• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.1-8
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• 2020

Existing studies have used a variety of terms related to North Korea's income guarantees, causing some confusion. It can be said that it is a problem that appears only when dealing with the contents of a specific statute in an existing study. To this end, we will look at the laws and regulations related to income security by period and analyze the contents of dictionaries that are also the explanations of the laws and the status of orders and rules. As a result of the analysis, living subsidies are classified into subsidies under the national social insurance system and pension and subsidy under the national social security system. Among them, the pension under the national social security system, which is an income security system for non-workers, includes old age pensions, labor capacity loss pension(general work ability loss pension, accidental work ability loss pension, honored soldiers' work ability loss pension), and survivor pension(general survivor pension, war deads' survivor pension, victims' survivor pension). In particular, it was confirmed that the terminology for social security pension, which has been confusing in previous studies, is a collective jargon for all pensions under the national social security system. This study is significant in that it synthesized the historical transition process of the terminology of income security from the 10th Platform for the National Liberation Society in 1936 to the Socialist Constitution of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea in 2013.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.12 no.9
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• pp.63-73
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• 2014

Park Geun-Hye Administration declares "Happy Korea, a New Era of Hope" as the administrative vision. 'The orientation to Happy Korea' includes the meanings of both improving the quality of life directly and solving the social problems. It is the Happy Korea-oriented technology that can solve the social problems. The Happy Korea-oriented technology is closely connected to a concept of 'platform' because it makes an impact on providers and customers, in turn, their transactions can offer convenience to the third party. Therefore this study explores the issues of the adoption of the Happy Korea-oriented software platform. In order to achieve this research objective, we firstly make literature review and interview field experts. Three issues of the adoption of the Happy Korea-oriented software platform are drawn: economy, technology, and human resource. In addition, we present some policy directions for implementing and diffusing the Happy Korea-oriented software platform.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.379-387
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• 2017

As the average load factor of High-Speed Rail (HSR) trains increased up to 98%, it caused uncomfortable crowdedness in the cabin and deteriorated the level of service to the HSR users. In this paper, we estimated the willingness-to-pay (WTP) of the HSR users for mitigating the crowdedness in the cabin. The contingent valuation method based on the stated preference data was used and the tobit model was applied for the estimation of WTP. It can be concluded that WTP for mitigating the crowdedness in the HSR trains is proportional to the congestion level of train and income level of user. Males, first-class users, not-assigned ticket users, and monthly pass users have relatively higher WTPs, while homemakers, travelers in weekends, commuters and leisure travelers have relatively lower values. The results can provide the fundamental information to estimate the benefits of mitigating crowdedness or the magnitude of governmental subsidy to railway operators for additional introduction of HSR trains.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.506-519
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• 1996

The water quality in the rural areas is degrading due to a variety of causes such as the increase of the urban sewage and industrial wastes, the disposal of solid wastes, the growth of livestock waste, the growth of leisure facilities, the establishment of agricultural industry estates and etc. The water pollutants are scarce while the effluent is increasing from wide scattered sources. The technology specifically designed for the rural wastes water treatment plant needs to be implemented with improvement of agricultural water quality. 1. An integrated management measures against water pollution sources. The prevention of water pollution is the best measures in the environmental pollution. Hence, the most effective measures needs to be against the sources. Small-scale water treatment plants needs to be constructed in each village in the rural areas. As for the industrial effluent, the effluent discharge needs to be strictly monitored. Government subsidy for the establishment of treatment plant for livestock wastes is necessary. 2. The establishment of national-wide network for agricultural water quality. The network for agricultural water quality have been operated to conserve the agricultural water quality, and to develop management policies by the assessment of water pollution in the rural areas. The results of agricultural water quality network indicates that the water quality is degrading not only around urban areas but also in the distant rural areas, and the water quality at the pumping stations and weirs is worse than that of reservoirs. 3. The legal, systematic, and technical approaches for the agricultural water quality management. The actions currently implemented for the improvement of agricultural water quality involve temporary measures such as the improvement of irrigation facilities. These contingency measures are not effective in the long-term, and sometimes bring secondary pollution. Therefore, integrated measures covering the whole water environment such as the flow, quality, river morphology, aquatic ecosystem, and the surrounding environment, need be invented and implemented. Besides, the legal, systematic, and technical frameworks for the management are not fully established so far. The technology for the treatment of rural water pollution should be refined afterwards, and the research for the development of rural waste water treatment plant should be carried out.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.1123-1133
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• 2009

This study attempted to analyze the general and physical characteristics, the status of physical function, the type and number of current diagnosis and self-reported symptoms, healthy life mode and food preference according to self-rated health (SRH) of older adults (135 men and 270 women). It also attempted to assess the factors affecting the SRH standards in agricultural and fishery areas located in southwestern Korea. The subjects considered themselves as being 'good'(57.6%), 'normal'(29.6%) or 'poor'(12.85) SRH, meaning positive self-rating of health and it was found that the correlation between factors such as the gender, current marriage status, monthly wage, the reception of the government's livelihood subsidy and subjective economical status and the SRH were significant. Regardless of the categories of obesity, a large number of the participants rated themselves as 'healthy', but not statistically significant. The subjects who reported poor ADL and IADL capacities, indicators of the status of physical function, were significantly more classified to the 'poor' health category and vice versa (P<0.001). The reported chronic diseases in this study that have lasted more than three months, were lumbago, sciatica, arthritis, high blood pressure and peptic ulcer. The current ratios of smoking, drinking and exercise were 85.3, 39.0 and 18.6%, respectively. The less drinking and exercising there was, the higher the 'good' SRH categories obtained (P<0.05). The respondents who had less chance of eating sour and hot foods estimated their health status as being better.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.34 no.3 s.116
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• pp.41-58
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• 2006

Rural areas dominates the country landscapes in size with less population and rich traditional heritages as well as natural landscapes. Rural community groves (RCG) and Dangsan groves have been established by community residents during a few hundred years, and most of them have been disturbed. Only a few RCGs and Dangsan groves remain for an extensive period with efforts from community residents. These remnant RCGs and Dangsan groves are highly evaluated representing Korean rural cultural landscapes. Sound understanding on the structure of the rural landscapes and their role on the rural community environment is required to provide an appropriate policy for managing rural landscapes. This study aims to understand the characteristics of RCGs and Dangsan groves in the cultural landscapes, to investigate policies and issues of the advanced countries on RCGs and Dangsan groves, and to overview domestic policies for rural landscapes. The study results showed that there is a close relationship between RCGs and main issues discussed in EU countries. Ministry of Agriculture & Forestry of Korea, Ministry of Environment and Rural Development Administration have to focus on the potential of RCGs and Dangsan groves for multi-functions of agricultural and rural areas, natural streams, rural amenity, direct subsidy for landscape preservation and rural tourism. Based on the findings, this study suggests that RCGs and Dangsan groves will provide benefits to develop rural-mountain-sea villages and to enhance country's landscapes as well as local landscapes.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.11-22
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• 2017

This study explored housing situation and expectations of young (age between 20 and 34 years) single-person Jeon-se renters and monthly renters with deposit in relation with their family support and own housing cost burden status. Major findings from the analysis of 1,695,729 households were as follows: (1) Among subjects, 27.4% received family supports to pay their rent deposit, and 39.4% had more 'own housing cost burdens' to have housing costs minus the amount supported by their family be 30% or more of their income. (2) More than 11% were found to be 'more burdened' despite receipt of family supports. (3) Family support status was found to be related to formation of first-time households and tenure changes, while own housing cost burden was found to be related to current housing situation and previous and next housing size changes. (4) Households received family supports showed a greater proportion of first-time households or households experienced tenure upgrades. (5) 'Less burdened' households tended to expect housing size upgrade in their next move more positively. Based on the study findings, it was suggested to extend supply of rental housing and housing subsidy targeting young renters in conjunction with programs to encourage their savings.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.66-77
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• 2009

This study aims to examine the effect of socioeconomic status (hereafter, SES) on healthcare utilization of the patients with rare and incurable diseases. Information of 2,973 patients who were self-employed insured and utilized healthcare service in 2007 was drawn from the National Health Insurance (hereafter, NHI) claim data. SES was set as four groups based on the monthly contribution. Outcome variable was the expense for outpatient and in-hospital services, which was log-transformed and square-rooted in oder to obtain normal distribution. Covariates included age, gender, residence and diagnosis. To examine the effects after controlling for covariates, we employed generalized estimating equation model, since patients with the same diagnosis are likely to have similar characteristics of demographics and healthcare utilization. Univariate statistics showed that lower SES was associated with less utilization of healthcare services. After controlling for covariates, a significantly smaller amount of money was expended for the lowest SES group compared to the highest one. Rural residence was associated with less utilization, except that residents in Seoul significantly more utilized outpatient services in tertiary hospitals. Considering that there is a subsidy program for the low income patients, such differences in healthcare utilization according to SES seems to result from the burden of out-of-pocket payments for uncovered services of the NHI.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.1-40
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• 2008

In this paper, I examine the welfare effects of various revenue-neutral tax reforms in the case of two vertically-related oligopolies(downstream and upstream), where the upstream industry is polluting. I show analytically when and how government can improve welfare by initiating various tax reforms, regardless of either the feasibility of a lump sum transfer or the availability of a tax on pollution. The profit wedge that is the difference between the unit price and the unit cost and the marginal environmental damages(MED) becomes important to decidethe direction of a tax reform and is crucial to determine the direction of welfare-improving tax-subsidy schemes. I also show that a tax on pollution(Pigouvian tax) is superior to a tax on intermediate good even in the case of vertically-related oligopolies, because the former always brings in positive welfare effect from the upstream firms' input substitutability, which a tax on intermediate good cannot provide. Some policy implications for 'reducing environmentally-harmful subsidies' are also discussed.

• Journal of Technology Innovation
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.99-121
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• 2010

The goal of this paper is to analyze the effects of various firm characteristics on the probability for a firm to receive government’s financial supports for R&D. In the empirical analysis, a Probit model is estimated for the 2008 Korea Innovation Survey data. The main contribution of the paper is to investigate the distribution of R&D supports at the national level, instead of the program level. Especially, it is the first academic effort to evaluate the effects of regional and industrial variables. The results show that: (1) firm size and export increase the probability of receiving government’s R&D support; (2) variables measuring firms’ innovative ability, such as official designation as innovative firm, running R&D institute, number of R&D personnel, also have significantly positive effects; (3) firms in the chemical and automobile industries are more likely to receive R&D supports; and (4) firms in Teakyoung and Bukyoung regions are more likely to receive R&D supports.