• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제49권3호
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• pp.367-373
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• 2021

The antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus spp. and Gram negative strains present in air samples from waste sorting facilities was assessed. Phenotypic studies have revealed a high percentage of strains of Staphylococcus spp. resistant to methicillin. Genotypically and by RT-PCR, it was found that the mecA gene usually associated with methicillin resistance was present in 8% of the Staphylococcus strains isolated. About 30% of the Gram negative strains from the same samples also displayed resistance to meropenem and 79% of these were resistant to multiple antibiotics from different classes, namely cephalosporins and β-lactams. The results suggest that in professional activities with high levels of exposure to biological agents, the quantification and identification of the microbial flora in the work environment, with the determination of the presence of potential agents displaying multi-resistances is of relevance to the risk assessment. The personal protection of workers is particularly important relevance in these cases, since many of the strains that exhibit multi-resistance are potential opportunistic agents.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.734-737
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• 1998

The hexane fractions from methanolic extracts of Anetheum graveolens L. (Umbelliferae) and Acorus gramineus Soland. (Araceae) revealed potent inhibitory activities against the resistance of multi-drug resistant Staphylococcus aureus SA2 when combined with ampicillin (Am) or chloramphenicol (Cm). As active principles, carvone and the liquid mixture containing carvone from Anetheum graveolens L. and a liquid mixture mainly consisting of benzoic acid phenyl-methyl ester (benzyl benzoate) from Acorus gramineus Soland. were identified. They showed resistance inhibition at the level of 20-50${\mu}g$/ml when combined with 100 or ${\mu}g$/ml of Am or Cm, respectively.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.19-26
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• 2011

Of the 500 Actinomycetes isolates obtained from soil, one isolate grown on maltose as the sole carbon source produced compound BHK-P19, which inhibited the growth of multiple drug resistant P. aeruginosa 0245. Ultraviolet radiation mutagenesis curtailed production of BHK-P19. Mutation of the BHK-P19 producer using N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitroso-guanidine obviated the antibacterial activity to P. aeruginosa 0245, but not towards P. aeruginosa 0225. The mixing of BHK-P19 and BHK-S5 culture extracts inhibited P. aeruginosa 0254, 0225 and 1113. The combined application of BHK-P19 culture extract and Schizandra chinensis Baillon extract inhibited P. aeruginosa 0254, 0225, 0826, 1113, 1378, 1731 and 2492. Use of various concentrations of BHK-P19 culture extract and ampicillin markedly increased antibacterial activity against multi-drug resistant P. aeruginose 1113.

• 한국어병학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.77-84
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• 2012

Various antibiotics, that could induce the appearance of resistant microorganisms, have been used for treatment or prevention of bacterial diseases in marine and ornamental fish. We determined and characterized the level of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and proportion of multi-drug resistant bacteria in intestinal microflora of both marine fish cultured in Korea and imported ornamental freshwater fish. For this the bacterial species and resistance to antibiotics were investigated in intestine of rock bream Oplegnathus fasciatus cultured in Korea and pearl gourami Trichogaster leeri imported from Singapore to characterise. Although the bacterial species were different, proportions of resistant bacteria to single antibiotics or multi-drug were higher in intestinal microflora of pearl gourami Trichogaster leeri imported from Singapore than in rock bream Oplegnathus fasciatus cultured in Korea. These results indicate that various antibiotics have been being used before trading without measures in the market of asian ornamental fishes, providing high risks for the emergence of multi-drug resistant bacteria.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.96-104
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• 2013

2006년부터 2008년까지 다양한 식품에서 분리한 황색포도상구균 275균주에서 하나 이상의 항생제에 내성을 보인 균주는 259주(94.2%)이며 benzyl penicillin(P)이 92.0%로 가장 높은 내성률을 보였다. 106(40.7%) 균주가 2가지 이상의 항생제에 대하여 내성을 나타났으며 3가지 이상 항생제에 내성을 보인 균도 36주(13.8%)였다. Vancomycin에 대해서는 내성을 보인 균주는 없었다. 식품별로는 초밥과 김밥에서 검출된 균주는 8종류의 항생제에 각각 내성을 나타냈으며 MRSA 균주는 11주(전체 275주)가 4% 검출되었다. Oxacillin 내성균은 다제 내성 균주였다. Automated repetitive sequences based PCR microbial typing system(DiversiLab)으로 oxacillin 내성이 있거나 다제 내성인 20주에 대해 유형을 분석한 결과 DiversiLab Analysis Tool for Typing Reports 24529에 의해 90% 이상의 상동성은 2개의 Cluster과 4개의 unique type으로 구분되었다. Congo red agar에 의한 slime production assay로 균막 형성에 대한 양성 결과 균막 형성 양성은 275균주 중 67균주로 24.4%, biofilm assay로 균막 양성인 균주는 30.5%이며 초밥에서 분리한 균주가 34.5%로 가장 많이 형성 되었다. 항생제 내성과 균막 형성율과의 상관관계를 분석해 보면 slime 형성 균주는 fusidic acid(FA), mupirocin(MUP)의 단일 항생제의 내성과 통계적 의미를 확인할 수 있었다(p < 0.05). 다제 내성균의 수와 균막 형성은 상관 관계가 없었다.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.113-121
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• 2001

The use of a marker gene in a transformation process aims to give a selective advantage to the transformed cells, allowing them to grow faster and better, and to kill the non-transformed cells. In general, the selective gene is introduced into plant genome along with the genes of interest. In some cases, the marker gene can be the gene of interest that will confer an agronomic characteristic, such as herbicide resistance. In this review we list and discuss the use of the most common selective marker genes on plant transformation and the effects of their respective selective agents. These genes could be divided in categories according their mode of action: genes that confer resistance to antibiotics and herbicides; and genes for positive selection. The contention of the marker gene flow through chloroplast transformation is further discussed. Moreover, strategies to recover marker-free transgenic plants, involving multi-auto-transformation (MAT), co-transformation, site specific recombination and intragenomic relocation of transgenes through transposable elements, are also reviewed.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.501-506
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• 2004

Extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) generated Enterobacteriaceae including Escherichia coli is responsible for resisting antibiotics, which is clinical problem. This study was performed to investigate the isolation rates of 111 strains having positive of VITEK ESBL test 111 ESBL-strains in each month and season and statistically to determine their patterns of antibiotic test. One hundred eleven ESBL-strains were collected among 1,688 strains of E. coli isolated from various clinical specimen of one general hospital in Busan during 2002 to 2003. Month rates of ESBL-strains were 0％ to 13.3％, while the seasonal rates were highest at autumns during two years. The resistance to ampicillin, cefazolin, azteronam, ceftriaxone, and cefepime were 100％ in 2002. In ampicillin and cefazolin the resistances were 100％ during the two years. There were significant differences of cefoxitin and piperacillin/tazobactam between the two years but not significant between specimens. Four groups were divided according to the pattern of resistance and then the highest group had 93∼100％ of the resistance to 8 drugs but not resistant to imipenem.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.543-551
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• 2011

Bacterial antibiotic resistance is a real and growing problem for both Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial pathogens in the hospital setting. Among Gram negative bacteria, the ubiquitous bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a particular concern in immunocompromised and burn patients. The present study evaluated antibacterial activity and efficacy of a Korean herbal medicine against eight multi-drug resistant clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa (0225, 0254, 0347, 0826, 1113, 1378, 1731, and 2492) isolated at Daegu Catholic University Hospital. Methanol extracts of Galla rhois (5 and 10 mg/mL) displayed inhibition diameters for isolate 2492 of 10 and 12 mm, respectively, in a conventional disc diffusion assay. In seven kinds of Korean herbal medicines, increased inhibitory power of Lonicera japonica, Gardenia jasminoides, Galla rhois, and Scultellaria baicalensis was evident with the fermentation of six kinds of lactic acid bacteria. Three lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus plantarum subsp. plantarum KCTC 3108, L. casei KCTC 3109, and L. fermentum KCTC 3112) were identified as excellent strains for the production of antibacterial materials. In the six Korean herbal medicine extracts, strong inhibitory activity of fermented Forsythia suspensa, Glycyrrhizae radix, Lycium chinense, Platycodon grum, and Schizandra chinensis with five kinds of lactic acid bacteria was evident for seven multi-drug resistant P. aeruginosa isolates.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.122-128
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• 2010

2009년 4월부터 12월까지 서울시 보건환경연구원 미생물 관리팀에 의뢰된 냉동식품 100건을 대상으로 일반세균수, 대장균군수, 대장균과 장구균의 오염도를 조사였으며, 분리된 장구균을 대상으로 하여 항생제 감수성 검사를 실시하였다. 일반세균수는 평균 검출량이 $4.3{\times}10^4CFU/g$ 이고 대장균군수는 평균 검출량이 $4.3{\times}10^3CFU/g$ 이고 대장균은 100건 모두에서 불검출되어 0.0%의 검출률을 보였다. 100건의 검체 중 총 22건에서 장구균이 분리되었으며 이 가운데 12주는 E. faecium, 7주는 E. faecalis, 2주는 E. gallinarum, 1주는 E. hirae이었다. 분리균주의 항생제 내성률을 검사 한 결과, 내성을 나타내는 항생제들은 erythroycin, rifampin, teracycline ciprofloxacin, chlorampenicol, penicillin이며, vancomycin, ampicillin, gentamicin, strepomycin, linezolid에 대해서는 모두 감수성이었다. 또 22건의 분리 균주 중에서 2종 이상의 항생제에 다제 내성을 나타낸 균주가 15주나 되며 가장 많은 형태로는 6균주의 장구균에서 나타난 E-RA에 대한 것이었다.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제54권1호
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• pp.53-59
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• 2018

이 실험은 제주도내 양식장으로부터 유입수와 방출수의 다제내성(MDR)을 가진 Vibrio 균의 plasmid profiling을 위해 진행하였다. Plasmid profiling을 위해 사용한 다제내성을 가진 균주는 디스크 확산법을 통해 확인하였고, 유입수와 방출수으로부터 각각 150개의 Vibrio 균주를 분리하였다. 모든 다제내성 균주를 대상으로 plasmid profiling을 실시하였으며, 유입수와 비교하여 방출수에서 많은Vibrio 균이 열거되었다(유입수 39%, 방출수 61%). 방출수에서는 neomycin, sulfamethoxazole, amoxicillin 및 oxytetracycline의 내성을 가진 균주가 유의적으로 많은 것으로 확인되었고, 대조적으로 Vibrio 균주는 florfenicol, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin 및 nalidixic acid에 더 민감한 것으로 확인이 되었다. 99종의 다제내성 균주(유입수 39종과 방출수 60종) 중에서 총 58종(유입수 38종과 방출수 20종)이 1.7 kb에서 10 kb 이상의 플라스미드를 가지고 있는 것을 확인하였으며 플라스미드 크기마다 19가지의 다른 다제내성 패턴을 보였다. 6종의 유입수와 4종의 방출수에서 다제내성 균주는 특이적인 plasmid profile이 확인되었다. 방출수 샘플은 보다 많은 플라스미드를 가진 다제내성 Vibrio 균주와 다양한 plasmid profile들과 다제내성 패턴을 가지고 있었고 이는 양식장의 저장탱크가 항생제내성 유전자의 저장소 역할을 할 수 있다는 점을 시사한다. 양식장의 방출수에서 plasmid를 가진 다제내성 Vibrio 균주의 존재는 항생제 내성 유전자의 전파에 기여할 수 있으며 이로 인해 인간의 건강을 위협할 수 있다.