• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.3-24
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• 2001

All human being can't exist by oneself. That is, all human being depend on intimate attachment for their survival. Physical and psychological powers and control functions are prerequisites for one's survival and these serve important functions in interpersonal relationships. There are two kinds of powers and controls. One is positive power which helps one survive effectively. Another one is negative power which disturbs one's effective survival. Introspection is one of the positive power and most important process in understanding oneself and others. Thus, the purpose of this study is to elucidate the physical and psychological meaning of the characteristics of water and based on this meaning, to suggest one way of introspection. The authors reviewed the precept of water which is described in Bible and oriental classical books such as 'the Analects of Confuicus(論語)', 'Tao Te Ching(道德經)', 'Mencius(맹자)', 'Chronicle(史記)', 'The Doctrine of the Mean(中庸)', 'University(大學)'. The author also reviewed 'The History of Three Countries(삼국사기, 삼국유사)', 'The Precept of Religion', and 'the modern poems' which includes the symbolic meaning of water. The results are summarized as follows：1) The flow of water itself is the expression of introspection. Because, water does not flow without filling a puddle. 2) Water is the symbol of 'Immortality'. 3) Water symbolizes 'Modesty and Trust'. 4) Water is the symbol of 'Freedom from Greed'. 5) Water symbolizes 'Goodness and Beauty'. 6) Water symbolizes 'Naturality and Love'. Immortality, Modesty and Trust, Freedom from Greed, Goodness and Beauty, and Naturality and Love are eternal, universal values which all human should seek and achieve. By the process of introspection through the symbolic meaning of water, we can achieve these positive aspects of human mind and spirit.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.400-407
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• 2002

Two dimensional solitary waves are stably propagated in a saturable medium which has a saturable nonlinear index as input intensity. However, in the case of low intensity. a negative fifth-order nonlinear medium has properties of a saturable medium. So a Gaussian beam travels stably. The propagation process into the fifth order nonlinear medium of the Gaussian beam with a weak intensity is investigated by using the computer simulation of the two-dimensional nonlinear Schrodinger equation. As a result, it is confirmed that the two-dimensional spatial solitary waves are stably propagated in this medium when the incident powers are self-trapping powers. In the condition of the phase difference and collisional angle between two input beams of 180 degree and 0.05 degree, respectively, we can confirm that all optical switching is as simple as controlling the incident power of one input beam.

• Iberoamérica
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.83-114
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• 2019

Now Venezuela is the most attentional country in Latin America not only in our country but also all world. Unfortunately, the current crisis is a danger that threatening the venezuelan people's right to live, so most of the news is negative. Some analysts in Korea insist that everything is the result of invasion by US imperialism, others say it is a state of default due to excessive populism. The others also described as a power game of the powers of the world by the new Cold War. But most essential thing is that Sovereign of Venezuela, Venezuelan people are marginalized in this process. Venezuela's crisis seems to have been both a combination of internal and external factors, but internal factors been a main cause. The internal factors are the dictatorship and corruption of crony capitalism of nepotism which are considered historical ailments in Latin America. Chávez criticized the oligarchy, but paradoxically, the Chávezian or current ruling forces became another oligarchy. Unfortunately, Western powers such as the United States and the EU and Venezuela's current ruling powers are at an extreme confrontation, so can be seen using cliff-edge tactics. The best solution is the free and peaceful reelection of the president. After the patriarchal winter, which spring will come the Venezuelan people must decide.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.124-133
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• 2018

We tried to investigate the changes in cortical activities according to emotional valence states during watching video clips. We examined the neural basis of two emotional states (positive and negative) using spectral power analysis and brain functional connectivity analysis of cortical current density time-series reconstructed from high-density electroencephalograms (EEGs). Fifteen healthy participants viewed a series of thirty-two 2 min emotional video clips. Sixty-four channel EEGs were recorded. Distributed cortical sources were reconstructed using weighted minimum norm estimation. The temporal and spatial characteristics of spectral source powers showing significant differences between positive and negative emotion were examined. Also, correlations between gamma-band activities and affective valence ratings were determined. We observed the changes of cortical current density time-series according to emotional states modulated by video clip. Gamma-band activities showed significant difference between emotional states for thirty seconds at the middle and the latter half of the video clip, mainly in prefrontal area. It was also significantly anti-correlated with the self-ratings of emotional valence. In addition, the gamma-band activities in frontal and temporal areas were strongly phase-synchronized, more strongly for negative emotional states. Cortical activities in frontal and temporal areas showed high spectral power and inter-regional phase synchronization in gamma-band during negative emotional states. It is inferred that the higher amygdala activation induced by negative stimuli resulted in strong emotional effects and caused strong local and global synchronization of neural activities in gamma-band in frontal and temporal areas.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.33 no.8
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• pp.1101-1110
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• 2003

Purpose. The purpose of this study was to identify the stage of change of smoking cessation behavior and investigate factors associated with the stage of smoking cessation behavior according to the transtheoretical model. Methods. The participants, 297 smokers & quitters were selected by a stratified random sampling from 127 high school sophomore students in B city. Data were collected from April 6th to 16th, in 2002 using the structured self-report questionnaire. Results. The subjects were distributed in each stage of change of smoking cessation behavior: there were 46 subjects (15.5%) in precontemplation, 73 subjects (24.6%) in contemplation, 67 subjects(22.3%) in preparation, 56 subjects (18.5%) in action, 55 subjects (18.5%) in maintenance. Compared to the precontemplation and contemplation, people in preparation tended to smoke daily more and smoked for a shorter time, and as precontemplation progressed to the maintenance, past 1 year smoking cessation frequency increased and friends smoking decreased. Smoking onset age was the earliest in preparation, and the latest in maintenance. Helping relationships and self relationships are used a lot in precontemplation and also in contemplation. In preparation, self liberation and helping relationships are used a lot, in action, self liberation and helping relationships, and in maintenance, self liberation and environmental reevaluation. At each stage, the score of negative affect situation was the highest, but the one of negative affect situation, positive social situation, habitual strength, weight control decreased as precontemplation progressed to the maintenance. While the score of social pros and coping pros decreased with increasing stage, the one of cons tended to increase. Through stepwise discriminant analysis, it was found that social pros, smoking onset age, delf-libration were the most influencing powers among factors associated with the stages of smoking cessation behavior. Conclusions. This study suggested that, in developing an effective smoking cessation intervention for adolescents, all the stage of a client's cessation had to be assessed prior to applying intervention programs. In addition, the results of this study will become a pillar of smoking cessation program planning and application.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.179-200
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• 2002

The purposes of this study are as follows: (1) how are marital relationships classified by wives' perception of marital conflict and intimacy? (2) how do these types differ in terms of demographic variables (age, income, educational level, and employment status), individual psychological variables (self-esteem, differentiation) and interaction-related variables (affective self-disclosure, conflict resolution styles)?, and what are the relative discriminant powers of these variables in explaining marriage types? The data for this study were collected from 944 married women in Dajeon, who had one or more children, using the structured questionnaire. Classification using median and discriminant analysis were used with SPSS-PC for windows program. The major findings are as follows: The characteristics of each type are as follows: (1) The 'devitalized couples' consist of 18.2% of the whole sample. The levels of positive self-concept and positive interaction are the lowest. (2) The 'intimate couples' consist of 32.6% of the sample. They tend to be found most frequently in the population which is high in the educational level and income level and low in age. While the levels of positive self-concept and positive interaction are the highest, the levels of negative conflict resolution styles are the lowest. (3) The 'intimacy-persuaded couples' take 17.3% of the sample. The levels of positive self-concept and interaction are similar to the 'intimate couples'. (4) The 'conflict-habituated couples' take 31.9% of the sample. Whereas the levels of negative conflict resolution styles are the highest, the levels of positive self-concept and positive interaction are the lowest. The results of this study suggest several implications for the family-life education. It needs to apply different approaches to improve marital quality for each type of marriage.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.272-285
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• 2004

The losses at off-design points from a compressor cascade occur due to the deviation from a design incidence angle at the inlet of the cascade. The self-noise from the blade cascade at off-design points comes from a separated boundary layer and vortex sheddings. If the incidence angle to the cascade increases, stalling in blades may occur and the noise level increases significantly. This study applied Large-Eddy Simulations (LES) using deductive and deductive dynamic SGS models to low Mach-number, turbulent flow with each incidence angle to the cascade ranging from -40$^{\circ}$ to +20$^{\circ}$ and compared numerical predictions with measured data. It was observed that the oscillating separation bubbles attached to the suction surface do not modify wake flows dynamically for cases of negative incidence angles. However, an incidence angle greater than 8$^{\circ}$ caused a separated vortex near the leading edge to be shed downstream and created stalling. The computed performance parameters such as drag coefficient and total pressure loss coefficient showed good agreement with experimental results. Noise from the cascade of the compressor is summarized as sound generated by a structure interacting with unsteady, turbulent flows. The hybrid method using acoustic analogy was observed to closely predict the measured overall sound powers and directivity patterns at design and off-design points of blade cascade.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.12-16
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• 2003

This paper presents a compensation method for a temperature-dependent gain tilt in L-band erbium-doped fiber amplifier using a voltage-controlled attenuator. The gain tilts in the L-band of 1570-1605 nm due to a temperature change have negative slopes, whereas they have positive slopes for the increasing optical input powers in a saturation region. The proposed method utilizes these opposite gain variations to compensate for the gain tilt over a wide range of temperature. While applying forty channels with a channel spacing of 100 GHz in the L-band and changing the ambient temperature from 0 to $50^{\circ}C$, the compensation method maintained the gain deviation within 1 dB.

• Trans-
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• v.10
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• pp.1-13
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• 2021

If virtual reality is well known through the medias, it seems that a few visual concepts are clearly related to VR. We try to think about it and introduce to a philosophy of VR techniques. So, from techniques and media techno-powers promotional campaigns, we aim to areal technology, it means an objective reflection on the VR techniques. To do so, we study the representations of VR in films. And we conclude that a negative image is the most common representation, related, often, to an Orwellian vision of the future world. In the second part, we study some VR films, and especially some made by famous film directors (Iñárritu, Bigelow). 'Head-turn' and 'Walk-around' films are commented to check their limits. Finally, we consider that for the moment, VR remains only a new space to screen films (into VR platforms connected to the Internet).

• Kyungpook Mathematical Journal
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• v.64 no.1
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• pp.133-159
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• 2024

In a previous work we studied generalized Stirling numbers of the second kind S^{(a₂,b₂,p₂)}_a1,b1 (p₁, k), where a₁, a₂, b₁, b₂ are given complex numbers, a₁, a₂ ≠ 0, and p₁, p₂ are non-negative integers given. In this work we use these generalized Stirling numbers to define Bernoulli polynomials in two variables B_p1,p2 (x₁, x₂), and Euler polynomials in two variables E_p1p2 (x₁, x₂). By using results for S^{(1,x₂,p₂)}_1,x1 (p₁, k), we obtain generalizations, to the bivariate case, of some well-known properties from the standard case, as addition formulas, difference equations and sums of powers. We obtain some identities for bivariate Bernoulli and Euler polynomials, and some generalizations, to the bivariate case, of several known identities for Bernoulli and Euler numbers and polynomials of the standard case.