• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.23-29
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• 2001

To extend the freshness of late autumn Chinese cabbage, the packaging and loading effects on the quality were investigated during cold storage. Judging from overall quality during storage period, late autumn Chinese cabbage could be stored by 3 months at 0$\^{C}$ cold storage. However, late autumn Chinese cabbage was not acceptable for long-term storage because of its marketability and the storage cost. Among 3 packaging methods(PP-net, carton and plastic container) for stored Chinese cabbage, plastic container and carton were more effective than PP-net packaging for the freshness prolongation. Gas composition in the plastic bags during storage was not significantly different among packaging conditions and O$_2$ and CO$_2$ concentrations were 13∼18% and 0.75∼7.48%, respectively, MAP with plastic film was effective for the quality retention because of low oxygen composition and high humidity condition in the bags.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.25-34
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• 2015

Objectives : This study was performed to investigate the efficacy and safety of the Mulberry Extract Complex in a placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial and animal study on degenerative arthritis. Methods : Animal study: Mulberry Extract Complex is composed of extracts of mulberry (Morus alba L.) fruit, mulberry leaves and black beans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). To evaluate the serum level of interleukin-2, interferon-$\gamma$, and prostaglandin E2, an animal model of degenerative arthritis induced by monosodium iodoacetate was employed. Clinical study: The efficacy index (VAS, K-WOMAC) was compared among patients with symptoms of degenerative arthritis before and after Mulberry Extract Complex ingestion as well as the one in groups. Evaluations of the improvement by the subjects and by doctor assessment were also performed. Results : Animal study: Mulberry Extract Complex reduced the serum level of interferon-$\gamma$ and prostaglandin E2 in an animal model with degenerative arthritis. Clinical study: The VAS change showed statistical significance in the experimental groups after 4 weeks (PP set) and 8 weeks (ITT set) of ingestion. When the K-WOMAC was analyzed using a modified ITT set to determine the effectiveness, statistically significant results were obtained in the fields of pain & symptom within the Mulberry Extract Complex group as well as between the Mulberry Extract Complex and placebo groups after 8 weeks of ingestion. Results from the improvement evaluation by subjects and the assessment of improvement by doctors showed statistical significance in the experimental groups (PP set) after 8 weeks. Conclusions : Mulberry Extract Complex could be useful for the improvement of various symptoms of degenerative arthritis based on its anti-inflammatory activity and its reduction of VAS and K-WOMAC pain scores.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.415-423
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• 2012

For hybrid water treatment of carbon fiber ultrafiltration and photocatalyst, we used the hybrid module that was composed of photocatalyst packing between tubular membrane outside and module inside. Photocatalyst was PP (polypropylene) bead coated with $TiO_2$ powder by CVD (chemical vapor deposition) process. Water back-flushing of 10 sec was performed per every period of 10 min to minimize membrane fouling for modified solution, which was prepared with humic acid and kaolin. Resistance of membrane fouling ($R_f$) decreased as humic acid concentration changed from 10 mg/L to 2 mg/L, and finally the highest total permeate volume ($V_T$) could be obtained at 2 mg/L, which was the same with the previous results. Then, treatment efficiencies of turbidity and humic acid were above 98.9% and 88.7%, respectively, those did not depend on the humic acid concentration. However, the treatment efficiency of humic acid increased a little as the humic acid concentration increased in the previous results.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.8
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• pp.3403-3410
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• 2014

Context: Interest exits in whether TNF-alpha antagonists increase the risk of breast cancer and total malignancies in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Objectives: To analyze the risk of malignancies, especially breast cancer, in patients with RA enrolled in randomized control trials (RCTs). Methods: A systematic literature search for RCTs from 1 January 1998 to 1 July 2013 from online databases, such as PubMed, WILEY, EMBASE, ISI web of knowledge and Cochrane Library was conducted. Studies included RCTs that compared the safety of at least one dose of the five TNF-${\alpha}$ antagonists with placebo or methotrexate (MTX) (or TNF-${\alpha}$ antagonists plus MTX vs placebo plus MTX) in RA patients for more than 24 weeks and imported all the references into document management software EndNote${\times}6$. Two independent reviewers selected studies and extracted the data about study design, patients' characteristics and the type, number of all malignancies. Results: 28 RCTs from 34 records with 11,741 patients were analyzed. Of the total, 97 developed at least one malignancy during the double-blind trials, and breast cancer was observed in 17 patients (17.5% of total malignancies). However, there was no statistically significant increased risk observed in either the per protocol (PP) model (OR 0.65, 95%CI [0.22, 1.93]) or the modified intention to treat (mITT) model (OR 0.75, 95%CI [0.25, 2.21]). There were also no significant trend for increased risk of total malignancies on anti-TNF-${\alpha}$ therapy administered at approved doses in either model (OR, 1.06, 95%CI [0.64, 1.75], and OR, 1.30, 95%CI [0.80, 2.14], respectively). As to the two models, modified intention to treat model analysis led to higher estimation than per protocol model analysis. Conclusions: This study did not find a significantly increased risk of breast cancer and total malignancies in adults RA patients treated with TNF-${\alpha}$ antagonists at approved doses. However, it cannot be ignored that more patients developed malignancies with TNF-${\alpha}$ antagonists therapy compared with patients with placebo or MTX, in spite of the lack of statistical significance, so that more strict clinical trials and long-term follow-up are needed, and both mITT and PP analyses should be used in such safety analyses.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.221-231
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• 1994

The GR51PP(MWCO 50,000) and GR40PP(MWCO 100,000) membranes manufactured by DDS were used in ultrafiltration of dextran(Mw. : 500,000) solution in flat plate ultrafiltration cell filled with various types of turbulence promoters. The flux improvement by using turbulence promoter was higher in laminar flow region than in turbulent flow region. The maximum improvements of permeate flux were foud as 112% and 50% I laminar flow region and turbulent flow region, respectively. Also, the solute rejection of the ultrafiltration membrane was improved by turbulence promoters and its effect was significant in the high transmembrane pressure and laminar flow region. The smaller the spacer mesh size was used, the higher the flux improved, but the pressure drop in ultrafiltration cell also increased. In laminar flow region, pressure drop by the spacer was negligible, but in turbulent flow region it changed significantly depending upon the mesh size of the spacer and therefore, its mesh size must be baken into account in the design of the process. The predicted results of the modified mass transfer correlation had better agreement with experimental results than those of unmodified one, The modified mass transfer correlations for laminar and turbulent flow region are shown as follow. $N_{sh}=0.151(N_{Re})^{0.199}(N_{Sc})^{0.22}(N_{Scm})^{0.197}\;(625 $N_{sh}=0.0165(N_{Re})^{0.428}(N_{Sc})^{0.33}(N_{Scm})^{0.223}\;(5015

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.1060-1067
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• 2001

Effect of various thickening agents on kakdugi fermentation was investigated by measuring physicochemical and sensory properties during fermentation at 2$0^{\circ}C$. Paste of seven kinds of thickening agents (wheat flour (WF), waxy rice flour (WR), corn starch (CS), acid modified starch (AM), aretylated distarch adipate (AA), hydroxypropyl distarch phosphate (PP) and xanthan gum (XG) ) at 0.25% concentration was added to kakdugi. Total acidity during fermentation was not different among thickening agents, but slightly lower in XG than control at the 7th day of fermentation. At 0 day of fermentation, free sugar amount were higher in thickening agent addition groups than control, but rapidly decreased to below control at the 7th day of fermentation, except XG. Glucose and fructose which were the major free sugars, decreased rapidly during fermentation, whereas mannitol increased in all samples. Viscosity of kakdugi liquid was much higher in thickening agent addition groups than control at 0 day of fermentation, but rapidly decreased from 1 day of fermentation. However, initial viscosity was maintained only in XG. Hardness at the 7th day of fermentation was higher in WR, PP, XG than control. The result of sensory evaluation shows that there were no significant difference in sour odor, sour taste and savory taste among samples. Moldy odor was higher in WR, WF and AM, but was not significantly different in XG, PP, AA compared to control. Viscosity of XG and PP, and starchy taste of XG were higher than those of control. Overall preference of XG, AM, PP were not significantly different from that of control. Xanthan gum was considered to be a good thickening agent for kakdugi but it is necessary to find a minimum concentration for kakdugi since starch taste of xanthan gum.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.15-20
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• 2012

This paper presents a 5-Gb/s optical receiver circuit realized in a $0.13-{\mu}m$ CMOS technologies for the applications of high-speed digital interface. Exploiting modified RGC input stage at the front-end transimpedance amplifier, interleaving active feedback and source degeneration techniques at the limiting amplifier, the proposed optical receiver chip demonstrates the measured results of $72-dB{\Omega}$ transimpedance gain, 4.7-GHz bandwidth, and $400-mV_{pp}$differential output voltage swings up to the data rate of 5-Gb/s. Also, the chip dissipates 66mW in total from a single 1.2-V supply, and occupies the area of $1.6{\times}0.8mm^2$.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.351-364
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• 2022

The yield criterion, or called yield function, plays an important role in the study of plastic working of a sheet because it governs the plastic deformation properties of the sheet during plastic forming process. In this paper, we propose a modified version of previous anisotropic yield function (Trans. Mater. Process., 31(4) 2022, pp. 214-228) based on J2 and J3 stress invariants. The proposed anisotropic yield model has the 6th-order of stress components. The modified version of the anisotropic yield function in this study is as follows. f(J₂⁰,J₃⁰) ≡ (J₂⁰)³ + α(J₃⁰)² + β(J₂⁰)^3/2 × (J₃⁰) = k⁶ The proposed anisotropic yield function well explains the anisotropic plastic behavior of various sheets such as aluminum, high strength steel, magnesium alloy sheets etc. by introducing the parameters α and β, and also exhibits both symmetrical and asymmetrical yield surfaces. The parameters included in the proposed model are determined through an optimization algorithm from uniaxial and biaxial experimental data under proportional loading path. In this study, the validity of the proposed anisotropic yield function was verified by comparing the yield surface shape, normalized uniaxial yield stress value, and Lankford's anisotropic coefficient R-value derived with the experimental results. Application for the proposed anisotropic yield function to AA6016-T4 aluminum and DP980 sheets shows symmetrical yielding behavior and to AZ31B magnesium shows asymmetric yielding behavior, it was shown that the yield locus and yielding behavior of various types of sheet materials can be predicted reasonably by using the proposed anisotropic yield function.

• Carbon letters
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.325-331
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• 2010

This study investigates the effect of filler content (wt%), presence of interphase and agglomerates on the effective Young's modulus of polypropylene (PP) based nanocomposites reinforced with exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets ($xGnP^{TM}$) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The Young's modulus of the composites is determined using tensile testing based on ASTM D638. The reinforcement/polymer interphase is characterized in terms of width and mechanical properties using atomic force microscopy which is also used to investigate the presence and size of agglomerates. It is found that the interphase has an average width of ~30 nm and modulus in the range of 5 to 12 GPa. The Halpin-Tsai micromechanical model is modified to account for the effect of interphase and filler agglomerates and the model predictions for the effective modulus of the composites are compared to the experimental data. The presented results highlight the need of considering various experimentally observed filler characteristics such as agglomerate size and aspect ratio and presence and properties of interphase in the micromechanical models in order to develop better design tools to fabricate multifunctional polymer nanocomposites with engineered properties.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.139-144
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• 2002

In this study, the PPS/ABS blend system was investigated in order to identify the relationship between the incorporation of compatabilizing moieties and the mechanical properties. ABS resin was chemically modified by the incorporation of maleic anhydride using reactive extrusion method to yield MABS resin, and PPS/MABS blend was prepared by a twin screw extruder. Single glass transition behavior was observed in the various compositions of PPS/MABS blend by dynamic mechanical analysis study. Upon the examination of the mechanical properties, the PPS/MABS blend exhibited an enhanced tensile, flexural and impact strength, which might be due to the better chemical compatibilization to result in the reduced interfacial tension between each components.