• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2010

This was conducted to investigate the dietary assessment, food preferences, snack intake, priority order in food purchase, and knowledge of diet of full-time housewives and working housewives through the use of a questionnaire. The participants (127 working housewives and 86 housewives) were selected at random from Seoul and its vicinity. The predominant job reported by working housewives was saleswomen and specialized job (20.7%). The average monthly income of both housewives and working housewives ranged from 3,000,000 to 5,000,000 won. Forty percent of housewives consumed more meat, fish, eggs, beans, and tofu, while 50.0% of housewives ate vegetables other than kimchi at every meal, 51.2% of housewives consumed one serving of fruit and one cup of fruit juice, 45.3% of housewives consumed three regular meals, and 60.5% of housewives consumed a balanced diet when compared with working housewives (p<0.05). Working housewives consumed beverages, ice cream, milk, and dairy products, while housewives consumed breads, sweet potato, potato, and fruit as snacks. The preference that most often led to food selection was flavor among working housewives (67.7%) and housewives (64.0%). Both working housewives and housewives always confirmed the day of food production. Generally, housewives were more interested in learning about food, creating a dietary plan, nutrient loss during cooking and reducing waste food when compared with working housewives. Housewives appeared to have better dietary assessment and knowledge than working housewives. Accordingly, it is advisable to prepare more systemic education programs for working housewives.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.35-44
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• 2012

This study was conducted to assess improvements in nutritional status following the application of nutrition education to elderly patients in a long-term care hospital. The study was carried out from January to May 2009, during which a preliminary survey, a pretest, the application of nutrition education, and a post-test were applied in stages. The number of subjects at pretest was 81, and the number of participants included in the final analysis was 61 (18 men, 43 women), all of whom participated in both the nutrition education program and the post-test. The survey consisted of general demographic items, health behaviors, dietary behaviors, the Nutrition Screening Initiative checklist, and nutrient intake assessment (24 hour recall method). The nutrition education program lasted for four weeks. It included a basic education program, provided once a week, and mini-education program, which was offered daily during lunch times. The survey was conducted before and after the education program using the same assessment method, although some items were included only at pretest. When analyzing the changes in elderly patients after the nutritional education program, we found that, among subjective dietary behaviors, self-rated perceptions of health (P<0.001) and of depression (P<0.001) improved significantly and that dietary behavior scores also improved significantly (P<0.001), while nutritional risk levels decreased. In terms of nutrient intake, subjects' intake of energy, protein, fat, carbohydrate, calcium, phosphorus, iron, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and vitamin C all increased significantly (P<0.001). These results indicated that nutritional education is effective in improving the nutritional status of elderly patients. We hope that the results of this study can be used as preliminary data for establishing guidelines for nutrition management tailored to elderly patients in long-term care hospitals.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.448-458
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• 2014

Objectives: Increasing salt preferences with age are said to increase preferences of salty foods, thereby leading to greater sodium consumption, which has further implication for hypertension. This study examined the link between preference of salty taste and dietary factors and health-related risk factors in Korean elderly people. Methods: We studied 312 elderly individuals aged > 65 years (male, 100 and female, 212). With each subject, pleasant concentration of NaCl was estimated using the sip-and-spit method. Dietary habits, food preferences, consumption frequencies, anthropometric and biochemical assessment were assessed. Results: The pleasant salt concentration was significantly increased in individuals older than 75 years (p < 0.05). Subjects who liked high concentration of salt showed significantly higher preferences for salty foods (p < 0.001). Results showed significant effects (p < 0.01) of fruit & fruit juice consumption frequencies, MNA (mini-nutritional assessment), cognition score, BMI, body fat %, waist circumference, arm circumference, calf circumference, vitamin D level that subjects who likes low salty taste were higher than subjects who likes high salty taste. Conclusions: The preference for salty taste in the elderly was not correlated with hypertension. But, increased preference for salty taste with age and increased salty food preferences may result in higher sodium consumption. Therefore, nutritional education regarding lowering salt preference and favorable behaviors of low-salt diet is needed to improve the quality of life in the rural elderly.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.248-262
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• 2021

This study examined the effect of the Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) diet of the Korean multi-domain dementia prevention program on the cognitive functions of the elderly with dementia risk factors. We developed the program including nutrition, exercise, cognitive training, vascular disease prevention, and motivation. One- hundred and fifty-three participants aged 60~79 years with at least 1 dementia risk factor were randomly assigned in a 1:1:1 ratio to the facility-based intervention (FMI), home-based intervention (HMI), and the control group. The nutrition education program consisted of 10 classes over 24 weeks: the FMI received 7 group sessions and three 1:1 sessions, the HMI received 4 group sessions and three 1:1 sessions with 3 homework sessions. The Nutrition Quotient for Elderly (NQ-E) and the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) were used to evaluate nutritional status. The Repeatable Battery for the Assessment Neuropsychological Status (RBANS), Korean Mini-Mental State Examination (K-MMSE), and the Cognitive Complaint Interview (CCI) were used to evaluate cognitive functions. A total of 136 people completed the program with an 11.1% dropout rate. The NQ-E (P=0.009) and RBANS (P=0.001) scores significantly increased in the FMI (N=45) and HMI (N=49) groups compared to the control group (N=42) after the study. The changes in the score of MNA and CCI did not differ significantly between groups. In conclusion, the nutritional intervention which focused on the MIND diet as a part of a multi-domain intervention program had a positive effect on the improvement of healthy eating habits and cognitive function scores in the high-risk dementia group.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제12권5호
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• pp.406-414
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• 2018

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to determine dysphagia risk among community-dwelling elderly people living at home. We also examined the impact of socio-demographic variables on dysphagia risk as well as the relationship between dysphagia risk and dietary characteristics. SUBJECTS/METHODS: The study sample included 568 community-dwelling individuals, aged 65 years and above, who were living independently in their own home in Seoul, Gyeonggi, or Gwangju in South Korea. We used a dysphagia risk assessment scale to screen for dysphagia risk and the Mini nutritional assessment to evaluate the nutritional status. Associations between dysphagia risk and other variables were assessed using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Of the 568 subjects, 350 (61.6%) were classified into the dysphagia risk group (DR) and 218 (38.4%) were classified into the normal group (non-DR). Being female (odds ratio (OR) = 1.82, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.28-2.59), being 75 years and older (OR = 2.40, 95% CI = 1.69-3.42), having a lower education level (OR = 2.29, 95% CI = 1.33-3.97), and having a lower perceived economic status (OR = 2.18, 95% CI = 1.32-3.60) were more frequently observed with dysphagia risk compared to those who did not have such characteristics. Lowered mastication ability (OR = 14.40, 95% CI = 4.43-46.95), being at risk of malnutrition or malnourished (OR = 2.72, 95% CI = 1.75-4.23), lowered appetite (OR = 3.27, 95% CI = 2.16-4.93), and decreased food intake (OR = 2.95, 95% CI = 1.83-4.78) were observed more frequently in the DR group than in the non-DR group when adjusting for potential confounding factors. CONCLUSIONS: It is necessary to develop and apply integrated programs to improve the dietary habits and nutritional status of elderly individuals at risk for dysphagia, especially for women aged 75 years or older with lower educational and economic levels.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.140-149
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• 2011

This study was conducted to evaluate the rate of obesity of 212 women (age 45-60 years) in Seoul and the Kyunggi area through analysis of BMI and the dietary life factors related to obesity using a survey on dietary habits, dietary assessment, and nutrient intake. The height of the underweight group was taller than normal. The height of the obese group was equal to that of the normal group, but the weight was 8.5 kg greater than the normal group. Women in the underweight group consumed meals irregularly, and only 33.4% ate breakfast. Additionally, the rate of overeating was low in the underweight group, and milk, dairy products (yogurt, etc.), fruit, and fruit juice were consumed more than once a day. It was found that 62.1% of the women in the obese group never ate out, and the rate of eating one serving of fruit, drinking one cup of fruit juice, and eating various kinds of foods was high. The average point of women's dietary life was $21.9{\pm}2.9$, and 12.7% of all women responded that their dietary life was good. However, in the obese group, only 6.9% of the women reported that their dietary life was good. Evaluation of snacking habits revealed that the underweight group consumed a high level of carbonated drinks and ice cream, whereas for in the obese group, 24.1% of the women consumed milk and its products and 5.6% regularly consumed fast and fried foods. Evaluation of nutrient intake revealed that the consumption of energy, protein, vitamin A, vitamin $B_1$, $B_2$, $B_6$, niacin, vitamin C, and vitamin E was high in all of the groups, but the intake of folic acid in the underweight group was lower than the required level. Overall, 24.1% of the women in the obese group were found to have metabolic diseases, mostly hypertension (43%). In conclusion, a balanced diet to avoid excessive nutrient intake is needed to prevent obesity.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.341-351
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• 2010

본 연구는 삼육대학교에 재학 중인 여대생(식품영양학 전공 여대생 79명과 비전공 여대생 77명) 총 156명을 대상으로 식품영양학 전공자와 비전공자의 식습관, 식생활 평가, 음주와 흡연 등의 기호식품 섭취 및 건강 관심도에 관한 사항 등을 비교하기 위하여 2009년 9월부터 2009년 12월 사이에 실시하였다. 1. 전체 여대생들의 평균 신장과 체중은 각각 161.56${\pm}$4.42 cm, 51.98${\pm}$5.07 kg이었으며, 체질량지수는 19.92${\pm}$1.86 kg/$m^2$로 조사되었다. 그러나 식품영양 전공자와 비전공자의 신장, 체중 및 체질량지수 평균값에는 유의한 차이는 없었다. 2. 식품영양학 전공자는 비전공자에 비해 김치 이외의 채소를 식사 때마다 먹는 비율(39.2%)과 튀김이나 기름에 볶는 요리를 주 2회 이상 먹는 비율(38.0%)이 높았으며, 과일이나 과일 주스를 매일 먹는 비율(29.1%)과 삼겹살 갈비 등 지방이 많은 육류를 주 2회 이상 먹는 비율(15.2%)로 유의하게 낮았다(p<0.05). 3. 하루에 1회 정도 간식을 섭취하는 것으로 조사되었으며, 간식의 섭취에 있어서 식품영양전공자의 경우 우유 및 유제품(37.1%), 과일(40.0%), 패스트푸드 및 튀김류(25.7%)의 섭취가 비전공자에 비해 높게 섭취하는 것으로 조사되었다(p<0.05). 4. 식품영양 전공자의 영양소 섭취 상태는 비타민 C와 비타민 E의 섭취량이 높았으며, 비전공자의 경우 비타민 $B_1$과 콜레스테롤의 섭취량이 높게 조사되었다(p<0.05). 5. 식품영양 전공자는 7.6%만이 건강에 관심이 있다고 답하였으며, 건강을 유지하기 가장 중요한 부분으로 규칙적인 운동 35.5%, 규칙적인 식사 및 영양 보충 32.9%로 답하였다. 식품영양 전공자는 27.8%, 비전공자는 31.2%가 운동을 한다고 답하였으며, 운동은 일주일에 1~2회 하는 것(43.5%)으로 조사되었고, 1회 운동 시 소요되는 시간은 전체 조사 대상자의 45.7%가 30분~1시간 정도라고 답하였다. 6. 식품영양 전공자의 경우 24.1%, 비전공자의 경우 29.9%가 영양제를 복용하고 있었으며, 복용하고 있는 영양제의 종류로는 비타민제제가 69.1%로 가장 많이 차지하였다. 7. 본 연구에서는 여대생들이 흡연보다는 음주를 많이 하는 것으로 조사되었다. 본 연구에 응한 여대생의 87.8%는 음주를 하는 것으로 조사되었으며, 음주를 하지 않는 여대생은 12.2%에 불과하였다. 특히 비전공자의 92.2%는 음주를 한다고 답하였다. 일반적으로 식품영양 전공 여대생들이 영양적 지식을 바탕으로 식품의 선택과 영양소 섭취량이 비전공 여대생에 비해 더 양호할 것으로 생각되나, 본 연구에서의 식품영양 전공 여대생들의 식생활 평가는 비전공자 여대생에 비해 아주 우수한 편은 아니었으며, 영양소 섭취 상태에서 식품영양 전공자들은 항산화물질인 비타민 C와 비타민 E의 섭취량이 높은 반면에, 비전공자들은 콜레스테롤의 섭취량이 높게 조사되었다. 따라서 식품영양 전공 여대생의 경우, 배운 지식을 실생활에 응용하여 적용할 수 있는 실질적인 방법의 유도가 필요하며, 식생활 개선을 위한 계기가 마련되어야 할 것이다. 비전공자의 경우 주입식의 지식보다는 경험을 통한 영양교육이 절실히 요구되며, 다양한 도구들은 이용한 식품영양에 관한 교양 수업의 방법이 도입되어야 할 것이다. 또한 대중매체의 정확한 정보의 전달을 통해 누구나 쉽게 접할 수 있는 영양교육 형태도 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국지역사회생활과학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.469-480
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to find out the effect of nutrition education on dietaty behavior, nutrition knowledge and weight control of middle school students. The study is based on the assumption that students' dietary behavior, nutrition knowledge and weight-control are considerably influenced by whether they get nutrition education or not. A total of 495 students aged between $14{\sim}16$ (249 boys and 246 girls) were surveyed one middle school located Siheungsi, Gyeonggido. The survey reveals that 55.4% of the boy students and 63.0% of the girl students have been provided nutrition education in curriculum related to nutrition, for instance home economics, technology class, and/or some other classes. The results showed that the students who have been provided nutrition education don't skip breakfast and have three meals regularly(p<0.05). The score of dietary behavior is based on Mini-Dietary Assessment. The average score of the students who have been provided nutrition education is higher than the students who have never been provided nutrition education(p<0.01), meaning the nutrition education are affected positively on dietary behavior. The average score of students' knowledge of nutrition is as follows. The average score of the students who have been provided nutrition education is 5.0/10, while the average score of the students who have never been provided nutrition education is 3.9/10. The gap of the average score does come up to an inevitable conclusion that the students who have been provided nutrition education are supposed to get higher score than those who have never been provided nutrition education(p<0.0001). And the students who have been provided nutrition education are more satisfied with their body shape than those who have never been provided nutrition education(p<0.05).

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.467-475
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• 2007

The nutritional status and chronic disease occurrence of the elderly living in local areas is affected by certain factors, including low energy intakes, low food diversity, poor nutritional quality and living alone. Moreover, elderly people who live alone may have low incomes and be socially isolated. Thus, we have provided them adjustable and balanced menus using standard recipes. In this study, we investigated aspects of nutritional status and living conditions in the elderly status, in relation to food, activities of daily living(ADL), nutrition risk index, average intake of calories and nutrients, the mini dietary assessment index score, depression score, menu satisfaction, menu demand, satisfaction with menu offerings. The result indicated significant nutritional improvements by providing menus to the elders and suggest that by providing adjustable and balanced menus using standard recipes, the nutritional status of isolated elders can be changed and improved.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.504-515
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• 2021

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Malnutrition risk and malnutrition among the elderly is a public health concern. In combating this health-related problem, it is critically important to evaluate the risk factors in a multidimensional way and to apply appropriate nutrition intervention based on the results. SUBJECTS/METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 215 elderly patients (32.6% male, 67.4% female) in a geriatric outpatient clinic of a hospital in Turkey. Nutritional questionnaires that incorporated the 24-h recall method were applied to determine general characteristics of patients, their health status, nutritional habits, and daily energy and nutrient intakes. Mini Nutritional Assessment was used to determine nutritional status. Relevant anthropometric measurements were obtained. RESULTS: The subjects' mean age was 76.1 ± 7.0 years, and the prevalence of malnutrition (n = 7) and risk of malnutrition (n = 53) among the 215 subjects was 3.2% and 24.7%, respectively. Patients with malnutrition or risk of malnutrition were found to be single, have a depression diagnosis, in an older age group, have less appetite, more tooth loss, have more frequent swallowing/chewing difficulty, and have more frequent meal skipping. In addition, mean daily energy, carbohydrate, fat, fiber, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin B6, vitamin C, folates, potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, iron intake, and water consumption were found to be statistically significantly low in subjects with malnutrition or risk of malnutrition. After performing regression analysis to determine confounding factors, malnutrition risk was significantly associated with marital status, loss of teeth, appetite status, and depression. CONCLUSIONS: Routine nutritional screening and assessment of the elderly should be performed. If nutritional deficiencies cannot be diagnosed early and treated, self-sufficiency in the elderly may deteriorate, resulting in increased institutionalization.