• Applied Microscopy
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.219-230
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• 2007

The morphological effects of intranasal zinc sulfate(5% solution) irrigation on the mouse olfactory epithelium and the regeneration process of olfactory receptor cells following nasal irrigation were studied with scanning and transmission electron microscope. The results were as follows: 1. The septal epithelium except some basal cells was wholly detached from the basement membrane, during the first 6 to 24 hours after 5% zinc sulfate irrigation. 2. 3 days after $ZnSO_4$ treatment, two layered septal epithelium was formed from basal cells. And microvilli were observed in the apical epithelium of newly formed olfactory epithelial cells. 3. 5 days after treatment, a lot of centrosomes and basal bodies were observed in the olfactory receptor cells, and cilia were lined up between microvilli on the apical membrane of olfactory receptor cells. And immature olfactory knob was first observed in the newly formed olfactory receptor cells. Mature olfactory knob was observed 1 week after treatment. 4. There are very many mature olfactory knobs in the olfactory receptor cells 2 weeks after intranasal zinc sulfate irrigation. These results support that treatment with 5% zinc sulfate is a good experimental model for the regeneration of mammalian nervous tissues because this method could thoroughly detach the septal epithelium. During the regeneration of olfactory receptor cells, the surface membrane of the olfactory receptor cells widen the surface with the microvilli. Then cilia, which arranged in a line, substituted for the microvilli. The part of the surface membrane with cilia protruded and finally formed the olfactory vesicle.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.13-20
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• 2009

Background In contrast to defects of the mandible and mouth floor region, in the defect of maxilla, the availability of firmly attached oral and nasal mucosal linings is needed. In addition to it, in consider of operation field, operating convenience, and esthetics, reconstruction using prelaminated flap is strongly recommended. Therefore we consider the prelaminated flap through the cases that is reconstructed using prelaminated forearm flap and prelaminated scapular flap. Patients and Methods From 2001 to 2008, in OMFS SNUDH, there were 6 cases that had reconstruction using prelaminated forearm free flap and other 3 cases that had reconstruction using prelaminated scapular flap of maxilla. The average age of patients that were reconstructed using prelaminated forearm free flap was 47.5 years, the average prelaminated period (after $1^{st}$ operation ${\sim}$ until $2^{nd}$ operation) was 51.8 days and the average follow-up period after $2^{nd}$ operation was 35.3 months. As well, the average age of patients that were reconstructed using prelaminated scapular free flap was 37 years, the average prelaminated period (after $1^{st}$ operation ${\sim}$ until $2^{nd}$ operation) was 57 days and the average follow-up period after $2^{nd}$ operation was 42.3 months. Results Except 1 case that were reconstructed using prelaminated scapular flap, we could get firmly attached oral and nasal stable skin(mucosal like) lining, more adequate thickness flap than any other flap and improved esthetic and functional results in the other 8 cases that were reconstructed using prelaminated flap. The complications of the prelaminated forearm flap cases were inconvenient swallowing, sputum, limitation of mouth opening and difficult mastication. It came from flap shrinkage of the flap in some aspect, as well as other combined operations such as mass resection or RND. The difficult point of the reconstruction of prelaminated scapular flap was the possibility of vascular damage at preparation of flap in $2^{nd}$ surgery. The damage could cause the failure of the prelaminated scapular flap. And the skin-lining of the prelaminated flap had limitations, so it is needed to study about the cultured oral epithelium-lining flap instead of the skin-lining flap. Conclusion We considered about advantages, complications and notable things of prelaminated flap through maxillary reconstruction cases using prelaminated forearm flap and prelaminated scapular flap so far. Furthermore, we should go on studying for functional reconstruction of prelaminated fasciomucosal flap using cultured oral epithelium.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.793-807
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• 1997

We tried to develop detection system of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus(PRRSV) by in situ hybridization(ISH) in the piglets experimentally infected with KPRRS-2, the Korean isolate(12 piglets) or Mn-1b, the American isolate(4 piglets), and in the natural infection suspected 6 piglets. Twelve 30-days-old piglets(two pigs per each inoculated group) were inoculated by nasal instillation of KPRRS-2 virus(total dose $10^{4.5}TCID_{50}$), Six piglets(one pig per each group) were induced contact infection with inoculated piglets, during the experiment, and two piglets were used as control. Inoculated or contacted piglets were euthanized at 1, 3, 5, 7, 14 and 21 days postinoculation(DPI). The respiratory signs such as coughing and nasal discharge were observed on day 3 DPI, and ear cyanosis were on day 5 DPI, including contacted piglets. Through the necropsy, purple discolorization of dorsal part of lung, and hypertrophy of local lymph nodes were observed. The histopathological lesions of lung were interstitial pneumonia characterized by type 2 pneumocyte hyperplasia. We prepared the probe for ISH by RNA isolation from KPRRS-2, RT-PCR, and biotin labeling. We performed the ISH within only 1~2 hours using $Microprobe^{TM}$ capillary action system. As the results, the strong red specific positive signals, means PRRSV distribution, was mainly observed in the cytoplasm of alveolar macrophages. And also signals were detected in some type 2 pneumocytes and bronchiolar epithelium of lung, myocardium, liver, kidney, tonsil, spleen, gastrointestinal mucosa, testis and lymph nodes.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.347-355
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• 2002

This experiment was performed to investigate apoptosis during undergoing pathogenesis of avian infectious bronchitis virus(IBV)-infected chicks. Sixteen days old chicks were infected with IBV, Massachusetts-41 strain(M-41, 10$^4$-10$^{5}$ EID$^{50}$ ) experimentally, they were autopsied to remove trachea, lung, kidney and cloacal bursa at 6hr, 12hr, 1 day, 3 day and 7 day post infection(PI) respectively for H-E and TUNEL staining. Grossly, mild serous, catarrhal exudate was observed in the trachea, nasal passages and sinuses nasal from 4 day PI. The cloacal bursa was swollen from 3 day PI. Histopathologically, the trachea was seen mild cellular infiltration, edema of the mucosa and submucosa, vascular congestion and mild hyperplasia of the epithelium from 6 hr PI and the changes were seen a little more severely on 7 day PI. It was observed that the cloacal bursa was getting more and more hyperplasia through the experiment. The nuclei degeneration were shown in the kidney on 7 day PI. No specific changes were seen in the lung. In TUNEL analysis, apoptotic cells showed sharp increasing at 12 hr PI and reaching a maximum on 1 day PI in the trachea, lung, kidney and cloacal bursa. And then apoptotic cells decreased gradually returning to a level of the control by 7 day PI in all the removed organs.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.663-669
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• 1994

Kartagener's sydrome is an autosomaly inherited recessive condition characterized by situs inversus, bronchiectasis, and chronic sinusitis. And recently it was recognized as a subclass of dyskinetic cilia syndrome which caused by a defect in mucociliary transport owing to immotile or dyskinetic beating of cilia. Electron microsopy of cilia from sperm tails, nasal and bronchial epithelium of patients reveals the partial or complete absence of dynein arms. Our four patients were diagnosed as a Kartagener's syndrome by classic triad. We carried out electron microscopy of cilia of the nasal mucosa. And many other tests were done. One patient had squamous cell carcinoma of the lung, and another one patient revealed features of adult respiratory distress syndrome at admission. All patients improved with conservative therapy such as physiotherapy, bronchodilater, antibiotics except one patient who mechanical ventilation was required. A brief review of literature was made.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.55-63
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• 2010

Objectives : In this study, we investigated anti-allergic effect of Okbyeongpungsan-Hap-Changijasan (KOB01) in allergic rhinitis(AR) experimental animals and mast cells. Methods : The potential anti-allergic effect of KOB01 was investigated in a rat model of compound 48/80-induced systemic anaphylactic shock and a mouse of ovalbumin(OVA)-induced AR, and human mast cell line, HMC-1 culture. Each animals were divided into four groups: normal, control, KOB01-treated(100 and 200 mg/kg) and anti-histamine drug, dosodium cromoglycate (DSCG)-treated(50 mg/kg). Animals were orally treated with KOB01 and DSCG and intraperitoneally injected with compound 48/80($10\;{\mu}g/kg$) or sensitized with 0.1% OVA. The mortality and serum histamine levels were measured in compound 48/80-induced anaphylatic rats. The histological changes in nasal mucosa were investigated in OVA-induced AR mice. Also, mast cell degranulation was observed in compound 48/80-stimulated HMC-1 cells. Results : KOB01 increased mortality and significantly decreased serum histamine levels in compound 48/80-induced anaphylatic rats. The abnormal histological changes such as expansion of grandular cells and hypertrophy of epithelium in nasal mucosa of OVA-induced AR mice was improved by KOB01 treatment nearby a normal group. Therefore, KOB01 inhibited compound 48/80-induced degranulation in HMC-1 cells. Conclusions : These results indicate that KOB01 decrease allergic response through suppressing the mast cell activation in AR and suggest a potential role for KOB01 as a source of anti-allergic agents for use in allergic disorders including of AR.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.116-128
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• 2003

Objectives : The incidence of allergic rhinitis has increased but treatment in most cases has only dealt with the symptoms. Medicine has been developed that shows fewer side effects. However, some side effects and the psychological stress over taking medicine has remained. There have been no studies so far performed on the effect of this Jeulminmilmae-tang's use, only. The purpose of this study was find out the therapeutic effects of its exclusive use on an Animal Model with Allergic Rhinitis. Methods : Thirty Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three group : normal group, control group and sample group. To induce the allergic rhinitis in control group and sample group, rats were sensitized intraperitoneally with 0.1$\%$ ovalumin solution 3 times at intervals of 1 week. Then intranasal sensitization was performed by diffusing 0.1$\%$ ovalumin solution 3 times at intervals of 2 days. After that time, rats in the sample group were oral administration treated by Jeulminmilmae-tang for 28 days. Compared with the sample group, rats in the control group were oral administration treated by normal saline for 28 days. We observed changes in nasal mucosa and submucosa; also changes in the segment of neutrophil, eosinophil, Iympocyte and monocyte in blood. We used the statistical methods of student t-test(p 〈0.05). And we observed the changes of AST, ALT of three groups and used anova test statistically. Results : The segment of eosinophil was significantly decreased in treated group when compared with the control group(p 〈0.05). The segment of neutrophil. in blood were decreased in the treated group when compared with the control group but. that was not significant statistically(p 〈0.05). There were some regrowth of the cilium in the treated group. Histologic changes showed edema congestion and expantion of grandular cells in nasal submucosa and hypertrophy of epithelium ill nasal mucosa were decreased in treated group when compared with control group. Effects of Jeulminmilmae-tang on the liver function were also studies in rats. Treatment of Jeulminmilmae-tang did not affected on AST and ALT. Conclusions : The results may suggest that oral administration treatment using Jeulminmilmae-tang decreases the inflammatory response on an Animal Model with Allergic Rhinitis.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.35.1-35.16
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• 2022

Tobacco smoking (TS) has been known as one of the most potent risk factors for airway inflammatory diseases. However, there has been a paucity of information regarding the immunologic alteration mediated by TS in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). To identify the effect of TS, we harvested human tissue samples (never smoker: n=41, current smoker: n=22, quitter: n=23) and analyzed the expression of epithelial-derived cytokines (EDCs) such as IL-25, IL-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin. The expressions of Th2 cytokines and total serum IgE showed a type-2 inflammatory alteration by TS. In addition, the epithelial marker E-cadherin and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-associated markers (N-cadherin, α-SMA, and vimentin) were evaluated. Histological analysis showed that EDC expressions were upregulated in the current smoker group and downregulated in the quitter group. These expression patterns were consistent with mRNA and protein expression levels. We also found that the local Th2 cytokine expression and IgE class switching, as well as serum IgE levels, were elevated in the current smoker group and showed normal levels in the quitter group. Furthermore, the expressions of E-cadherin decreased while those of N-cadherin, α-SMA, and vimentin increased in the current smoker group compared those in the never smoker group. Taken together, these results indicate that TS contributes to the deterioration of pathogenesis by releasing local EDCs and Th2 cytokines, resulting in EMT in patients with CRSwNP. We verified that alterations of immunological response by TS in sinonasal epithelium can play a vital role in leading to CRSwNP.

• BMB Reports
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• v.45 no.11
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• pp.612-622
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• 2012

Olfactory receptors (ORs) detect volatile chemicals that lead to the initial perception of smell in the brain. The olfactory receptor (OR) is the first protein that recognizes odorants in the olfactory signal pathway and it is present in over 1,000 genes in mice. It is also the largest member of the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Most ORs are extensively expressed in the nasal olfactory epithelium where they perform the appropriate physiological functions that fit their location. However, recent whole-genome sequencing shows that ORs have been found outside of the olfactory system, suggesting that ORs may play an important role in the ectopic expression of non-chemosensory tissues. The ectopic expressions of ORs and their physiological functions have attracted more attention recently since MOR23 and testicular hOR17-4 have been found to be involved in skeletal muscle development, regeneration, and human sperm chemotaxis, respectively. When identifying additional expression profiles and functions of ORs in non-olfactory tissues, there are limitations posed by the small number of antibodies available for similar OR genes. This review presents the results of a research series that identifies ectopic expressions and functions of ORs in non-chemosensory tissues to provide insight into future research directions.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.121-126
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• 2001

Mucous membrane pemphigoid is uncommom disease in oral cavity and synonymous with cicatricial pemphigoid. This disease is caused by autoimmune reaction that autoantibody reacts antigen located in basement membrane and epithelium is separated from underlying connective tissue. It affects female over sixth decade, commonly. Oral mucosa, especially gingiva is common site but conjunctival, nasal, pharyngeal, laryngeal, esophageal, varginal mucosa and skin are involved. Intraoral findings show Nikolsky sign, irregular erythema, erosion, vesicle, and ulceration at mucous membrane. To differentiate from diseases of positive Nikolsky sign, should perform histologic, immunologic test. Histologic features show subbasilar cleft and direct immunologic features show IgG, C3 deposits at basement membrane in linear pattern. Mucous membrane pemphigoid is incurable disease because symptoms are repetitively improved or worsed for several years. Patiens are commonly managed with topical and systemic steroid. To avoid side effects of prolonged steroid therapy and to maintain immunosupressive effects, combination therapy of azathioprine with steroid is effective. This case reports that mucous membrane pemphigoid is diagnosed based on clinical and histologic features, is treated with topical, systemic steroid and azathioprine therapy.