• Women's Studies Review
• /
• v.26 no.1
• /
• pp.3-39
• /
• 2009

Philosophical counseling, established by Achenbach in 1981, began as "philosophical practice" and emerged only recently as a new field of philosophy in its own right. It attempts, by recasting the philosopher as a counselor, to bring philosophy back from academia and recover the ancient notion of "doing philosophy," in a real-life context. Furthermore, it allows clients who are at a critical moment in their life a chance to revive their authentic selves and empowers them to pursue their own path. By engaging with philosophical counseling, clients are more likely to realize their hopes for their lives by examining their lives thoroughly and facing them anew. This paper first attempts to investigate philosophical counseling services for Korean women and to outline a new model of counseling based on the combination of two models of counseling, philosophical counseling and feminist counseling. In the second chapter, it seeks to introduce the history and characteristics of philosophical counseling and in the third chapter, the history and characteristics of feminist counseling are investigated, focusing on a counseling-activity entitled "Telephone for Women." Finally, in the fourth chapter, a comparative study is made by identifying the common aspects of each counseling type, in order to promote the shared outlooks of both counseling models. Although these two models of counseling emerged from different historical, social, and cultural contexts, they were founded according to four common beliefs, which are as follows: first, a focus on the importance of "practice," second, the establishment of an equal relationship between the counselor and the client, third, the importance of counselors listening attentively to the client and opening themselves up, fourth, the encouragement of clients becoming truly themselves and self-educated. Therefore, the writer believes that these two models of counseling are both aiming at the realization of an authentic "human life." It is hoped that philosophical counseling will give Korean women an opportunity to maintain a dialogue that will improve their "well-being" in the future.

• 한국노년학
• /
• v.29 no.2
• /
• pp.743-759
• /
• 2009

This study examined the effects of the economic activity status on the mental health of middle and older adults. In terms of mental health, a theoretical model was used to evaluate the mediating role of the income level and the satisfaction in family relationship. Using data from Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing, job seekers and those who had never worked before were excluded and employees and retirees (over 45 years old) who have both a spouse and children were selected for the analysis. The variables were the economic activity status, the income level, the satisfaction in family relationship, and the mental health. The results show that the number of employed middle and older adults were higher than that of retirees, and the satisfaction in family relationship were generally high. In terms of mental health, the level of happiness was high, while the level of depression was low. Also, the pathway analysis of the effect of the economic activity status on the mental health shows that the economic activity status directly affects the mental health and gives indirect effects through the medium of the income level and the satisfaction in family relationship.

• 한국노년학
• /
• v.31 no.2
• /
• pp.277-290
• /
• 2011

The present study examined the impact of work stress and job satisfaction on intention to leave among staff including social workers, nurses, and care workers. The study subject included 235 staff in a welfare organization that provides long-term care services. Data was analyzed using multiple linear regression. The findings of the study show that work stress and job satisfaction affect intention to leave in the context of welfare organizations. Demographic variables were not the main focus of this study and thus these results are incidental. Staff with higher levels of work stress were more likely to think about leaving, while those with grater job satisfaction were less likely. There were several limitations in this study. Generalizability of the findings are limited to staff working in the province of Jeonnam. The results have important implications for the development of strategies to minimize turnover intention in long-term care. Reducing the intent to leave is desirable for issues of both cost reduction and quality of care. Managers could perhaps start to consider decreasing work overload assigned to staff. This study also provides some insight into the work status of new staff. Clearly this finding needs to be explored in further research studies. A more comprehensive model is likely required to adequately explain intention to leave the job.

• 한국노년학
• /
• v.31 no.3
• /
• pp.553-571
• /
• 2011

The purpose of this research is to comparatively meta-analyze the total, short-term, and long-termeffectiveness of cases involving care of the elderly depression in the age range of 60 and over in the four countries, and to identify the relevant policy implications for developing depression care programmes for Korean older people. Ten studies conducted by RCT were found via AMED, EMBASE, Ovid Medline, PsycInfo. Use of Review Manager(5.5 version) shows that the interventions for caring depression were all effective: total effectiveness is OR=0.47(95% CI), short-termeffectiveness is OR=0.37(95% CI), and long-term effectiveness is OR=0.61(95% CI). This research provides three policy implications: Firstly, elements for increasing the long-term effectiveness of depression care interventions should be applied to all new programmes for caring elderly depression. Secondly, more focused depression interventions should be applied during the first half period of care programmes for elderly men, whilst the focus should be shifted to the last half period for elderly women. Finally, new interventions for caring depression that integrate both the medical and social support model of depression should be designed for elderly Koreans.

• 한국노년학
• /
• v.34 no.2
• /
• pp.315-331
• /
• 2014

The goal of this study was to examine the association between employment and depressive symptoms among older adults in Korea, including analysis of potential gender differences. Using a sample of Korean adults aged 60 years or older from the 2008(Time 2) and 2010(Time 3) national longitudinal survey data from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing, we regressed measures of depressive symptoms at Time 3 on employment at Time 2 (and employment both at Time 2 and Time 3), controlling for Time 2 depressive symptoms, subjective physical health, and sociodemographic variables as well. First, there was no evidence that older adults with a job at Time 2 had significantly lower levels of depressive symptoms at Time 3 compared to their counterparts. However, multi-group analyses showed that the effect of employment at Time 2 on depression at Time 3 differed by gender. For older men, employment predicted better mental health over time. However, this was not the case for older women. As such work role provided benefits only for older men. Second, older adults with a job at both Time 2 and Time 3 reported significantly lower levels of depressive symptoms at Time 3 than older adults who did not have a job either at Time 2 or Time 3. However, only older men who were employed at both Time 2 and Time 3 reported significantly less depression than their counterparts. These findings suggest that the mental health effects of employment are contingent on gender.

• 한국노년학
• /
• v.31 no.3
• /
• pp.463-478
• /
• 2011

This study examined the impact of late-life poverty on self-rated health, focusing on the mediating and moderating effects of health behaviors and social support. Despite the significant associations among poverty, health behaviors, and health outcomes, little studies have tested complex structural pathways among them. Thus, the purpose of this study is to identify multiple causal pathways between poverty and self-rated health, mediated and moderated by health behaviors and social support. To test the structural pathways, the structural equation modeling was utilized using the 2006 Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging data. The results of this study indicated that poverty had the direct negative impact not only on the health behaviors such as smoking and lack of regular exercise but also on the self-rated health. In addition, regular exercise significantly mediated the relationship between poverty and self-rated health. Finally, informal social support from family and friends buffered the negative impact of poverty on the self-rated health. Findings suggested that providing informal social support to the low income elderly is important in addition to the economic support. It is also necessary to develop programs for promoting healthy behaviors, especially regular exercise.

• 한국노년학
• /
• v.39 no.2
• /
• pp.285-304
• /
• 2019

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of leisure-based occupational therapy on leisure satisfaction, activities of daily living, and rehabilitation motivation in elderly patients with chronic diseases. In the study, Subjects were assigned to either the control or experimental group. The experimental group consisted of 10 and the control group of 14 patients. The experimental group receive a Leisure-based occupational therapy intervention, and the control group receive a conventional occupational therapy intervention. Leisure satisfaction, activities of daily living, and rehabilitation motivation were measured to Canadian occupational performance measure(COPM), Korean Activities of Daily Living(K-ADL·K-IADL), and Patient Questionnaire of Rehabilitation Motivation(PAREMO). Evaluation scores were compared before and after intervention to determine whether or not there were differences over time. And we examined the correlation between the variables. The results of this study were as follows: 1) The leisure-based occupational therapy has a significant effect on leisure satisfaction and rehabilitation motivation(p<.01). 2) The conventional occupational therapy has a significant effect on activities of daily living(p<.01). 3) There was a significant correlation between ADL and IADL(p<.01). 4) There was a significant correlation between leisure satisfaction and Rehabilitation Motivation(p<.01). Implications for occupational therapy include that we must offer appropriate approach with considering the interests and value of patients to them. And proposing studies to demonstrate the efficacy of occupational therapy approaches.

• Journal of the Korean Society of International Agriculture
• /
• v.23 no.5
• /
• pp.570-577
• /
• 2011

We developed insect-resistant GM rice(Bt transgenic rice) by inserting the mCry1Ac1 a modified gene from the soil bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis. The Bt transgenic rice expressing the Bttoxin mCry1Ac1 was tested for the effects on survival of Misgurnus anguillicaudatus and Cyprinus carpio, commonly used as a model organism in ecotoxicological studies. M. anguillicaudatus and C. carpio fed 100% ground rice in suspension, using either Bt rice or non-GM counterpart rice(Nakdong). The Bt rice used for the test were confirmed to have the mCry1Ac1 gene expression by the immuno-strip and ELISA analysis. Feeding test showed that no significant differences in cumulative immobility and abnormal response of M. anguillicaudatus and C. carpio fed on between Bt rice and non-GM counterpart rice. The 96hr-LC₅₀ values showed no difference between Bt rice(>1,000mg/L) and non-GM rice(>1,000mg/L). We concluded that there was no significant difference in toxicity for non-target organisms(M. anguillicaudatus and C. carpio) between Bt rice and non-GM counterparts.

• Korean Journal of School Psychology
• /
• v.16 no.3
• /
• pp.283-313
• /
• 2019

The purpose of this study was to develop and examine the effectiveness of 'Coping Resources Improvement Program' designed for emerging adults experiencing psychosocial difficulties during college to work transition. Based on transition model of Scholossberg(1995), the program was developed to intervene in 4S (Situation, Self, Support, Strategy) required in the transition. Participants included 31 job applicants who are senior or above and were assigned to the experimental group (N=10), comparison group (N=10), and control group (N=11). Data to verify effectiveness were collected pre-, mid-, and post treatment. Results indicated that the level of coping resources and psychosocial difficulties in the transition changed significantly after the program and those changes were still maintained after a month in the experimental group. However, there were no statistically significant changes on job-search burnout and career-adaptability in all groups. The implication and limitation of the study and the suggestions for the future studies were discussed.

• International Area Studies Review
• /
• v.15 no.1
• /
• pp.173-193
• /
• 2011

Most of the research regarding economic effects of policy loans has thus far been focused on whether policy loans can improve the financial status or the management performance of small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Unlike previous researches, this study implemented an empirical analysis focused on the contribution of policy loans to easing the liquidity restriction of investment. To analyze whether investment liquidity restriction can be alleviated or not, this study attempted an empirical analysis utilizing the nonlinear Euler equation induced through optimization of investment and GMM (generalized method of moments) as its analysis methodology. With the SMEs that received policy financing from the Small and medium Business Corporation (SBC) in 2004, this study analyzed three years of panel data before(2001~2003) and after(2004~2006) receipt of policy loans. According to the empirical results, it appears that policy loans had effects on resolving liquidity restriction of investment, implying that policy financing eases the liquidity restriction of SME investment and would contribute to the growth and development of SMEs. Further, I checked robustness of empirical results using Tobin's q model. The empirical results also support that policy loans help to resolve liquidity constraint. With these results, it is understood that the critical view to date, which has emphasized the ineffectiveness of policy financing due to it having no or insignificant economic effects, may be wrong.