• Journal of Life Science
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• v.16 no.3 s.76
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• pp.546-554
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• 2006

To understand antitumor activity of Zanthoxylum schinfolium, which has been used as an aromatic and medicinal plant in Korea, the cytotoxic effect of various organic solvent extracts of its leaves on human tumor cells were investigated. Among these extracts such as methanol extract (SL-13), methylene chloride extract (SL-14), ethyl acetate extract (SL-15), n-butanol extract (SL-16), and residual fraction (SL-17), SL-14 appeared to contain the most cytotoxic activity against leukemia and breast cancer cells tested. The methylene chloride extra.1 (SL-14) possessed an apoptogenic activity causing apoptotic DNA fragmentation of human acute leukemia Jurkat T cells via mitochondrial cytochrome c release into cytoplasm, subsequent activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3, and cleavage of PARP, which could be negatively regulated by antiapoptotic protein Bcl-xL. The GC-MS analysis of SL-14 revealed that the twenty-two ingredients of SL-14 were 9,19-cyclolanost-24-en-3-ol (15.1%), 2-a-methyl-17, b-hop-21-ene (15.1%), 15-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H benzazepin (11.95%), phytol (10.38%), lupeol (9.92%), 12-methylbenzofuran (8.23%), hexadecanoic acid (5.96%), cis,cis,cis-9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid-methyl-ester (5.49%), 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid-methylester (3.59%), 15-methyl-4-(1-methylethylidene)-2-(4-nitrophenyl) (3.36%), hexadecanoic acid methyl ester (1.93%), vitamine E (1.88%), beta-amyrin (0.96%), and auraptene (0.89%). These results demonstrate that the cytotoxicity of the methylene chloride extract of the leaves of Z. schinifolium toward Jurkat T cells is mainly attributable to apoptosis mediated by mitochondria-dependent caspase cascade regulated by Bcl-xL, and provide an insight into the mechanism underlying antitumor activity of the edible plant Z. schinifolium.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.361-366
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to assess the genetic variation and establish the relationship amongst breeds and strains using 7 chicken specific microsatellite markers. A total of 317 DNA samples from four Korean native chicken (KNC) strains (KR: Korean Native Red chicken strain, KY: Korean Native Yellow chicken strain, KL: Korean Native Black chicken strain, KO: Ogol chicken strain) and three introduced endemic chicken breeds (LE: Leghorn chicken breed, RI: Rhode Island Red chicken breed, CO: Cornish chicken breed). The size of microsatellite markers was decided using GeneMapper Software (v.4.0) after being analyzed using an ABI 3130 Genetic Analyzer. Frequencies of microsatellites markers were used to estimate heterozygosities and genetic distances. The lowest distance (0.074) was observed between the KY and KL breeds and the highest distance (0.779) between the KL and LE breeds. The KNC strains (KR, KY, KL) have comparatively near genetic distance each other. On the other side, each individual was not ramified to different groups and were spread evenly in phylogenetic dendrogram about all the KNC of each strain populations. But the endemic breed populations (LE, RI, CO) were ramified to different groups. The microsatellite polymorphism data were shown to be useful for assessing the genetic relationship between Korean native strains and other foreign breeds.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.12
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• pp.1896-1904
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• 2020

Objective: Estimating the genetic diversity and structures, both within and among chicken breeds, is critical for the identification and conservation of valuable genetic resources. In chickens, microsatellite (MS) marker polymorphisms have previously been widely used to evaluate these distinctions. Our objective was to analyze the genetic diversity and relationships among 22 chicken breeds in Asia based on allelic frequencies. Methods: We used 469 genomic DNA samples from 22 chicken breeds from eight Asian countries (South Korea, KNG, KNB, KNR, KNW, KNY, KNO; Laos, LYO, LCH, LBB, LOU; Indonesia, INK, INS, ING; Vietnam, VTN, VNH; Mongolia, MGN; Kyrgyzstan, KGPS; Nepal, NPS; Sri Lanka, SBC) and three imported breeds (RIR, Rhode Island Red; WLG, White Leghorn; CON, Cornish). Their genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships were analyzed using 20 MS markers. Results: In total, 193 alleles were observed across all 20 MS markers, and the number of alleles ranged from 3 (MCW0103) to 20 (LEI0192) with a mean of 9.7 overall. The NPS breed had the highest expected heterozygosity (H_exp, 0.718±0.027) and polymorphism information content (PIC, 0.663±0.030). Additionally, the observed heterozygosity (H_obs) was highest in LCH (0.690±0.039), whereas WLG showed the lowest H_exp (0.372±0.055), H_obs (0.384±0.019), and PIC (0.325±0.049). Nei's DA genetic distance was the closest between VTN and VNH (0.086), and farthest between KNG and MGN (0.503). Principal coordinate analysis showed similar results to the phylogenetic analysis, and three axes explained 56.2% of the variance (axis 1, 19.17%; 2, 18.92%; 3, 18.11%). STRUCTURE analysis revealed that the 22 chicken breeds should be divided into 20 clusters, based on the highest ΔK value (46.92). Conclusion: This study provides a basis for future genetic variation studies and the development of conservation strategies for 22 chicken breeds in Asia.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.100-106
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• 1984

Five subcellular fractions were obtained by successive centrifugation from the liver of rats within 6 hours of life and characterized by comparing marker compound or marker enzyms. After incubating $3{\beta}$-hydroxy-$5{\alpha}$-pregnan-20-one with the each fraction, the steroids were analyzed by TLC, GLC and GC-MS. A $6{\alpha}$-hydroxylase which hydroxylizes the tetra-hydrogenated compound of progesterone, $3{\beta}$-hydroxy-$5{\alpha}$-pregnan-20-one, was localized in the crude plasma membrane fraction, but not in the microsome fraction. The maximum 6α-hydroxylation was observed at pH 7.0. While this 6α-steroid hydroxylase was not able to hydroxlyze the progesterone, the $3{\alpha}$-isomer was hydroxylized at the $6{\alpha}$-position.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.234-240
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• 2017

The goal of this study was to isolate wild yeasts from reed fields in the Seocheon-gun county in Chungcheongnam-do, South Korea. Molecular analysis of the D1/D2 domain of the 26S rDNA of the yeasts isolated from soil samples was performed using Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST). In total, 20 yeast strains from 11 species were isolated from 20 different soil samples. Candida species were observed to be the most common yeasts. Of these 20 strains, Candida subhashii (6 strains), Candida tropicalis (3 strains), Candida boleticola MS008, and Lachancea thermotolerans (2 strains) were identified as alcohol-fermenting yeasts. Further, Bullera japonica YJ10-1, Candida subhashii J7-1, Kluyveromyces yarrowii YJ11-1, and Ustilago shanxiensis Y10-1 were newly recorded yeast strains in Korea, and therefore, their microbiological characteristics were investigated further. All of these unrecorded yeast strains had oval cells; only Candida subhashii J7-1 formed ascospores and pseudomycelia. Kluyveromyces yarrowii YJ11-1 grew in vitamin-free medium, and all of these strains, except Candida subhashii J7-1, grew in 5% NaCl-containing YPD broth.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.1239-1247
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• 2009

Study the gene about economical characteristic of human disease or domestic animal is a matter of grave interest, preserve and elevation of gene of Korea cattle is key subject. Studies have been done on the gene of Korea cattle using EST based SNP map, but it is based on statistical model, therefore there are difference between real position and statistical position. These problems are solved using both EST_based SNP map and Gene on sequence by Lee et al. (2009b). We have used multifactor dimensionality reduction(MDR) method to study interaction effect of statistical model in general. But MDR method cannot be applied in all cases. It can be applied to the only case-control data. So, method is suggested E-MDR method using CART algorithm. Also we identified interaction effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) responsible for average daily gain(ADG) and marbling score(MS) using E-MDR method.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.141-148
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• 2004

In this report, several factors such as infection time and concentration of bacterial suspension, influencing on transient gene expression in Agrobacterium-mediated transformation were evaluated. An appropriate concentration (O.D 600nm = 1.0-1.2) of bateria and 30 min of infection time showed a higher level of GUS expression. To improve transformation efficiency (TE), friable embryogenic calli (FEC) were bombarded by tungsten particles without plasmid DNA, and then co-cultivated with A. tumefaciens LBA4404 which contains pTOK233 super binary vector, carrying neomycin phosphotransferase (NPTII), hygromycin phosphotransferase (hpt) and$\beta-glucuronidase$ (GUS) genes. Three days after co-cultivation with A. tumefaciens and particle bombardment, FEC cultures were transferred to the selection medium (SM: MS medium supplemented with BA 1mg/l, hygromycin 100mg/l, cefotaxime 250 mg/l and vancomycin 200mg/l). They were cultured for 2 weeks and then transferred to the second SM containing hygromycin 50mg/l, cefotaxime 200 mg/l and vancomycin 100mg/l. Later, stable GUS expression was detected 4 to 6 weeks after transfer to the SM. Further, TE from Agrobacterium-mediated transformation after particle bombardment increased to about 3-folds compared with Agrobacterium-mediated transformation without particle bombardment. In the present study, we established an efficient transformation protocol of zoysiagrass by using A. tumefaciens in the combination with particle bombardment for the first time.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.24-24
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• 2017

Heavy metals at toxic levels have the capability to interact with several vital cellular biomolecules such as nuclear proteins and DNA, leading to oxidative stress in plants. The present study was performed to explore the metal tolerance mechanism in Sorghum seedling. Morpho-physiological and metal ions uptake changes were observed prominently in the seedlings when the plants were subjected to different concentrations of $CuSO_4$ and $CdCl_2$. The observed morphological changes revealed that the plants treated with Cu and Cd displayed dramatically altered shoot lengths, fresh weights, and relative water content. In addition, the concentration of Cu and Cd was markedly increased by treatment with Cu and Cd, and the amount of interacting ions taken up by the shoots and roots was significantly and directly correlated with the applied level of Cu and Cd. Using the 2-DE method, a total of 24 and 21 differentially expressed protein spots from sorghum leaves and roots respectively, 33 protein spots from sorghum leaves under Cd stress were analyzed using MALDI-TOF/TOF MS. However, the over-expression of GAPDH plays a significant role in assisting Sorghum bicolor to attenuate the adverse effects of oxidative stress caused by Cu, and the proteins involved in resistance to stress helped the sorghum plants to tolerate high levels of Cu. Significant changes were absorbed in the levels of proteins known to be involved in carbohydrate metabolism, transcriptional regulation, translation and stress responses. In addition, the up-regulation of glutathione S-transferase and cytochrome P450 may play a significant role in Cd-related toxicity and stress responses. The results obtained from the present study may provide insights into the tolerance mechanism of seedling leaves and roots in Sorghum under heavy metal stress.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.81-89
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• 2004

Tumor necrosis factor-$\alpha$ (TNF-$\alpha$) and lymphotoxin-$\alpha$ (LT-$\alpha$, TNF-$\beta$) can initiate and perpetuate human diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). TNFs can be blocked by the use of soluble TNF receptors. However, since monomeric soluble receptors generally exhibit low affinity or function as agonists, the use of monomeric soluble receptors has been limited in the case of cytokines such as TNF-$\alpha$, TNF-$\alpha$, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-4, IL-6, and IL-13, which have adapted to a multi component receptor system. For these reasons, very high-affinity inhibitors were created for the purpose of a TNFs antagonist to bind the TNFR and trigger cellular signal by using the multistep polymerase chain reaction method. First, recombinant simple TNFR-Ig fusion proteins were constructed from the cDNA sequences encoding the extracellular domain of the human p55 TNFR (CD120a) and the human p75 TNFR (CD120b), which were linked to hinge and constant regions of human $IgG_1$ heavy chain, respectively using complementary primers (CP) encoding the complementary sequences. Then, concatameric TNFR-Ig fusion proteins were constructed using recombinant PCR and a complementary primer base of recombinant simple TNFR-Ig fusion proteins. For high level expression of recombinant fusion proteins, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were used with a retroviral expression system. The transfected cells produced the simple concatameric TNFR-Ig fusion proteins capable of binding TNF and inactivating it. These soluble versions of simple concantameric TNFR-Ig fusion proteins gave rise to multiple forms such as simple dimers and concatameric homodimers. Simple TNFR-1g fusion proteins were shown to have much more reduced TNF inhibitory activity than concatameric TNFR-Ig fusion proteins. Concatameric TNFR-Ig fusion proteins showed higher affinity than simple TNFR-Ig fusion proteins in a receptor inhibitor binding assay (RIBA). Additionally, concatameric TNFR-Ig fusion proteins were shown to have a progressive effect as a TNF inhibitor compared to the simple TNFR-Ig fusion proteins and conventional TNFR-Fc in cytotoxicity assays, and showed the same results for collagen induced arthritis (CIA) in mice in vivo.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.21 no.9
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• pp.893-902
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• 2011

Endophytic fungi are little known for their role in gibberellins (GAs) synthesis and abiotic stress resistance in crop plants. We isolated 10 endophytes from the roots of field-grown soybean and screened their culture filtrates (CF) on the GAs biosynthesis mutant rice line - Waito-C. CF bioassay showed that endophyte GMH-1B significantly promoted the growth of Waito-C compared with controls. GMH-1B was identified as Penicillium minioluteum LHL09 on the basis of ITS regions rDNA sequence homology and phylogenetic analyses. GC/MS-SIM analysis of CF of P. minioluteum revealed the presence of bioactive $GA_4$ and $GA_7$. In endophyte-soybean plant interaction, P. minioluteum association significantly promoted growth characteristics (shoot length, shoot fresh and dry biomasses, chlorophyll content, and leaf area) and nitrogen assimilation, with and without sodium chloride (NaCl)-induced salinity (70 and 140 mM) stress, as compared with control. Field-emission scanning electron microcopy showed active colonization of endophyte with host plants before and after stress treatments. In response to salinity stress, low endogenous abscisic acid and high salicylic acid accumulation in endophyte-associated plants elucidated the stress mitigation by P. minioluteum. The endophytic fungal symbiosis of P. minioluteum also increased the daidzein and genistein contents in the soybean as compared with control plants, under salt stress. Thus, P. minioluteum ameliorated the adverse effects of abiotic salinity stress and rescued soybean plant growth by influencing biosynthesis of the plant's hormones and flavonoids.