• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.101-108
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• 2007

Armillaria tabescens, one of edible and medicinal mushrooms belonging to Agaricales of Basidiomycota, has been known to have outstanding curative effects on chronic hepatitis and cholecystitis and inhibitory effects on the sarcoma 180 and Erhrlich carcinoma of mice. Neutral saline soluble (0.9% NaCl), hot water soluble and methanol soluble substances (hereinafter referred to Fr, NaCl, Fr. HW and Fr, MeOH, respectively) were extracted from fruiting body of the mushroom. In vitro cytotoxicity tests showed that crude polysaccharides were not cytotoxic against cancer cell lines such as NIH3T3 and Sarcoma 180 at the concentration of $2000\;{\mu}g/ml$. Intraperitoneal injection with crude polysaccharides exhibited life prolongation effect of $28.8{\sim}46.5%$ in mice inoculated with Sarcoma 180, respectively. Fr. NaCl improved the immunopotentiation activity of B lymphocyte by increasing the alkaline phosphatase activity by $1.8{\sim}2.1$ folds, respectively. In case of Fr, NaCl, the numbers of peritoneal exudate cells and circulating leukocytes were increased by 9 and 1.9 folds, respectively.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.24 no.8
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• pp.1122-1128
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• 2017

Pumpkin has long been used as traditional health materials in oriental medicine, pharmacy, medicine, and food industries in many countries. In this study, the water extract and two active components from tendril of young C. moschata Duch. were investigated on inflammation inhibitory activity. The water extract of young C. moschata Duch. showed high cell viability over 95% and it decreased the production of interlukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-${\alpha}$) in the capacity of mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) upon lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Also, isolated fraction (B4) suppressed the secretion of IL-6 and TNF-${\alpha}$. Among the domestically cultivated pumpkins, B4 fraction contained in the tendril part of them and it comprised of the order of tendril from Cucurbita pepo var. cylindrica, old of C. moschata Duch., and young of C. moschata Duch. These results suggest that water extracts of C. moschata Duch. and purified active compound, rutin, show anti-inflammation activity by suppression of the secretion of IL-6 and TNF-${\alpha}$. It can be applicable as pharmaceutical materials.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.29 no.8
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• pp.666-676
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• 2006

Gangliosides are widely distributed in mammalian cells and play important roles in various functions such as cell differentiation and growth control. In addition, diabetes and obesity cause abnormal development of reproductive processes in a variety of species. However, the mechanisms underlying these effects, and how they are related, are not fully understood. This study examined whether the differential expression of gangliosides is implicated in the abnormal follicular development and uterine architecture of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced and db/db diabetic mice. Based upon the mobility on high-performance thin-layer chromatography, mouse ovary consisted of at least five different ganglioside components, mainly gangliosides GM3, GM1, GD1a and GT1b, and diabetic ovary exhibited a significant reduction in ganglioside expression with apparent changes in the major gangliosides. A prominent immunofluorescence microscopy showed a dramatic loss of ganglioside GD1a expression in the primary, secondary and Graafian follicles of STZ-induced and db/db diabetic mice. A significant decrease in ganglioside GD3 expression was also observed in the ovary of db/db mice. In the uterus of STZ-induced diabetic mice, expression of gangliosides GD1a and GT1b was obviously reduced, but gangliosides GM1, GM2 and GD3 expression was increased. In contrast, the uterus of db/db mice showed a significant increase in gangliosides GM1, GD1a and GD3 expression. Taken together, a complex pattern of ganglioside expression was seen in the ovary and uterus of normoglycemic ICR and $db/^+$ mice, and the correspoding tissues in diabetic mice are characterized by appreciable changes of the major ganglioside expression. These results suggest that alterations in ganglioside expression caused by diabetes mellitus may be implicated in abnormal ovarian development and uterine structure.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.98-104
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• 2006

Armillaria mellea, one of edible and medicinal mushroom belonging to Tricholomataceae of Basid-iomycota, has been known to have outstanding inhibitive effects on the sarcoma 180 and Erhrlich carcinoma of mice. Neutral salt soluble (0.9% NaCl), hot water soluble and methanol soluble substances (hereinafter referred to Fr. NaCl, Fr, HW and Fr. MeOH, respectively) were extracted from the mushroom. In vitro cytotoxicity tests, crude polysaccharide were not cytotoxic against cancer cell lines such as NIH3T3 and Sarcoma 180 at the concentration of $1000{\mu}g/ml$. Intraperitoneal injection with crude polysaccharides exhibited life prolongation effect of $60{\sim}67.5%$ in mice inoculated with Sarcoma 180, respectively. Fr, NaCl improved the immunopotentiation activity of B lymphocyte by increasing the alkaline phosphatase activity by $1.8{\sim}3.0$ folds, respectively. In case of Fr. NaCl, the numbers of peritoneal exudate cells and circulating leukocytes were increased by 10 and 2 folds, respectively.

• Proceedings of the KSAR Conference
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• 2003.06a
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• pp.46-46
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• 2003

Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a homodimeric protein with a wide spectrum of anti-inflammatory and immune activities. It inhibits cytokine production and expression of immune surface molecules in various cell types. The transgenic mice carrying the human IL-10 gene in conjunction with the bovine $\beta$-casein promoter produced the human IL-10 in milk during lactation. Transgenic mice were generated using a standard method as described previously. To screen transgenic mice, PCR was carried out using chromosomal DNA extracted from tail or toe tissues with a primer set. In this study, stability of germ line transmission and expression of IL-10 gene integrated into host chromosome were monitored up to generation F15 of a transgenic line. When female mouse of generation F9 was crossbred with normal male, generation F9 to F15 mice showed similar transmission rates (66.0$\pm$20.13%, 61.5$\pm$16.66%, 41.1$\pm$8.40%, 40.7$\pm$20.34%, 61.3$\pm$10.75%, 49.2$\pm$18.82%, and 43.8$\pm$25.91%, respectively), implying that the IL-10 gene can be transmitted stably up to long term generation in the transgenic mice. For ELISA analysis, IL-10 expression levels were determined with an hIL-10 ELISA and a mIL-10 ELISA kit in accordance with the supplier's protocol. Expression levels of human IL-10 from milk of generation F9 to F13 mice were 3.6$\pm$1.20 mg/ml, 4.2$\pm$0.93 mg/ml, 5.7$\pm$1.46 mg/ml, 6.3$\pm$3.46 mg/ml, and 6.8$\pm$4.52 mg/ml, respectively. These expression levels are higher than in generation F1 (1.6 mg/ml) mice. We concluded that transgenic mice faithfully passed the transgene on their progeny and successively secreted target proteins into their milk through several generations, although there was a little fluctuation in the transmission frequency and expression level between the generations.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.19-32
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• 2024

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Atherosclerosis is associated with increased inflammation in the visceral adipose tissue (VAT). Vitamin D has been reported to modulate the inflammatory responses of stromal vascular cells (SVCs) and adipocytes in adipose tissue, but the role of vitamin D in atherosclerosis biology is unclear. This study examined the effects of in vitro 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ (1,25[OH]₂D₃) treatment on the inflammatory responses of SVCs and adipocytes from atherosclerotic mice. MATERIALS/METHODS: C57BL/6J (B6) mice were divided randomly into 2 groups and fed a 10% kcal fat control diet (control group, CON) or 41% kcal fat, 0.21% cholesterol (high fat + cholesterol, HFC) diet (obese group, OB), and B6.129S7-Ldlr^tm1Her/J (Ldlr^-/-) mice were fed a HFC diet (obese with atherosclerosis group, OBA) for 16 weeks. SVCs and adipocytes isolated from VAT were pre-incubated with 1,25(OH)₂D₃ for 24 h and stimulated with lipopolysaccarides for the next 24 h. Proinflammatory cytokine production by adipocytes and SVCs, the immune cell population in SVCs, and the expression of the genes involved in the inflammatory signaling pathway in SVCs were determined. RESULTS: The numbers of total macrophages and SVCs per mouse were higher in OB and OBA groups than the CON group. The in vitro 1,25(OH)₂D₃ treatment significantly reduced macrophages/SVCs (%) in the OBA group. Consistent with this change, the production of interleukin-6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) by SVCs from the OBA group was decreased by 1,25(OH)₂D₃ treatment. The 1,25(OH)₂D₃ treatment significantly reduced the toll-like receptor 4 and dual-specificity protein phosphatase 1 (also known as mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase 1) mRNA levels in SVCs and MCP-1 production by adipocytes from all 3 groups. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that vitamin D can attribute to the inhibition of the inflammatory response in VAT from atherosclerotic mice by reducing proinflammatory cytokine production.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.325-331
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• 2019

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is one of the most popular green leafy vegetables, and it contains various beneficial components including polyphenolic compounds and has been known to possess various biological functions such as anti-microbial, anti-oxidative, and anti-inflammatory activities. In the present study, we prepared ethanol extract of dried lettuce (DLE) and investigated its anti-inflammatory activity. To evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of DLE, nitric oxide (NO) production was measured in LPS-activated mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. DLE significantly suppressed NO production in these cells without affecting cell viabilities while resveratrol was used as a positive control. DLE dramatically decreased the expression of pro-inflammatory genes such as iNOS and COX-2 at the mRNA and protein levels and reduced the expression of several cytokines including $IL-1{\alpha}$, $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-1F6, $TNF-{\alpha}$, CSF2 and CXCL10. In addition, DLE suppressed phosphorylation of MAPKs and the nuclear translocation of $NF-{\kappa}B$ p65 indicating DLE shows its anti-inflammatory activity via regulating MAPKs pathway and $NF-{\kappa}B$ pathways. And also, DLE reduced the production of reactive oxygen species in a dose-dependent manner. DLE increased HO-1 protein expression, and also increased the nuclear translocation of Nrf2. Overall, our results suggest that lettuce down-regulate various pro-inflammatory genes and have its anti-inflammatory activity via regulating MAPKs, $NF-{\kappa}B$, and Nrf2/HO-1 pathways.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.347-353
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• 1997

This study was to test whether in vitro/in vivo survival of vitrified mouse blastocysts was influenced by culture conditions and ET method. Mouse blastocysts were obtained from in vitro fertilization and cultured for 4 days in M16 medium, and they were vitrified in EFS40 which contained 40% ethlyene glycol, 18% Ficoll and 0.5 mol sucrose in PBS. In experiment I, in vitro and in vivo survival rate of these embryos were evaluated in different culture condition after thawing. When thawed embryos were cultured in M16 medium as a control, m-CR1 medium contained 20 amino acids (2% BME amino acis and 1% MEM non-essential amino acids solution) and 4 mg/ml BSA and cumulus monolayer cell co-cultured condition in mCR1 medium (10% FBS), their in vitro survival at 24 hr after thawing was not affected by culture condition (75.6, 83.1, 82.4%). However, in vivo survival rates of implantation in m-CR1 medium (80.4%) were significantly higher than those of M16 medium (51.2%), co-culture (57.1%) condition, although there was no difference in live fetuses rates on day 15 gestation (39.0, 49.0, 38.1%). In experiment II, the in vivo development potential of embryos by ET methods was examined. When blastocysts were transferred to the day 2, 3 pseudopregnant recipient without culture soon after thawing, no pregnant recipient was obtained on the day 2 pseudopregnancy, and 50% of pregnancy rates and 15.4% of live fetus rates were obtained on the day 3 pseudopregnant recipients. These results were significantly lower than those of transferred group (day 3 pseudopregnant recipients) after culture for 16 hr post thawing (73.5, 57.1%) (p<0.05). In experiment III, to elevate usability of delayed embryos in vitro/in vivo survival of vitrified embryos (day 4 early, day 5 early and expanding blastocyst) were examined. in vivo survival rates (live fetus, total implantation) were higher in day 4 early blastocysts (33.3, 66.7%) than in day 5 expanding blastocysts (29.0, 38.7%), although the highest in vitro survival rates were obtained in the day 5 expanding brastocysts (78.3%). Therefore, these results suggest that the in vitro/in vivo survival rates of vitrified embryos could be improve by the culture condition and ET method and that the in vivo development rates of delayed embryos were decreased with longer culture duration in vitro. It means that more effective cryopreservation was obtained in day 4 early blastocysts than in day 5 expanding blastocysts.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.165-176
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• 1994

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of the timing and dose of human chorionic gonadotropin(hCG) on oocyte recovery, in vitro fertilization, and preimplantation development in superovulation of mouse. F1 hybrid($C57BL{\times}CBA$) mice were obtained and superovulation was induced in female mice by sequential intraperitoneal injection of PMSG and hCG. In the first series of experiments, mice received 5 IU of PMSG given intraperitoneally, and 48 hours later were injected 1 IU, 5 IU, or 10 IU of hCG respectively. In the second series of experiments, mice received 5 IU of PMSG given intraperitoneally and were injected 5IU of hCG 36, 48, or 60 hours later respectively. 1. When the mice received 5 IU of PMSG given intraperitoneally and 48 hours later were injected 1 ItT, 5 IU, or 10 IU of hCG respectively, there were no differences in the total number of the oocytes obtained from the three experimental groups. When the cultures were examined 48 hrs after the termination of insemination the proportion of unfragmented oocytes which had developed over two-cell stage was observer to be lowest in 10 IU hCG group. When the cultrues were examined 120 hour after termination of insemination the proportion of embryos which had developed to the blastocyst stage was observed to be significantly higher in 10IU hCG group than 5IU hCG group(p<0.05), but there was no difference between 10 IU hCG group and 1IU hCG group. 2. When the mice received 5 IU of PMSG and were injected 5 IU of hCG 36, 48, or 60 hours later respectively, there were no differences in the total number of oocytes obtained from the three experimental groups. When cultures were examined 48 hour after the termination of insemination the proportion of unfragmented oocytes which had developed over two-cell stage was observed to be significantly lower in 36 hour interval group than 48 hour interval and 60 hour interval group(p<0.05). When the cultures were examined 120 hour after termination of insemination the proportion of embryos which had developed to the blastocyst stage was found to be higher in 60 hour interval group than 36 interval or 48 hour interval group (P<0.05), and the proportion of hatching blastocyst was found to be higher in 60 hour interval group as well. In this study, it was concluded that the administration of adequate dose of hCG, and long (60 hour) PMSG-hCG interval were necessary in superovulation of mice($C57BL{\times}CBA$) in order to get a large number of oocytes which had an early oocytes which had an early embryonic developmental capability when fertilized in vitro, and especially it had better have been avoided to administer a large dose of hCG.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.537-546
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• 2004

Adiponectin is adipocyte complement-related protein which is highly specialized to play important roles in metabolic and honnonal processes. This protein, called GBP-28, AdipoQ, and Acrp30, is encoded by the adipose most abundant gene transcript 1 (APM1) which locates on human chromosome 3q27 and mouse chromosome 16. In order to determine chromosomal localization of the porcine APM1, we carried out PCR analysis using somatic cell hybrid panel as well as porcine whole genome radiation hybrid (RH) panel. The result showed that the porcine APM1 located on chromosome 13q41 or 13q46-49. These locations were further investigated with the two point analysis of RH panel, revealed the most significant linked marker (LOD score 20.29) being SIAT1 (8 cRs away), where the fat-related QTL located. From the SSCP analysis of APM1 using 8 pig breeds, two distinct SSCP types were detected from K~ native and Korean wild pigs. The determined sequences in Korean native and Korean wild pigs showed that two nucleotide positions (T672C and C705G) were substituted. The primary sequence of the porcine APM1 has 79 to 87% identity with those of human, mouse, and bovine APM1. The domain structures of the porcine APM1 such as signal sequence, hypervariable region, collagenous region. and globular domain are also similar to those of mammalian genes.