• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2018.10a
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• pp.26-27
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• 2018

With entry into force of the Nagoya Protocol to promote the fair sharing of the benefits of accessing and utilizing genetic resources, much support has been given to research on the development of biomaterials and products using domestic natural resources. Conservation and resource-saving of native species became very important through Nagoya Protocol enactment. The trend of cosmetic industry has been shifing from use synthetic chemicals to natural biomaterials, due to the safety regulations on new materials, ban on animal experiments, and expansion of cosmeceuticals range. In addition, functional cosmetic range has been expanded from whitening, wrinkle improvement, and ultraviolet shielding, to hair loss, hair loss alleviation, acne relaxation, and moisturizing of atopic skin, thus causing the activation of research about field of efficacy evaluation on natural biomaterials and commercialization. Chungbuk province is fostering the bio industry as a key industry for regional economic growth. For this purpose, Osong Biotechnology Complex/Ochang Science Industrial Complex in middle area, Jecheon biovalley in northern region, and Chungju Enterprise city have been established, thus playing a pivotal role in Bio innovative cluster in Korea. In particular, it was established the osong cosmetics clinical research support center to develop the cosmetics industry in chungbuk, thereby supporting clinical trials, efficacy evaluations, overseas certification, and overseas market entry in order to advance into the global market. In addition, oriental plants such as astragalus propinquus, schisandra chinensis, eucommia, alpiniae oxyphyllae fructus and biancaea sappan are being actively studied as global cosmetic ingredients through the promotion of various national research and development projects using natural materials in chungbuk province. The chungbuk natural product industry is expected to grow further throughout cosmetics industry development in the future, as companies and research institutes are actively promoting the secure index of effective material in natural products and effective material commercialization.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.60-68
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• 2008

Three land-use limitations including water hazard, soil erosion and fallow potential were evaluated to define an unfair area. Landscape indices in the unfair areas, defined by evaluations before and after landscape enhancement, were computed by Fragstats v3.3 and compared in order to propose a landscape enhancement plan. The results are as follows: First, as a result of the land evaluation, 388.56ha was analyzed for the 1st class(S1), 623.25ha for the 2nd class(S2), 138.08ha(S3s: 82.47ha, S3e: 51.88ha) for the 3rd class(S3), 230.44ha(N1w: 194.91ha, N1e: 23.09ha, N1es: 13.94ha) for the 4th class(N1), and 67.91ha(N2w: 60. 89ha, N2es: 7.02ha) for the 5th class(N2). The classes under the 3rd class(including the 3rd class) were determined as an unfair area, and proposed landscape enhancement for them. Second, it was proposed that unfair areas with potential water hazards(N1 w, N2w) be restored as a wetland and buffer zone. At this point, the farmers owning these fields could be compensated using the direct payment for landscape conservation(DPLC). Areas witha relatively lower slope(S3e) or a steep slope(N1e) containing soil erodibility potential were proposed to be restored as a sod-culture-applied field and substitute vegetation or potentially natural vegetation, respectively. The unfair areas having fallow potential(S3s, N1es, N2es) were proposed to apply special use crops for the S3s fields, native plants for the N1es fields, and intended fallow for the N2es fields. Third, after landscape enhancement, theforest had higher values in the indices of NP, PLAND, LSI, IJI, and TCA, while paddy and upland had lower values in most indices except NP and LSI. The forest patches increased and were more plentiful with their restoration and had much greater possibility to join with nearby patches. With continued restoration, forest patches will have a large core area and small number of patches due to the conglomeration of patches, which positively influences the species of diversity in the forest patches.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.82-95
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• 2014

This study aims to draw up measures to planting tree and maintain a landscape in traditional space. Preceding comprehensive theoretical consideration of selected species of trees and tree maintenance. And analysis of present condition of planting in cases of Gwanghalluwon Garden, then draw a maintenance plans of planting through species of trees and landscape of planting recorded in literature. The results were as follows. First, Analysis of selected species of trees and tree maintenance that traditional space. A dispute about the selection species of trees in traditional space has been continued until today. Because unconditional reject of foreign trees are limited. In this context, should be sublated that hasty blind faith of records and dichotomous preparation plans such as removal of foreign trees and implicitly planting of native plants. Secondly, Planted trees in Gwanghalluwon garden was investigated and found to the species of trees used in traditional space such as Pine(Pinus densiflora S. et Z.), Sawleaf Zelkova(Zelkova serrata), Ginkgo(Ginkgo biloba), Crape Myrtle(Lagerstroemia indica L.). But, present planting irrelevant to traditional space, except Gwanghallu pavilion area from the spatiality. Thirdly, A look at the records or literature that maintenance of planting through historical research are limited. Because literature was recorded Salix spp., Crape Myrtle, Bambusoideae(Pseudosasa japonica), lotus only among planted trees in Gwanghalluwon garden. Fourth, Gwanghallu zone have nature of history and sense of place. And It was going to restore the appearance on historical. Consequently maintenance plan of planting of Gwanghallu zone should be maintain the current state. Wanwol pavillion zone can be recognized as the original form because they look similar to the Gwangallu zone's buildings. Therefore, it is necessary to secure the sense of place different from Gwanghallu zone by buffer planting for composition of transition space. Wolmaejip zone and lawn zone was marketplace in outside of castle and large forest. Accordingly, this area should be symbolic restoration of the Yulrim(栗林) and representation of the marketplace in outside of castle through aggregation of facilities and administrative facilities in Gwanghalluwon garden. East lawn of the Wanwol pavilion zone is should be maintained the current state that opened place in terms of using thought linked with the Wanwol pavilion zone. Boundary zone of the Gwanghalluwon garden is difficult to associate in terms of historical research and authenticity. Therefore, application of cultural landscape that appeared in literature is be worth.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.1-16
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• 1978

The study describes on the identification and morphological characteristics of each species, ecological characteristics and propagation techniques, and developing utilization measures of the Parthenocissus plants for environment conservation and revegetation of the babe rock-slopes. The following species and varieties are disscussed in this study; Parthenocissus tricuspidata (S. et Z.) Planch. var. veitchii Rehd. var. lowii Rehd. var. pupurea Hort. Parthenocissus quiquefolia (L.) Planch. var. engelmanni Rehd. var. saint-pauli Rehd. var. hirsuta Planch. Parthenocissus henryana Diels et Gilg. Parthenocissus thomsoni Planch. Parthenocissus heptaphylla Small. Parthenocissus inserta (Kern.) K. Fritsch. Parthenocissus laetevirens Rehd. Parthenocissus himalayana Planch. These are, in general, all vigorous self-clinging climbers that will quickly cover a wall and bare rock surfaces with a dense network of branch growths and beautiful green leaves which change to shades of scarlet and crimson before they fall in Autumn. Parthenocissus tricuspidata out of 8 species in the genus Parthenocissus is the most useful plant for the environment conservation including the bare rock-slope revegetation and for the production of food and shelter for wildlifes. This native of Korea clings by means of small rootlike holdfasts (adhesive discs) and holds (tendrils) to stone work or any other solid support, tenaciously.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.165-171
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• 2011

Plant growth retardants reduce the plant height by inhibiting stem elongation in Lilium davuricum. To investigate the plant hormones related to stem elongation, we sprayed 50 $mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ diniconazole to young plants of L. davuricum and quantified the contents of endogenous gibberellic acids (GA) and abscisic acid (ABA). In GA biosynthesis, L. davuricum had not only the early C-13 hydroxylation ($GA_{19}{\rightarrow}GA_{20}{\rightarrow}GA_1$) pathway resulting in $GA_1$ as the active form but also the non C-13 hydroxylation (NCH, $GA_{12}{\rightarrow}GA_{24}{\rightarrow}GA_9{\rightarrow}GA_4$) with $GA_4$ as the active form. However, the main pathway was NCH because $GA_4$ concentration of 55 $ng{\cdot}g^{-1}$ dry wt was much higher than $GA_1$ content of 0.23 $ng{\cdot}g^{-1}$ dry wt in control plant. Diniconazole inhibited GA biosynthesis through NCH pathway from its early stage. $GA_{12}$ content decreased by diniconazole up to 6% level of that of control and this effect continued to $GA_4$. Diniconazole reduced $GA_{12}$ content by 12.7 $ng{\cdot}g^{-1}$ dry wt, whereas that of control plant was 213.8 $ng{\cdot}g^{-1}$ dry wt. ABA content decreased up to one third of control by diniconazole application. From the contents of endogenous $GA_4$, $GA_1$, and ABA in this study, we could conclude that diniconazole reduces the plant height by inhibiting $GA_4$ biosynthesis in L. davuricum.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.437-442
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• 2015

In a continuing screening of selected medicinal plants native to South Korea, the antioxidant and pancreatic lipase inhibitory activities of an aqueous methanolic extract from the heartwood of Aquilaria agallocha were investigated. Eighty percent of the methanolic extract of A. agallocha was further divided into $CH_2Cl_2$, EtOAc and n-BuOH in order to yield four solvent-soluble portions, namely $CH_2Cl_2$-soluble, EtOAc-soluble, n-BuOH-soluble and $H_2O$ residue. The antioxidant properties were evaluated by employing radical scavenging assays using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) ($ABTS^+$) radicals, while the anti-obesity efficacy of A. agallocha extracts and solvent-soluble portions were tested by porcine pancreatic lipase assay. All tested samples showed dose-dependent radical scavenging and pancreatic lipase inhibitory activities. Among the tested extracts and solvent-soluble portions, the $CH_2Cl_2$-soluble portion showed much higher radical scavenging activity and pancreatic lipase inhibitory properties when compared with other solvent-soluble portions. This result suggested that there was a significant relationship between the total phenolic content and biological efficacies, and A. agallocha extract might be considered as a new potential source of natural antioxidants and as a pancreatic lipase inhibitory source. A more systematic investigation of this biomass will be performed for further investigation of activity against antioxidative and anti-obesity effects.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.403-411
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• 2009

This study was conducted to gather the basic data on the increase of utilization for the Japanese staunton vine (Stauntonia hexaphylla), native plants which were grown in the southern districts in Korea. We have also determined their partial physical and chemical compositions and their physiological activities. Vitamin C contents in fruit skin was 85.23 mg/100 g, and that in flesh was 61.67 mg/100 g. Total amino acids contents in fruit skin increased much more by 762.72 mg/100 g DW compared to that in flesh by 434.05 mg/100 g DW. Inorganic matter contents were more increased in the fruit skin (108.48 mg/$\ell$) and its main components were K (76.53 mg/$\ell$), Ca (20.20 mg/$\ell$) and Mg (6.22 mg/$\ell$). Total phenol compound and flavonoid contents in 1,000 mg/$\ell$ methanol extracts were 7.3-9.6 mg/$\ell$ and 5.1-6.7 mg/$\ell$. Nitrite radical scavenging activity in 4,000 mg/$\ell$ methanol extracts of fruit skin and flesh for Stauntonia hexaphylla were 79.5% and 77.8%, however, that in seeds was 17.1%. Overall mushroom tyrosinase inhibition activity (% of control) was less than 10.8%. Anti-microbial activities of methanol extracts from the fruit skin against the gram negative and positive microbial strains were not significant in the lower concentration of extracting solution, however, that from flesh and seeds in terms of the inhibition diameter were $8.91{\sim}12.25\;mm$.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2014

Essential oils of various plants have been known for potential biological effects such as antibacterial, antifungal, spasmolytic, antiplasmodial activities and insect-repellent property. Recently, the essential oils have attracted considerable interest in oral disease therapy. This essential oil has been known as being effective on easing sick house syndrome, giving forest aroma therapy effect and acting as repellent against pest. The essential oil of Pinus koraiensi, a native plant from Hongcheon-gun, Gangwon-do, was obtained by hydrodistillation. In light of its medicinal importance, in this study its composition, antibacterial activity and the reducing effect of offensive odor have been analyzed. The composition of essential oil was determined by GC and GC-MS. We have identified 14 compounds, of which 1R-${\alpha}$-pinene (19.38 %), 3-carene (10.21 %), camphene (9.82 %), limonene (9.00 %), bicyclo[2,2,1] heptan-2-ol (8.76 %) and ${\beta}$-phellandrene (7.98 %) were the main components. Essential oils from P. koraiensis, Chamaecyparis obtusa, Abies holophylla and Pinus densiflora were compared in terms of alleviating effect of malodors caused from formaldehyde, ammonia, trimethylamine and methylmercaptan. P. koraiensis essential oil was found to decrease the amounts of ammonia and trimethylamine by 75.17 % and 77.36 %, respectively. Antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus, which were known as oral cavity inducer, was investigated using the paper disc agar diffusion method. The inhibition zone was observed against S. mutans (5.97 mm) and S. sobrinus (1.40 mm), respectively. P. koraiensis essential oil shown effective deodorization and inhibitory activity against oral cavity in this study might be potential material in oral sanitary industry.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.5-12
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• 2003

Seed germination rate and seedling growth were measured on 6 different species(Phytolacca americana, Eupatorium rugosum, Rumex acetocella, Echinochloa crusgalli, Cassia mimosoides var. nomame, Setaria viridis) treated with leaf extract of E. rugosum. Total phenolic compound and heavy metal were analyzed on leaf and soil with and without E. rugosum. The growth of P. americana seedlings were stimulated by 10% and 25% of E. rugosum water extract treatment. The content of total phenolic compounds in soil was lower than that of leaf extract, and 25% was confirmed as threshold concentration in natural systems because the total phenolic compounds were not significantly different between the control soils and the soil treated with 10%, and 25% extract. Total phenolic compound concentrations of the leaf extracts were highest (1.66 mg/l) with E. rugosum grown under the Quercus forest canopy and lowest (1.09 mg/l) for the plant grown in the mixed forest edge. Leaf extracts of plants selected in different sampling sites (Forest interior, Forest edge, under Pinus Canopy and Quercus Canopy) were significant, while soil extracts were not. Seed germination of R. acetocella and S. viridis were significantly inhibited at over 50% concentrations of E. rugosum, but C. mimosoides var. nomame was not affected at any concentration. The radicle and shoot growth of the native species group were reduced two times more than those of the exotic species group by the treatment of extracts. Especially, the seed germination percentage and dry weight of E. rugosum were greater than those of the control group by treatments with extracts of 10% and 25%. Analysis of aqueous extracts from E. rugosum by HPLC identified 6 phenolic compounds: caffeic acid (460.9 mg/l), benzoic acid (109.7 mg/l), protocatechuic acid (7.3 mg/l), ρ-hydroquinone (6.0 mg/l), cinnamic acid (2.7 mg/l) and hydroquinone (0.23 mg/l). The seed germination of P. americana was also inhibited dramatically by protocatechuic acid and cinnamic acid even though the content of caffeic acid (460.9 mg/l) was the highest among analyzed phenolic compounds. The heavy metal content of soil without A. altissima was higher than that of soil with E. rugosum. Particularly, Al, Fe and Mn was considerably high and most of the heavy metal were accumulated in leaves where a high level of total phenolic compounds was found.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.112-129
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• 2012

The aim of this study was to provide basic data in managing the project that was carried out on Bulgwangcheon in a nature-friendly way to improve the conditions around the areas, which was brought to completion in 2002, based on changes in ecological characteristics. For this propose, this study examined documents related to the project, compared physical and enviromnental changes before and after the project was conducted and analyzed changes in the stream ecosystem. The result showed that in areas that effluent water was often observed, especially when it rained, the river wall was washed away and vegetation was found damaged. As for actual vegetation, this study compared planting coverage of each section of the research area and actual vegetation charts. The results indicated that Lespedeza spp., Aster koraiensis among mixed seeds that were planted in the reservoir path were almost swept away while Festuca arundinacea dominated the areas. Phragmites communis, Miscanthus sacchariflorns and Salix gracilistyla which had been planted in a small number were also almost washed out though a small number of them were left to form a colony. After examining the topography and structure of the plant community, this study found that areas where mixed seed were planted had changed into two types of vegetation: First type of area is dominated by P and R which are usually raised in apron with abundant floating particles. The second type of area is dominated by dry gramineous plant such as F and A. Areas around low flow channel where Phragmites communis, Miscanthus sacchariflorus and Salix gracilistyla planting construction method is applied was washed away with the width of low flow channel reduced. Though P, M and S formed a small community in some areas around the low flow area, they were in small number and in composition of simple plant species. Two ways were suggested in this study to manage the stream in an ecological way. First, adequate revetment construction methods should be applied by monitoring the flow of the stream as well as considering the flood control of urban streams. Second, target vegetation communities that are suitable for the environment of the stream should be chosen and be plantedconstantly with high density. At the same time, ornamental native plants shouldn't be planted as they have been and disturbing vegetation should be removed.