• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.33-39
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• 2013

A drilling exploration in deep sea is being processed to develop new energy resource in the world. In 2007, the presence of the gas hydrate had been confirmed during the UBGH1 (Ulleung Basin Gas Hydrate Expedition 1) in the Ulleung Basin. Geotechnical properties of the deep marine sediment are important factors for assessing the safety of gas production facility and productivity from the hydrate bearing sediment. In this study, comprehensive laboratory tests are conducted to investigate the geotechnical engineering characteristics of the deep marine sediments recovered from the hydrate occurrence regions during the UBGH2 (Ulleung Basin Gas Hydrate Expedition 2) in the Ulleung Basin, East Sea, Korea. The index properties of the specimens including the specific gravity, atterberg limits, specific surface, and particle size distribution are measured, and these are compared to the results reported by previous studies. A zero-lateral strain cell, which houses bender elements, is used to determine stress-dependant characteristics and shear wave velocities with the vertical effective stresses. Furthermore, the hydraulic conductivity is calculated based on the consolidation test results.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.122-132
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• 2010

Elderly people comprise an increasing proportion of the population, and nutritional impairments may contribute to health problems among this group. This study was conducted to evaluate the nutritional status by Mini-Nutritional Assessment (MNA) and to identify relationships among anthropometric measurements, biochemical indicators, bone Mineral Density (BMD) and MNA results among older adults (${\geq}$65 yrs, n=98, 66.7${\pm}$2.5 yrs; M=52, F=46, BMI 24.5${\pm}$2.8 $kg/m^2$) at a Health Care Center. A dietitian administered MNA and collected anthropometric measurements (weight, height, waist circumference), biochemical indicators (albumin, hemoglobin, hematocrit, TLC, glucose, lipids) and the BMD (spine, femur, F=46). Subjects were grouped into a normal nutrition group (0~2 risk factors of malnutrition) and a high risk of malnutrition group (>=3 risk factors of malnutrition) based on their risk factor status for malnutrition. The risk factors for malnutrition include age ${\geq}$65 years, PIBW <90%, albumin <3.5 g/dl, TLC <1,500%, Hgb <14 g/dl (men), Hgb <10 g/dl (women), loss of appetite and weight loss 1~3 kg/last 3 months. In addition, subjects were grouped into a normal, osteopenia and osteoporosis group by BMD. We found that 12% of the subjects were at risk of malnutrition (MNA score, 21.4${\pm}$2.1) and that 88% were well nourished (27.3${\pm}$1.5) according to the MNA. Full-MNA scores were positively and significantly (p<0.05) associated with BMI, mid-arm circumference (MAC), calf circumference (CC), albumin and hemoglobin, respectively. The full-MNA score of the high risk of malnutrition group (23.0${\pm}$3.8) was lower than that of the normal nutrition group (27.0${\pm}$2.1) (p<0.05). In addition, the Full-MNA score was negatively associated with the risk factor of malnutrition (r=－0.35, p=0.0004). We found that 39.1% of the subjects had osteoporosis, 45.7% had osteopenia and 15.2% were normal according to their BMD. The MNA score of osteoporosis group (24.58${\pm}$3.3) was lower than that of the normal (27.4${\pm}$1.1) and osteopenia group (26.9${\pm}$1.5) (p<0.05). These results suggested that MNA can be useful as a nutritional screening tool of older adults in Health Care Centers.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.24 no.3 s.78
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• pp.214-222
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• 1996

This study was carried out to obtain the basic data on artificial culture of Phellinus linteus. The optimum condition for the mycelial growth was $25{\sim}30^{\circ}C$ and pH $6.0{\sim}7.0$. The carbon sources such as D-glucose, D-mannose and Dextrose were favorable to mycelial growth. As nitrogen sources, peptone, cassamino acid and glutamic acid appeared to be favorable. The optimum C/N ratio was about 20:1, when 2% of glucose was provided as a carbon source. The better organic acids and vitamin among tested ones were gallic, silicic acids and biotin. The mineral nutrients of $KH_2PO_4,\;FeSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O,\; MgSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O,\;ZnSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O$ were effective and the optimum concentrations were 0.05, 0.001, 0.02 and 0.003%, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.208-217
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• 2011

The effects of pH and temperature on the removal of two dyes (neutral red; NR and malachite green oxalates; MG) from aqueous effluents using Maghnia montmorillonite clay in a batch adsorption process were investigated. The results showed the stability of the optical properties of MG in aqueous solution and adsorbed onto clay under wide range of pH 3-9. However, the interaction of NR dye with clay is accompanied by a red shift of the main absorption bands of monomer cations under pH range of 3-5, whereas, those of neutral form remains nearly constant over the pH range of 8-12. The optimal pH for favorable adsorption of the dyes, i.e. ${\geq}$90% has been achieved in aqueous solutions at 6 and 7 for NR and VM respectively. The most suitable adsorption temperatures were 298 and 318 K with maximum adsorption capacities of 465.13mg/g for NR and 459.89 mg/g for MG. The adsorption equilibrium results for both dyes follow Langmuir, Freundlich isotherms. The numerical values of the mean free energy $E_a$ of 4.472-5.559 kj/mol and 2.000-2.886 kj/mol for NR and MG respectively indicated physical adsorption. Various thermodynamic parameters, such as ${\Delta}H^{\circ}$, ${\Delta}S^{\circ}$, ${\Delta}G^{\circ}$ and Ea have been calculated. The data showed that the adsorption process is spontaneous and endothermic. The sticking probability model was further used to assess the potential feasibility of the clay mineral as an alternative adsorbent for organic ion pollutants in aqueous solution.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.258-262
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• 2011

This study was carried out to investigate the effect the water content in substrates as according to growth stage on the growth and yield of paprika in summer hydroponics. Treatments of I, II and III were composed of 55-65-60, 50-60-55 and 45-55-50 % in water contents of growth stages, respectively. Time domain reflectometry (TDR) sensors were used in a drip irrigation system. The early growth of paprika was increased by high medium water content of treatment I. Mean fruit weight was not affected by medium water content, but the fruit number per plant and yield were increased at high medium water content of treatment I. The yield of treatment I was higher than that of treatment II and III. The incidence of brown stem fruit, blossom end rot and sunburn was decreased with increasing water content of medium. Occurred in the low water content of medium. The nitrogen (N) was higher content in brown stem fruit than normal stem, but mineral contents such as potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) etc. were not affected.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.99-103
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• 2010

Waxes, or long-chain hydrocarbons, may be obtained naturally from animals, vegetables, and mineral waxes, or may be synthesized. The oil-wax gels are widely applied to lots of cosmetics such as lipsticks. For example, the lipstick texture is strongly dependent on the glossiness of the oil-wax gels. Extensive research has been carried out to investigate the lattice structure of wax mixture in pure solvents (hydrocarbons) and defined mixtures. However, only a limited amount of work has been published on the lattice structure of wax matrixes in undefined mixtures. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between the lattice structure of ceresin wax and different wax mixtures and the glossiness of oil-wax gels. Recently visual factors such as the glossiness of skin are generally known as the words to express the beauty. The mechanism of glossiness has been suggested to understand the changes that occur in the lattice structure of the wax matrixes when they are forming gels and also the effects of the nature of solvent. The present work investigates the lattice structure of the wax matrixes and glossiness of oil-wax gels obtained from ceresin and microcrystalline wax as well as of the gels formed by different waxes in solvent.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.290-303
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• 2003

Modern agriculture has been heavily dependent on chemical fertilizers to meet the food demands of ever increasing population. Progressive depletion of major plant nutrients in soil due to intensive cultivation practices has also necessitated the use of higher dose of chemical fertilizers particularly in soils where the organic matter content is very low. Indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers and pressure on agriculturists to enhance per area crop yields has led to fast depletion of fossil fuel resources with concomitant increase in the prices of chemical fertilizers and also led to environmental pollution. Hence, the current trend throughout the world is to explore the possibility of using alternate nutrient sources or increasing the efficiency of chemical fertilizers by supplementing them with organic fertilizers and bioinoculants comprising largely microbes like, bacteria, fungi, algae etc to enhance nitrogen and phosphates in the soil thus creating a sustainable agricultural environment. Among the different microbial inoculants or biofertilizers, Azospirillum could be a potential candidate due to its non specific host root colonization. It had the capability to fix $N_2$ in wide pH regimes and even in presence of combined nitrogen. Azospirillum inoculation can increase the crop yield to 10-25% and substitute 25% of recommended doses of nitrogenous fertilizers. Apart from nitrogen fixation, Azospirillum is also involved in the root improvement, the activity which was attributed to an increase in the rate of water and mineral uptake by roots. The ability of Azospirillum to produce phytohormones was reported to enhance the root respiration rate, metabolism and root proliferation. They have also been reported to produce polyhydroxybutyrate, that can be used as a biodegradable thermosplastic. A lot of studies have addressed improvements in enhancing its efficiency to fix nitrogen fixation and hormone production.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.604-610
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• 2012

The nutritional composition and in vitro anti-oxidant activities of blueberry (Vaccinium ashei) leaf extract were investigated to examine their physiological characteristics. Calcium was the most abundant mineral. The principal free sugars were glucose, sucrose, maltose, and fructose. The amino acids were mainly composed of glutamic acid and aspartic acid. The fatty acids consisted mainly of 40.94% saturated fatty acid and 54.35% unsaturated fatty acid. In addition, the 112.64 mg% of vitamin C was analyzed as a natural anti-oxidant. Based on the bioactivity-guided isolation principle, the resulting ethanolic extracts from the blueberry leaf were divided into several fractions of n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and water. The ethyl acetate fraction showed the greatest total phenolic content. The total phenolics and flavonoid were 50.51 mg of GAE /g and 13.09 mg%, respectively. The ABTS-radical-scavenging activity of the ethyl acetate fraction was 97.53% at a concentration of 500 ${\mu}g/mL$. The ferric-reducing anti-oxidant power of the ethyl acetate fraction increased in a dose-dependent manner. The results suggest that the ethyl acetate fraction of the blueberry leaf extract has good in vitro anti-oxidant activities and excellent nourishment, and can thus be useful food resources.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.249-256
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• 2019

Objective: The present study aimed at comparing the nutritional composition and color traits between two meat types: Horse meat and pork from Korean native black pigs raised in Jeju Island. Methods: After slaughter 24 h, the longissimus dorsi samples were taken from left side carcasses of the 32-mo-old Jeju female breed horses and the 6-mo-old Korean native black pigs (n = 10 each). The samples were then placed into cool boxes containing ice packs and transported to the Laboratory of Meat Science where all visual fats and connective tissues were trimmed off and then the samples were ground. All the samples were analyzed for nutritional composition (proximate composition, minerals, vitamins, fatty acids, and amino acids) and color traits. Results: The horse meat contained significantly higher collagen, moisture and protein than the pork (p<0.05). The Jeju horse meat showed more desirable fatty acid profiles such as containing significantly lower saturated fatty acids (SFA), higher polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) contents and PUFA/SFA ratios than the pork (p<0.05). Differences in concentrations of ten amino acids existed between the two meat types in which the horse meat had higher values for all these amino acids, total amino acids (20.33 g/100 g) and essential amino acids (10.06 g/100 g) than the pork (p<0.05). Also, the horse meat showed significantly higher concentrations of Fe (34.21 mg/100 g) and Cu (2.47 mg/100 g) than the pork (Fe, 17.42 mg/100 g and Cu, 1.51 mg/100 g) (p<0.05). All the vitamins detected showed statistical differences between the two meat types in which the horse meat had higher concentrations of vitamin B1 (25.19 mg/100 g), B2 (92.32 mg/100 g), B3 (2,115.51 mg/100 g), and B5 (67.13 mg/100 g) than the pork (p<0.05). Conclusion: Based on the results obtained in the study, it is concluded that the two meat types studied are rich in nutrients and the animal species strongly affected the nutritional values and color traits of the muscle tissues.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.589-593
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• 2018

Democratic Peoples' Republic of Korea (DPRK) conducted the $6^{th}$ underground nuclear test at the Punggye-ri underground nuclear test site on September 27, 2017 12 hours 30 minutes of Korean local time. Comprehensive Nuclear-Test Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO) under U.N. announced the body wave magnitude of the event was mb 6.1 while U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)'s calculation was mb 6.3. In this study, the differences of the magnitude estimates were investigated and verified. For this purpose, a source scaling between the $5^{th}$ and $6^{th}$ event, which's epicenters are 200 meters apart, was performed using seismic data sets from 30 broadband stations. The relative amplitude variations of the $6^{th}$ event compared to the $5^{th}$ event in the frequency domain was analyzed through the scaling. The increased amount of the bodywave magnitude $m_b$ for the $6^{th}$ event was calculated at 1 Hz, which was compared to those from USGS and CTBTO's calculations.