• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.293-298
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• 2013

In this study, sorbic acids and benzoic acids frequently used in foods retailed in Korea were monitored and their estimated daily intakes were assessed for a purpose to ensure food additives safety management. The estimated daily intakes were calculated by categorizing the assessment items into the national average, by gender, by age and the high intake ($95^{th}$) groups based on concentrations of preservatives in foods as well as national health and nutrition survey data. The calculations were then compared with the ADI of the JECFA and the possibility of risk to be imposed on the people was examined. The results indicated that the estimated daily average intakes of preservatives were $221.60{\mu}g/kg{\cdot}bw/day$ of sorbic acids and $27.30{\mu}g/kg{\cdot}bw/day$ of benzoic acids. Compared to the ADI, the intake levels were 0.89 and 0.55% respectively, which were in a safe range. The estimated daily intakes of sorbic acids and benzoic acids in the high intake group ($95^{th}$) were $1140.27{\mu}g/kg{\cdot}bw/day$ and $194.95{\mu}g/kg{\cdot}bw/day$, which were 4.56% and 3.90% of the ADI (%) respectively, indicating that the intake levels of sorbic acids and benzoic acids in the high intake group were within a safe range. As for gender difference, the amount of benzoic acids intake was slightly larger in men than in women. However, gender differences were not observed in terms of the intake of sorbic acids. In terms of the levels of intake by age, the rates were found to be in the range of 0.52-2.10% for sorbic acids and 0.15-1.23% for benzoic acids. Therefore, the levels of sorbic acids and benzoic acids intakes were found not to exceed the ADI in all groups, and thus were within the safe ranges.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.231-250
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• 2001

In order to determine the effects of annexing bile extracts of bears on the anti-fibrotic effect of Injinhotang. Mix compound of Injinhotang and bile extracts of bears were administered to the carbon tetrachloride ($CCl_4$)-induced cirrhotic rats during 20 days and the changes of serum levels of GOT (glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase), GPT (glutamic pyruvic transaminase), LDH (lactate dehydrogenase), ALP (alanine phosphatase), GGT (gamma glutamyl transpeptidase) and T-BIL (total bilirubin) were monitored with comparison to the results of Injinhotang administered group. The results were summarized as follows. 1. A significant (p<0.01) increase of serum GOT levels were observed in control group compared to those of normal group but these increased levels were dramatically decreased in Injinhotang and Injinhotang with Fel Ursi-administered group. In addition, a significant (p<0.05) increase were also detected In Injinhotang with Fel Ursi-administered group compared to that of Injinhotang-administered group. 2. A significant (p<0.01) increase of serum GPT levels were observed in control group compared to those of normal group but these increased levels were dramatically decreased in Injinhotang and Injinhotang with Fel Ursi-administered group. Although significances were not recorded, increase of serum GPT levels were also detected in Injinhotang with Fel Ursi-administered group compared to that of Injinhotang-administered group. 3. A significant (p<0.01) increase of serum LDH levels were observed in control group compared to those of normal group but these increased levels were dramatically decreased in Injinhotang and Injinhotang with Fel Ursi-administered group. Although significances were not recorded, increase of serum LDH levels were also detected in Injinhotang with Fel Ursi-administered group compared to that of Injinhotang-administered group. 4. A significant (p<0.01 or p<0.05) increase of serum ALP levels were observed in control group compared to those of normal group but these increased levels were dramatically decreased in Injinhotang and Injinhotang with Fel Ursi-administered group. In addition, a significant (p<0.05) increase were also detected in Injinhotang with Fel Ursi-administered group compared to that of Injinhotang-administered group. 5. A significant (p<0.01) increase of serum GGT levels were observed in control and Injinhotang-administered group compared to those of normal group but these increased levels were dramatically decreased in Injinhotang with Fel Ursi-administered group. 6. A significant (p<0.01) increase of serum T-BIL levels were observed in control group compared to those of normal group but these increased levels were dramatically decreased in Injinhotang and Injinhotang with Fel Ursi-administered group. Although significances were not recorded, increase of serum T-BIL levels were also detected in Injinhotang with Fel Ursi-administered group compared to that of Injinhotang-administered group. In conclusion, it is considered that bile extract of bears has some additional effect to the anti-fibrotic effect of Injinhotang but to know the exact mechanism of suitable dose and duration of administration, further studies such as pharmacokinetics and dose-dependent pharmacological studies were needed

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.91-98
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• 2007

The aim of this study was to examine the difference of the depth of sedation using the Bispectral index assessment with and without the added submucosal Midazolam to oral Chloral hydrate and Hydroxyzine for pediatric patients. Twenty seven sedation cases were performed in this study Selection criteria included good health(ASA I), 2 to 6 years of age, the need for sedation to receive dental treatment including anesthesia, and restorative procedure over at least two teeth. Patients were randomly classified into one group taking oral Chloral hydrate(60 mg/kg) and Hydroxyzine(1 mg/kg) and the other group recieving Chloral hydrate(60 mg/kg), Hydroxyzine(1 mg/kg) and submucosal Midazolam(0.1 mg/kg). Nitrous Oxide(50%) was used for both group during sedation. Patients were monitored using a pulse oximeter and a Bispectral monitor. A behavior scale was rated as quiet(Q), crying(C), movement(M), or struggling(S) every 2 minutes watching a recorded videotape. Analysis showed a significant difference in mean Bispectral index and SD during sedation across two groups(P<0.001). The group of patients injected with submucosal Midazolam in addition to oral Chloral hydrate and Hydroxyzine showed a lower mean Bispectral index and a narrower SD. PR and SpO2 for both groups remained within the normal values. Submucosal Midazolam improved the sedation quality by deepening sedation depth without compromising safety and enabled the sedation pattern to be kept more stable.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.500-511
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• 1999

Background: Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) using facial or nasal mask have been widely used for several years in stable patients with chronic neuromuscular disease or central alveolar hypoventilation, and recently have been tried in patients with acute respiratory failure. In a few studies, NPPV was also used to rescue the patients with post-extubation respiratory failure. However, yet it has not been adopted as a weaning method in patients on long-term mechanical ventilation. So we performed this prospective clinical study to evaluate the usefulness of NPPV as a weaning method after removing endotracheal tube intentionally in patients on long-term mechanical ventilation. Method: Twelve patients who had been on invasive mechanical ventilation over 10 days were enrolled and 14 trials of NPPV were done. All had failed at least one weaning trial and showed ventilator dependence(pressure support requirement between 8-15cm $H_2O$, and PEEP requirement between 5-10cm $H_2O$), so tracheostomy was being considered. After removing the endotracheal tube, NPPV was applied using facial mask. Respiratory rate, arterial blood gas, pressure support level, and PEEP level were monitored just before intended extubation, at 30 minutes, 1 to 6, 6 to 12, 12 to 24 hours, 2nd day, and 3rd day following initiation of NPPV, and just before weaning from NPPV. The successful weaning was defined as spontaneous breathing off the ventilator for 48 hours or longer without respiratory distress. Results: The weaning through NPPV after intended extubation was successful in 7(50%) of 14 trials, and tracheostomy could be avoided in them. There were no differences in age, sex, APACHE III score, duration of invasive mechanical ventilation, baseline respiratory rate, $PaCO_2$ $PaO_2/FiO_2$, and ventilatory requirement(PS and PEEP) between the success and failure groups. In the success group, respiratory rate, pH, $PaCO_2$, and $PaO_2/FiO_2$ were not different between invasive MV and NPPV period. But in the failure group, pH decreased after 30 minutes of NPPV initiation compared with that of invasive MV($7.40\pm0.08$ vs. $7.34\pm0.06$, p<0.05). The causes of failure were worsening of ABG(n=3), retained tracheal secretion(n=2), mask intolerance(n=1), and flail chest(n=1). Conclusion: NPPV may be worth trying as a bridge method in weaning patients on long-term invasive mechanical ventilation.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.55 no.5
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• pp.506-515
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• 2003

Background : A decreased level of serum arginine vasopressin(AVP) and an increased sensitivity to an exogenous AVP is expected in patients with septic shock who often require a high infusion rate of catecholamines. The goal of the study was to determine whether an exogenous AVP infusion to the patients with septic shock would achieve a significant decrement in infusion rate of catecholamine vasopressors while maintaining hemodynamic stability and adequate urine output. Method : Eight patients with septic shock who require a high infusion rate of norepinephrine had received a trial of 4-hour AVP infusion with simultaneous titration of norepinephrine. Hemodynamic parameters and urine output were monitored during the AVP infusion and the monitoring continued up to 4 hours after the AVP infusion had stopped. Results : Mean arterial pressure showed no significant changes during the study period(p=0.197). Norepinephrine infusion rate significantly decreased with concurrent AVP administration(p=0.001). However, beneficial effects had disappeared after the AVP infusion was stopped. In addition, hourly urine output showed no significant changes throughout the trials(p=0.093). Conclusion : Concurrent AVP infusion achieved the catecholamine vasopressor sparing effect in the septic shock patients, but there was no evidence of the improvement of renal function. Further study may be indicated to determine whether AVP infusion would provide an organ-protective effect to the septic shock patients.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.62 no.1
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• pp.33-42
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• 2007

Background: Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is known to modulates the cellular functions, including cell proliferation and apoptosis. It is known that a high level of HO-1 expression is found in many tumors, and HO-1 plays an important role in rapid tumor growth on account of its antioxidant and antiapoptotic effects. Cisplatin is a widely used anti-cancer agent for the treatment of lung cancer. However, the development of resistance to cisplatin is a major obstacle to its use in clinical treatment. We previously demonstrated that inhibiting HO-1 expression through the transcriptional activation of Nrf2 induces apoptosis in A549 cells. The aim of this study was to determine of the inhibiting HO-1 enhance the chemosensitivity of A549 cells to cisplatin. Materials and Methods: The human lung cancer cell line, A549, was treated cisplatin, and the cell viability was measured by a MTT assay. The change in HO-1, Nrf2, and MAPK expression after the cisplatin treatment was examined by Western blotting. HO-1 inhibition was suppressed by ZnPP, which is a specific pharmacologic inhibitor of HO activity, and small interfering RNA (siRNA). Flow cytometry analysis and Western blot were performed in to determine the level of apoptosis. The level of hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$) generation was monitored fluoimetrically using 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate. Results: The A549 cells showed more resistance to the cisplatin treatment than the other cell lines examined, whereas cisplatin increased the expression of HO-1 and Nrf2, as well as the phosphorylation of MAPK in a time-dependent fashion. Inhibitors of the MAPK pathway blocked the induction of HO-1 and Nrf2 by the cisplatin treatment in A549 cells. In addition, the cisplatin-treated A549 cells transfected with dither the HO-1 small interfering RNA (siRNA) or ZnPP, specific HO-1 inhibitor, showed in a more significantly decrease in viability than the cisplatin-only-treated group. The combination treatment of ZnPP and cisplatin caused in a marked increase in the ROS generation and a decrease in the HO-1 expression. Conclusion: Cisplatin increases the expression of HO-1, probably through the MAPK-Nrf2 pathway, and the inhibition of HO-1 enhances the chemosensitivity of A549 cells to cisplatin.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.269-279
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• 2002

To investigate the change of perception after weight management education in elementary, middle and high school students, a survey was conducted. Same questionnaire was administered twice, before and after weight management education, to 426 students at 9 schools in Seoul area. The mean height, weight and body mass index were 145.5$\pm$8.0cm, 40.0$\pm$8.3kg, 18.6$\pm$3.0 for elementary school students, 160.1$\pm$5.2cm, 50.2$\pm$7.3kg, 19.5$\pm$2.4 for middle school students, and 162.2$\pm$5.0cm, 52.2$\pm$6.4kg, 19.8$\pm$2.3 for high school students, respectively. Before education, their preferred weight and perceived healthy weight was 35.4kg and 37.0kg among elementary school students, 44.8kg and 46.5kg among middle school students, and 47.3kg and 48.9kg among high school students, respectively. Differences between their present body weight and their preferred weight and/or perceived healthy weight appeared to be 4.5kg and 2.9kg in elementary school students, 5.6kg and 4.0kg in middle school students, and 5.1kg and 3.3kg in high school students, respectively. After administering education, the differences decreased to 2.5kg and -0.2kg in elementary school students, 4.2kg and 2.7kg in middle school students, and 4.3kg and 2.0kg in high school students, respectively (p<0.01). And their perception on own body shape was investigated using 5 point scale ('too lean' to 'too fat', 1 to 5) before and after education. The mean values changed from 3.1 to 2.8 in elementary school students, from 3.3 to 3.0 in middle school students, and from 3.4 to 3.2 in high school students (p<0.01). Their satisfaction with own body weight was monitored using 5 point scale ('very satisfied' to 'very unsatisfied', 1 to 5), also. The mean values changed from 3.0 to 2.7 in elementary school students, from 3.6 to 3.2, in middle school students, and from 3.8 to 3.4 in high school students (p<0.01). In the evaluation of their nutrition knowledge about weight control using 10 item quiz, before and after education, the mean quiz score was changed from 6.3 to 7.0 in elementary school students, from 7.0 to 7.9 in middle school students, and from 7.5 to 8.1 in high school students (p<0.01). In summary, nutrition education on weight management improved the subject's perception on perceived healthy weight and own body shape, and satisfaction with present body weight. This result suggests that nutrition education program should incorporate strategies to change incorrect beliefs and knowledge regarding weight control. Onto this, weight control education for students should start from their early age, be repeated periodically and consistently, and focus on the harmful effects of excessive weight loss and information on the practical and scientific ways of weight management.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.330-335
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• 2010

This study was performed to compare the anesthetic and cardiorespiratory effects of the tiletamine/zolazepam/xylazine (TZX) combination and tiletamine/zolazepam/midazolam (TZM) combination. Eight healthy Landrace $\times$ Yorkshire pigs were randomly assigned to two groups. Each group was composed of four pigs. The pigs in group 1 (TZX) received tiletamine/zolazepam (2 mg/kg, IM) and xylazine (2 mg/kg, IM). The pigs in group 2 (TZM) received tiletamine/zolazepam (2 mg/kg, IM) and midazolam (0.5 mg/kg, IV). Induction time, anesthesia time and standing time were recorded for each pig. The scores of anesthetic effects were subjectively evaluated every 15 minutes during anesthesia. Cardiopulmonary parameters (heart rate, arterial blood pressure, respiratory rate and rectal temperature) were monitored and recorded 0, 5, 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes after administration of drugs. Arterial blood gases ($pH_a$, $P_aCO_2$ and $P_aO_2$) and oxygen saturation ($SO_2$) were analyzed at same times. The scores of anesthetic effects decreased in the TZX group compare with the TZM group. From 5 to 85 minutes the mean heart rate in the TZX group was significantly lower than those in the TZM group. Mean arterial blood pressure in the TZX group was significantly higher than those in the TZM group at 5, 15 and 30 minutes. Both drug combinations provided a smooth induction and good immobilization. Scores of anesthetic effects in the TZM group were better than those in the TZX group. The effects to the cardiorespiratory function and temperature were lesser in the TZM group than those in the TZX group. In conclusion, when the two drug combinations were compared, the TZM group showed better anesthetic effects and less cardiorespiratory effects.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.72-76
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• 2006

A 1-year-old, female English cocker spaniel (ECS) dog was presented with 3-month history of vomiting and retaking of the vomitus, and chronic weight loss. The client had noticed mild abdominal distension 10 days before. The dog was diagnosed as chronic hepatitis with hepatic cirrhosis based on complete blood count (CBC), serum chemistry profiles, radiography, ascites assessment, bile acid evaluation, and liver biopsy through exploratory laparotomy and necropsy. CBC and serum chemistry profiles revealed mild anemia, slightly elevated hepatic enzymes (ALT and AST), increased creatinine kinase (CK), hyperammonemia, and hypoproteinemia with hypoalbuminemia. Ascites was transudate according to analysis of components. Bile acid assessment (fasting; $174.4{\mu}mol/L$ and postprandial; $198.4{\mu}mol/L$) showed strongly suspected hepatic insufficiency. On radiological findings, ascites was evident. Atrophied liver (especially left side lobes) and distended mesenteric vasculatures were observed by exploratory laparotomy. Histopathological examination of marginal lesion of left lateral lobe of liver by biopsy revealed the necrosis of hepatic cells, dilation of sinusoids, infiltration of neutrophils in sinusoids, and vacuolation of hepatic cytoplasm. The patient had been managed with careful low protein diet and specific supportive therapy (ursodeoxycholic acid, prednisolone, vitamine E, and interferon). Vomiting and ascites disappeared with medical management. The dog was monitored periodically by CBC, serum chemistry and radiographic examination. The dog survived more 18 months with medical therapy. After spontaneous death, necropsy and histopathologic examination were performed.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.653-664
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• 1999

This study was undertaken to determine the normal appearance of the postpartum uterine involution. Postpartum changes in uterine shape, architecture, echogenicity and diameter were monitored with ultrasonography in 11 Korea Jin-do dogs. Serial ultrasonographic examination was done daily during the first week, 3 days interval from 8 to 30 days, and weekly from 31 to 100 days postpartum, respectively. Of 11 postpartum bitches, 10 bitches (90.9%) had normal involution and 1 bitch (9.1%) had subinvolution of the placental sites (SIPS) by gross findings, vaginal discharges, and by ultrasographic findings, uterine shape and echogenicity. The excretory period of vaginal discharges in 10 normal bitches of uterine involution was finished completely at $20.2{\pm}4.6$ days (Mean${\pm}$SD) postpartum, but in 1 SIPS at 50 days postpartum. The short axis shape of the uterus was initially often flaccid-appearing. It varied from circular to crescent shaped to polygonal. This lasted until $16.5{\pm}3.7$ days postpartum, during which time the short axis uterine shape gradually changed to circular. Also, the long axis shape of the uterus was created a beaded appearance of the horns until $29.9{\pm}3.2$ days postpartum. After 30 days, it was appeared as tubular shape without distinguished between placental and interplacental sites. The ultrasonographic image of the postpartum uterus consisted of four echogenicity distinct layers. Uterine wall was represented the very hyperechoic serosa, hypoechoic myometrium, hyper echoic endometrium and anechoic structures of fluid in the uterine cavity until 7 days postpartum. The individual uterine layers were most prominent during the first week postpartum, and they became progressively less distinct throughout the course of uterine involution. Anechoic structures of fluid in the uterine cavity was detected until $25.0{\pm}6.4$ days postpartum, after which time it was not reliably detected. The uterine diameter was decreased not only in the placental sites frorm $24.1{\pm}2.5mm$ at 1 day to $15.4{\pm}1.4mm$ at 7 days postpartum, but also in the interplacental sites $14.9{\pm}1.5mm$ at 1 day, $10.6{\pm}0.8mm$ at 7 days postpartum. There was a general trend of decreasing uterine diameter, which occurred more rapidly at the placental sites. At 31 days pastpartum, these diameter reached almost same size, after that time, they could be not distinguished between placental and interplacental sites. At 87 days postpartum, the uterine diameter was $5.6{\pm}0.6mm$ both placental and interplacental sites, and the uterine horns were uniform hypoechoic, tubular structures without enlargement. Therefore, complete involution of the uterus occurred at that time. It was concluded that normal postpartum uterine involution in Korea Jin-do bitches appeared to be completed around 87 days postpartum by gross findings such as vaginal discharges, and by ultrasonographic findings, uterine shape and echogenicity. Also ultrasonographic characteristics of the postpartum uterine involution were described. Therefore, these result suggest that ultrasonographic assessment is a reliable method for diagnosing the SIPS and uterine dysfunction, such as pyometra in bitch.