술한다. 이를 위해 먼저 IEEE 802.16 망의 특성 및 IPv6 적용에 따른 문제점들을 분석하고, IPv6 적용 가능한 시나리오를 서비스 방법, 시스템 구조, CS 적용 방법, 프리픽스(prefix) 할당 방법에 따라 구분하여 제안한다. 이를 기준으로 IPv6 이웃 탐색(neighbor discovery), IPv6 패킷 전송, 이동성, 멀티캐스트, 보안 프로토콜 등이 어떠한 제한 및 수정이 요구되는지에 대해 기술한다.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
• /
• v.5 no.1
• /
• pp.191-210
• /
• 2011

Topology management, which includes neighbor discovery, tracking and updating, is a key area that need to be dealt with appropriately to increase network performance. The use of directional antenna in Wireless Mesh Networks is beneficial in constructing backbone networks viewing the properties of directional antenna. The backbone links must be robust to obtain better network performance. In this paper, a simple yet effective topology protocol is presented that performs well compared to its predecessors. Our protocol constructs the topology with the constraints in the number of links per node. The full topology is constructed in two phases. The resultant topology is termed as Web-topology. The topology formed is robust, efficient, and scalable.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea TC
• /
• v.46 no.6
• /
• pp.1-10
• /
• 2009

In a network-based approach such as Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6), the serving network controls the mobility management on behalf of a Mobile Node (MN), thereby eliminating a MN from any mobility-related signaling. Although PMIPv6 is being standardized by the IETF NetLMM WG, PMIPv6 still suffers from a lengthy handover latency and the on-the-fly packet loss during a handover. Therefore, this paper presents an enhanced fast handover scheme for PMIPv6. The proposed handover scheme uses the Neighbor Discovery message of IPv6 to reduce the handover latency and packet buffering at the Mobile Access Gateway (MAG) to avoid the on-the-fly packet loss during a handover. In addition, it uses an additional packet buffering at the Local Mobility Anchor (LMA) to solve the packet ordering problem. We evaluate the performance of the proposed handover scheme using both analytical model and simulation. The numerical analysis shows that the proposed scheme has a relatively shorter handover latency. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme could avoid the on-the-fly packet loss and ensure the packet sequence.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea TC
• /
• v.44 no.10
• /
• pp.119-126
• /
• 2007

Recently, the mobility of users and mobile communication technologies have developed rapidly. The users in this state also want to connect their devices and to receive services anywhere, anytime. Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6) has been proposed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) to compensate for such problems as handover latency and signaling overhead when employing Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6). HMIPv6 supports micro-mobility within a domain and introduces a new entity, namely Mobility Anchor Point (MAP) as a local home agent. However, HMIPv6 has been found to cause longer handover latency when the inter-domain handover occurs. This is because a Mobile Node (MN) has to generate two addresses and register them to Home Agent (HA) a MAP, respectively. In order to solve such problems, we propose a scheme that an MN generates one address and registers it to HA for supporting fast handover during the inter-domain handover process. In the proposed scheme, the load of MAP and MAP domain is reduced because the number of MNs which are managed by MAP is decreased and the MAP does not perform proxy Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP) to intercept packets destined to MNs. We evaluate the performance of proposed scheme in comparison to HMIPv6 through the simulation and numerical analysis.