• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.30-36
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• 1999

This study was carried out to longitudinally investigate the iron and zinc intakes and correlation with growth performance of 25 male breast-and formula-fed infants from 1 to 3 months postpartum, longitudinally. There were four groups breast fed(BF) and three formula fed groups((FFM, FFN and FFP). Milk intakes and the concentration of iron and zinc from human milk and the formulas were measured. The iron content of human milk was $2.07\pm{1.05(0.63~5.65)}\mu{g}$/ml. The zinc content was $2.43\pm{1.14(0.70~5.30)}\mu{/ml.}$ Both were not significantly different among postpartum months. The average iron intake of the breast-fed and formula-fed infants was $1.6\pm{0.7mg/}$day and $8.4\pm{2.3mg}$/day, respectively. The iron intake of breast-fed infants was higher than previous reports. And that of formula-fed infants was higher than the RDA. The average zinc intake of the breast-fed group was $1.9\pm{0.9mg/}$day and formula-fed infants' was $2.7\pm{0.7mg/}$day, which was higher than the RDA. There was no correlation between these mineral intakes and the growth performance during 1 to 3 postpartum months. So, extensive studies of the iron content of human milk and wide cross-sectional studies for establishing iron and zinc recommended dietary allowances for infants are needed.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.325-337
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• 1993

Korean breast-fed(BF) and formula-fed (FF) infants(n=31) were studied at their age of 1, 2 and 3 months to compare their intakes of energy, protein, lipid and lactose. Formulas had more energy, protein and lipid than breast milk, but the former had less lactose than the latter. The milk consumption of the FF infants was, however, greater than that of the BF infants with wide individual variation. As a result, the FF infants took in more energy, protein and lipid than the BF infants except lactose. The total daily caloric intakes(kcal/day) of the BF infants were 521.418 and 425 at their age of 1, 2 and 3 months respectively, and those of the FF infants were 676.752 and 723(at their age of 1, 2 and 3 months respectively). Daily protein intakes(g/days) of the BF infants were 9.5, 8.0 and 7.6 at their age of 1, 2 and 3 months respectively, and those of the FF infants were 13.9, 15.5 and 14.8(at their age of 1, 2 and 3 months respectively). The energy and protein of both the BF and the FF infants were deficient compared to the present Recommended Nutrient Allowances, and the deficiency of the BF infants was greater than that of the FF infants. But the energy intakes per kg of body weight of the FF infants at their age of 1 and 2 months were more than the present recommended energy allowances. And the protein intake per kg of body weight of the FF infant at the age of 1 month was the same as the present recommended protein allowances.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.86-93
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• 2004

Sixteen early lactating Nili-Ravi buffaloes, four animals in each group, were used in a Completely Randomized Design to evaluate the effect of varying levels of both ruminally protected fat and urea treated corncobs ensiled with or without corn steep liquor (CSL) on feed intake, digestibility and milk production and its composition. Four experimental diets were formulated. The control (C) diet was balanced to contain 0% fat and 35% urea treated corncobs ensiled with 0% CSL. The low fat (LF), medium fat (MF) and high fat (HF) diets had 45, 55 and 65% urea treated corncobs ensiled with 9% CSL and 2, 4 and 6% ruminally protected fat, respectively. Dry matter, crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intakes by buffaloes remained similar across all treatments. However, DM and NDF as a percent of body weight and digestible DM intakes were higher in HF diet when compared to C, LF and MF diets. Digestible NDF intakes were also significantly higher in HF diet as compared to all other diets. The intakes of ADF and digestible ADF were higher in MF and HF than C and LF diets. The significant variation in digestible DM, ADF and NDF intakes may be attributed to the ammoniation of corncobs along with CSL that caused significant changes in the degradability and digestibility of the diets. Ether extract and digestible EE intakes differed significantly (p<0.05) among all treatments. Intakes of EE were the highest in animals fed HF diet, which was because of added fat. Apparent DM digestibility was the highest in animals C diet and was the lowest in those fed LF diet. Neutral detergent fiber and ADF digestibilities were higher in animals fed diets containing urea treated corncobs ensiled with 9% CSL when compared to those fed diets containing urea treated corncobs ensiled without CSL. Apparent digestibility of CP was noted highest (71.47%) in animals fed HF diet when compared to those fed MF (67.75%), LF (67.04%) and C (65.39%) diets. Milk yield (4% FCM) was the higher in buffaloes fed HF, MF and LF diets than those fed C diet. These results indicated that increasing levels both of fat and urea treated corncobs ensiled with CSL elevated the negative effects of poor quality fibrous feed on milk production by buffaloes.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.79-87
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• 2016

The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between demographic characteristics and atopic dermatitis, along with adolescents' body mass index. Also, this study explored the association between dietary intakes (fruits, soda, caffeinated beverages, instant food, cracker, vegetables, and milk) of adolescents and atopic dermatitis. Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey for 2014 was used for data analysis, in which a total of 3,532,149 middle and high school students participated. Data were analyzed by descriptive analysis and logistic regression based on the complex sample design using SPSS ver.20.0 statistics. The results showed that males had a higher prevalence rate of atopic dermatitis than females. The significant association between body mass index and atopic dermatitis was found (F=46.625, P<0.001). Students who have higher levels of body mass index showed a higher prevalence rate of atopic dermatitis. Finally, the findings showed that the intake of vegetable and milk had associations with atopic dermatitis (F=6.795, P<0.001). Greater vegetable intake was associated with less atopic dermatitis whereas greater milk intake was associated with more atopic dermatitis prevalence. Based on the above results, we found that demographic characteristics, body mass index, and some dietary food intakes of adolescents had influences on prevalence rate of atopic dermatitis.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.324-336
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• 2011

The purpose of the study was to examine the changes of food and nutrient intakes of college students between 1999 and 2009. Dietary survey of 169 college students was conducted by a 24-hour recall method for three days in 2009. Food and nutrient intakes in 2009 were compared with the data from 106 students collected by the same methods in 1999. The intakes of cereals & grain products and vegetables in 2009 were lower than those of 1999, but the intakes of meats, eggs, milk & milk products, and manufactured food were higher. The intake of rice per person decreased greatly from 452.2 g in 1999 to 351.4 g in 2009 in males, and from 306.9 g to 237.2 g in females. While the intakes of protein, fat, thiamin, niacin, vitamin $B_6$, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, and cholesterol were significantly higher, the intakes of dietary fiber were significantly lower in 2009 compared to 1999 both in males and females. The nutrients consumed less than the Recommended Intakes were vitamin A, riboflavin, vitamin C, and calcium in males and additionally folate, iron, and zinc in females in both 1999 and 2009. The ratio of carbohydrate, protein and fat as energy was 61 : 15 : 24 and 60 : 14 : 26 in 1999, and 54 : 16 : 30 and 56 : 15 : 29 in 2009 in males and females respectively, showing that carbohydrate intake decreased and fat intake increased greatly. Our data suggest that nutrition education is necessary for college students to help them consume more vegetables and fruits and less fat and cholesterol.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제53권5호
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• pp.503-517
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• 2020

본 연구는 2007-2015년 국민건강영양조사 자료를 이용하여 아동과 청소년 (6-18세, n = 10,043)에서 연도별 우유 섭취 실태와 우유비섭취군과 우유섭취군의 영영상태를 비교 분석하였다. 그 결과 흰우유 섭취량은 연도에 따라 감소한 반면 (남자 p = 0.0199, 여자 p < 0.0001, 전체 p < 0.0001), 가공우유 섭취량 (초등학생 p = 0.0304, 전체 p = 0.0419)과 유제품 섭취량 (남자 p = 0.0002, 여자 p < 0.0001, 초등학생 p < 0.0001, 중학생 p < 0.0001, 고등학생 p = 0.0426)은 증가하였다. 그러나 연도별로 우유 및 유제품의 총 섭취량뿐만 아니라, 우유비섭취군과 우유섭취군 비율은 유의적인 변화가 없었다. 학교급별 우유섭취군 비율은 초등학생 59.7%, 중학생 44.7%, 고등학생 35.2%이었으며, 모든 학교급에서 우유섭취군에 남학생이 여학생보다 더 많았다 (p < 0.01). 모든학교급에서우유섭취군의칼슘 (p < 0.001), 인 (p < 0.001), 리보플라빈 (p < 0.001) 섭취량은 우유비섭취군보다 유의적으로 높았다. 모든 학교급에서 우유비섭취군의 영양불량 분율이 유의적으로 높았고, 특히 초등학생에서 이 분율이 가장 높았다. 우유비섭취군의 칼슘부족 분율이 우유섭취군에 비하여 유의적으로 높았다 (초등학생 15.7배 [p < 0.001], 중학생 12.1배 [p < 0.001], 고등학생 10.3배 [p < 0.001]). 이상에서 전체 대상자의 흰우유 섭취량이 연도별로 감소하였고, 모든 학교급에서 우유섭취군의 영양소 섭취 및 영양상태가 우유비섭취군보다 유의적으로 좋았다. 따라서 아동과 청소년 시기에 우유를 매일 2컵 이상 섭취할 수 있도록 영양교육을 강화하고, 학교우유급식을 통해 우유 섭취를 증가시킨다면 성장기의 칼슘을 포함하는 영양상태 개선에 도움이 될 것으로 생각된다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.656-663
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• 2001

본 연구에서는 정상 만기 산모(30명), 조산모(10명) 및 PIH산모가(8명)출산 초기에 분비한 초유시료에서 5종의 다량 무기질(나트륨 칼륨 칼슘, 인, 마그네슘)과 3종의 미 량원소(철분. 아연. 구리)의 농도를 분석하여 재태기간이나 모체의 합병증에 따른 모유의 무기질 함량을 비교하였고 또한 임신기 무기질 섭취 량과 초유의 무기질 함량과의 상관성을 조사하였다 정상 만기 산모의 임신기 영양소 섭취량은 단백질과 인을 제외하고는 권장량에 미치지 못했으며 칼슘, 철분과 아연의 섭취량은 권장량에 크게 미달되었다. 세 그룹 산모들의 임신기 1일 평균 영양소 섭취량을 비교했을 때, 조산모 그룹에서 칼슘을 제외한 모든 영양소의 섭취량이 가장 저조하였으며 이들의 인과 나트륨 섭취량은 정상 만기 산모의 섭취량 보다 유의적으로 낮았다(p < 0.05). PIH 산모의 영양소 섭취량은 정상 만기 산모그룹과 유사하였지만 이들의 임신기 칼슘 섭취량은 1일 평균 500.9mg으로 세 그룹 중 가장 적었다 세 그룹 산모들의 초유내 무기질 함량을 비교한 결과, 조산모 유즙의 칼륨과 인의 농도는 정상만기 산모의 유즙내 농도 보다 유의적으로 낮았으며(p < 0.05) , 반면 조산모와 PIH산모의 유즙내 철분 함량은 정상 만기 산모의 유즙에 서 보다 유의적으로 높았다(p <0.05). 그 외 그룹간 무기질 및 미량원소의 초유내 함량의 유의적 차이는 없었다. 한편 임신기 모체의 무기질 섭취량과 분만 초기에 분비되는 초유의 무기질 함량과의 상관성 분석에서 정상 만기 산모와 조산모 그룹간의 유의성 있는 상관관계가 관찰되지 않았으나 PIH 산모에서는 칼슘 섭취량과 초유의 칼슘 농도 사이에 유의적인 양의 상관성이 나타났다(p <0.05). 이와 같은 결과로부터 조산모 초유의 일부 무기질 함량이 정상 만기 산모 초유에서 보다 낮은 경향이므로 체내 무기질 저장량이 적고 성장속도가 빠른 조산아의 특성을 고려할 때, 조산모 초유의 무기질 영양은 다소 미흡하다고 사료되나 향후 PT의 성숙유에 대한무기질 함량과 조산아의 섭취량 및 성장패턴을 고려한 무기질 영양평가가 요구된다. 한편 PIH산모의 칼슘섭취 부족이나 또는 이들이 분비한 유즙의 높은 철분 함량과 관련하여 PIH산모에 대한 체계적인 무기질 대사 연구가 병행되어야 할 것이다

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.795-804
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• 2012

This study aimed to examine associations between milk intake and metabolic syndrome. The subjects included 1,928 males and 3,103 females, aged 19 to 64 years, from the data of 'The Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey 2007-2010'. Daily intake of milk and dairy products was obtained by a 24 hour dietary recall method and divided into two categories by equivalent weight of one serving. The average individual intakes of milk and dairy products were 59.4 g and 74.1 g per day respectively. Milk intake was inversely associated with metabolic syndrome (OR: 0.69, 95% CI: 0.54~0.89), central obesity (OR: 0.75, 95% CI: 0.62~0.91), and hypertriglyceridemia (OR: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.59~0.90). The total intake of dairy products was also inversely associated with metabolic syndrome (OR: 0.74, 95% CI 0.60~0.92), central obesity (OR: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.62~0.86), hypertension (OR: 0.80, 95% CI: 0.65~0.99). The association between intakes of milk and dairy products and metabolic syndrome was significant in women, but not in men. These results indicate that increased consumption of milk and its products is associated with a reduced likelihood of metabolic syndrome and metabolic syndrome risk factors. Further research on causal relationship and dose-response association between milk intake and metabolic syndrome risk is necessary prior to applying the observed results in nutrition policies and programs to prevent the metabolic syndrome.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.447-458
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• 2020

This study assessed yearly trends of food and nutrient intake among high school students aged 16 to 18 years (n=2,377) using the 2007~2015 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Yearly trends of food or nutrient intake were analyzed via logistic regression analysis. The results showed that consumption of sugars & sweets, and beverages & alcohols was increased rapidly during this period (p<0.0001). Intake of meat & meat products, and fish & shellfish also was increased (p=0.0008). Intake of grains and grain products was increased until year 2011 but declined after 2012 (p=0.0025). Consumption of vegetables, and milk & milk products was decreased (p=0.0395). Intake of protein, fat, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and iron was increased (p=0.0445). Carbohydrate energy ratio was decreased, whereas fat energy ratio was increased (p=0.0235). Most nutrient intakes satisfied the dietary reference intakes for Koreans except dietary fiber (19.6~26.2%), calcium (46.9~55.2%) and sodium (more than 221.4%) during this period. There was a significant positive correlation between most food group intakes and most nutrient intakes (p=0.0468). Therefore, it is crucial to increase dietary fiber and calcium intake and decrease consumption of sugars, fats and sodium through diverse eating of food groups to ensure balanced nutrition of subjects.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제36권7호
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• pp.743-748
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• 2003

This study was longitudinally conducted to evaluate vitamin A intake of exclusively breast-fed infants compared with the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for Korean infants. Twenty-seven Korean lactating women and their infants during the first 6 months of lactation in Cheongju and Anseong areas were participated. Retinol and $\beta$-carotene contents in the milk were determined using HPLC and also the milk consumption of the infants was measured by the test-weighing methods. Vitamin A (retinol and $\beta$-carotene) contents of the milk were 65.7, 57.2, 48.1, 43.9, 38.2, 38.7 and 44.0 R.E./100 ml, and vitamin A intakes of the breast-fed infants were 361, 402, 348, 331, 304, 305 and 322 R.E./day at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 month of lactation, respectively. The average intake of vitamin A was 339.1 R.E./day and the percentage to RDA was 96.9% during 6 months. Vitamin A intakes per body weight of the breast-fed infants were 96.7, 88.3, 62.1, 50.0, 41.8, 39.3 and 39.6 R.E./kg/day at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 month. The body weight increased normally from 3.4 $\pm$ 0.5 kg at birth during lactation. It is suggested that the breast-fed infants in Cheongju and Anseong areas consumed adequately vitamin A from the milk compared with RDA for Korean infants.