• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.115-123
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• 2001

The primary method of diagnosis in craniofacial deformity patient is used by gross inspection. The study for objective analysis and evaluation in Korean maxillofacial soft tissue portions is rare and our normals have been based on Caucasian such as American. But it is difficult to apply it to ours so we studied the frontal photometric measurements for maxillofacial Korean normals. The photograph were taken with the subject sitting in head position parallel with interpupillary plane to the floor. During taking pictures, facial analyser by Obwegeser in Martin was used for correct measurements. 54 male and 57 female ages 14 to 15 years were selected from a group of 111 healthy middle school students in Inchon. 1. The vertical measurements in glabella-subnasale, subnasale-stomion and stomion-menton in the male were higher than in the female subjects in $14{\sim}15$ years old Korean, so middle and lower third face were higher than those of female(p<0.05). 2. The horizontal measurements of female was higher than those of male in the rt. and It. eye width but smaller in nose width and lip width(p<0.05). 3. There was no significant difference in gender compared with soft cheek and mention angle measurements When our reports were compared with american white population, the vertical proportions in Korean normals were similar to american and the line measurements in middle facial length, nose width and intercanthal distance were higher than those of american.

• 대한지리학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.77-98
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• 1993

본 연구는 암설사면지형이 잘 발달하고 다양하게 분포하는 태백산맥의 남부산지를 대상으로 항공 사진판독과 도상계측 및 현지조사를 통하여 노출암설사면의 분포, 형태 및 퇴적물의 특성을 분석하고 사면의 지형적 배열과 지형발달에 관해서 연구한 논문으로써 분포적 특성에 있어서는 애추의 경우 기반암이 경암이거나 절리가 잘 발달된 지질에서, 암괴류의 경우는 화강섬록암 지질에서 높은 분포밀도를 보였다. 형태적 특성은 애추, 암괴류 모두 설상이 각각 83${\%}$, 80${\%}로 가장 많았으며 지형면의 경사도에 있어서는 애추가, 길이에 있어서는 암괴류가 각각 우세했다. 퇴적물의 특성중 암설의 평균입경은 암괴류가 보다 크게 나타났다. 한 지형면에서 암설의 장축방향성의 경우 방향성 있는 경우와 없는 경우가 있는데, 후자는 지형면상의 함몰로 그 방향성이 상실된 것으로 보인다. 끝으로 지형발달의 경우, 애추는 암석낙하(rock fall)에 의한 형성기(최종빙기)와 2차적인 영역에 의한 조정기(후빙기)로 암괴류는 암괴의 생성기(제3가 또는 제 4기의 간빙기), 암괴류의 형성기(최종빙기), 조정기(후빙기)로 구분할 수 있었다. 그리고 산지 사면의 배열유형은 6가지 유형으로 분류되었다.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.131-170
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• 1991

This study was designed to analyze morphological characteristics of Korean young adults, norms and standard deviation of variables, sexual differences, correlationship between each area of face and correlationship between hard tissue and soft tissue. The primary sample consisted of 45 males and 57 females who were early and middle twenties and had acceptable profile, no history of previous orthodontic treatment, absence of remarkably large overjet and overbite, full complement of permanent teeth, Class I skeletal and dental relationships and good vertical facial proportions. Their cephalograms were analyzed morphologically with a computer morphometrics. Then the final sample - 25 males and 38 females - were selected within 1 S.D. of E-line, ANB, P/A facial height ratio, Interincisal angle, L1 to A-Pog, ODI and APDI. The results of the study were as follows: 1 In the form and proportion of facial skeleton there were no significant differences between males and females, but in the size males were larger than females. 2. The dental protrusion patterns had no significant sexual difference and no significant correlationship between protrusion of upper lip and inclination of upper incisor. But mentolabial angle had positively correlated with interincisal angle and negatively with inclination of upper and lower incisor. 3. In the relationship between nose and soft-tissue profile, males were larger than females in nasal length, height and angular measurements. 4. In analysis of soft-tissue profile, males were larger than females in the length and thickness. In the angular measurements and proportion of soft-tissue profile, there were no significant differences between males and females.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.19-28
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• 2004

Tooth is the most important element in esthetic consideration on facial area. Tooth alignment which is in harmony with gingiva, lips, and face is also key element. The purpose of this study was to give a clinical discipline for restoration of gingival contour, which contains a ratio of maxillary 6 anterior teeth, research for gingival contour etc., in case of rehabilitation of maxillary anterior teeth. 300 Dankook university dental school students ,who is their twenties and free from periodontitis, participate in this study. The result was from each 70 males and females who had normal occlusion and tooth alignment. Length, width and length/width ratio of maxillary 6 anterior teeth were 0.74-0.81 in male, 0.81-0.84 in female. There was significant difference between male and female. The most deepest position of gingiva in maxillary central incisor and canine was located in distal part of teeth and maxillary lateral incisor was middle portion. In maxillary central incisors, gingival line of the most deepest point appeared significant difference between male and female (p<0.01) whereas there was no difference in lateral incisors and canines. Distance between interdental papilla apex and the most deepest portion appeared significant difference between male and female. Distance of the deepest position of gingiva is statistically significant except maxillary central incisors and lateral incisors. Standard deviation and mean of the width of labio-lingual were measured in cervical area and there was a significant difference both male and female.(p<0.01) From this result, we could get the mean of maxillary anterior gingival line and these results have great value in clinical guidance in studying maxillary anterior teeth.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.79-93
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• 1982

The purpose of orthodontic treatment is to achieve normal occlusion and good facial esthetics for individual patients. To produce harmonized facial balance, treatment planning for patient who require orthodontic treatment should include both a hard tissue and soft tissue cephalometric analysis. Author studied to derive the normal standards of soft tissue profile in Koreans by roentgenocephalometric analysis. For this study 12 soft tissue profile landmarks were plotted and 23 linear length, 9 soft tissue thickness, 8 vertical height length, 12 angles of soft tissue profile, and 3 vertical proportion were measured. The subjects consisted of 166 males and 209 females from 7 to 19 years with normal occlusion and acceptable profiles, and were divided into five groups according to age. The obtained results were as follows; 1. From the basis of N-Pog (Nasion-Pogonion) plane, the growth of facial soft tissue in the middle region especially nose area was greater than others facial region. 2. From the basis of G-Pog' (Glabella-soft tissue Pogonion) plane, the values of linear measurement of soft tissue Nasion and Inferior labial sulcus decreased and nose tip grew forward as growing older. 3. The growth of the facial soft tissue thickness was greatest in superior labial sulcus and the thickness of soft tissue nasion gradually became thinner as growing old. 4. The thickness of upper and lower lip was 14.47mm, 14.57mm in adulr male, 12.76mm, 13.78mm in adult female. 5. The soft tissue thickness of the lower lip was thicker than that of upper lip in all age groups and both sexes, 6. The vertical length of the upper and lower lips were 25.04mm, 49.97mm in adult male and 23.50mm, 48.39mm in adult female. 7. By the significant test, there were significant difference between male and female in fifth adult group on all vertical length measurements of lower face. 8. In fifth adult group, the perpendicular distance from LS, LI to Steiner's line and Ricketts' esthetic line were as follow; Steiner line to LS, LI were 7.98mm, 5.84mm in male. Steiner line to LS, LI were 6.71mm, 5.08mm in female. Ricketts' esthetic line to LS, LI were -0.40mm, 1.72mm in male. Ricketts' esthetic line to Ls, LI were -1.38mm 0.65mm in female. 9. In fifth adult group, the facial convexity angle and lower facial component angle were $171.17^{\circ}142.94^{\circ}$ in male and $172.5^{\circ}$, $144.41^{\circ}$ in female.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.657-673
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• 1992

Orthodontic treatment of cleft patients is difficult as the growth is different from that of normal ones. So it is very important to know the characteristic features of the craniofacial morphology and growth pattern in unilateral cleft lip and palate patients. The materials for this study consisted of 55 normal males and 50 unilateral cleft lip and palate ones who received cheiloplasty and palatoplasty previously. The cleft subjects were divided into 4 groups according to their ages kto find out the growth pattern of hard and soft tissue, and to compare the features with those of normal ones. Each cephalogram analysed by McNamara method and others. The obtained results were as follows 1. In the unilateral cleft lip and palate subjects, forward growth of the maxilla was smaller than that of normal ones from 9 years old. So the maxilla was retruded. The maxillary incisors were severely retruded in all age groups. 2. The mandibular overall length and its anteroposterior position did not show any significant differences between two groups. But the height of ramus was very short and the mandible had vertical growth tendency to compensate for undergrowth of the maxilla in cleft subjects after 12 years of age. 3. Horizontal growth of the soft tissue in middle face was smaller than that of any other facial region from 9 years old. The vertical growth rate of upper lip was decreased as growing old. 4. In cleft subjects, the upper and lower facial component angle and the facial convexity angle were large. So their facial profile changed to straight or concave as growing old.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.289-302
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• 2006

조선초기 세종대에 제작하여 사용한 규표를 복원하기위해 '세종실록'을 비롯한 조선시대의 문헌자료를 수집하여 원리와 구조를 분석하였다. 그리고 이를 근거로 1/10로 축소 모형을 제작하고 설계도를 완성하였다. 규표의 구조는 규(圭), 용표(龍表), 횡량(橫梁), 또는 들보), 받침대로 구성되어 있다. 수직으로 세운 막대인 용표의 그림자가 수평으로 놓인 규면에 맺힐 때 눈금을 읽으면 된다. 이때 그림자 중심에 태양의 상을 맺히게 하는 영부를 사용하여 정밀하게 측정한다. 영부는 가운데 바늘구멍을 뚫은 작은 동판을 사용하여 바늘구멍 사진기와 샤임프러그 원리를 이용하여 태양의 영상을 맺히도록 한다.

• 사상체질의학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.181-220
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• 1998

1. PURPOSE This is a quantitative analysis of Sasang Constitution by measuring human body except face. This study is carried out for the purpose of searching out the theory of Sa-cho and the morphologic theory of Sasang Constitution. 2. METHOD (1) SUBJECTS Subjects are 338 person came to Dept. of Sasang Constitutional Medicine (KyungHee Oriental Medical Center) and Oriental Medicine and Western Medicine Cooperative Health Examination Center (KyungHee Medical Center) from October 1997 to Jauary 1998. The mean age is $41.7{\pm}12.39$. (2) CLASSIFICATION OF SASANG CONSTITUTION QSCCII(Questionnaire for the Sasang Constitution Classification) is used for the Classification of Sasang Constitution. The distributions of Sasang Constitution Classification are Soeumin 83, Soyangin 98, and Taeumin 157. (3) MEASURING INSTRUMENT & ITEMS Length, Breadth, Circomferece, and Skinfold thickness of each body segment are measured by Martin's measuring instrument and Skinfold Caliper. Measured items of this study is based on Lohman's methods and is added new items. (4) DATA ANALYSIS The Volume, Weight, Rate, and Index of each group are calculated by using measuring items. The difference of each group is analyzed by SPSS 7.0 for Win. 3. RESULT (1) THE MORPHOLOGIC CHARACTERISTIC of TAEUMIN First of all, the Taeumin has a emormous morphology. His trunk is huge but head-neck and limbs is small. The volume and weight of head-neck is smaller than other body segments but the volume and weight of upper-abdomen is bigger than ones. (2) THE MORPHOLOGIC CHARACTERISTIC of SOEUMIN The Soeumin has a small morphology. His head-neck rate is bigger than Taeumin's but his trunk rate is smaller than Taeumin's. And his lower limbs rate is bigger than other constitution but it's not a significant difference. His neck is thinest and longgest than others. His chest is thin and narrow. His lower-abdomen rate is bigger than other constitution but it's difference is not significant. (3) THE MORPHOLOGIC CHARACTERISTIC of SOYANGIN Soyangin has a middle size at head-neck and chest part. But the rate of upper limb is higer than other constitution. And the rate of lower-abdomen part is lower than other constitution. but that's not significant.

• 한국전통조경학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.72-84
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• 2010

본 연구는 서산마애삼존불을 중심으로 삼국시대 조성된 마애삼존불상 조형에 담겨진 비례미 등 구성적 원리가 어떻게 표현되고 있는지를 확인함으로써 전통 석조 방식의 하나인 삼존석조의 구축 및 응용을 위한 기초자료 구축을 모색하였다. 총 17개 마애삼존불의 크기 및 비율 분석 결과, 본존불의 평균 전고는 2.96m, 우협시는 2.19m, 좌협시는 2.16m였다. 이에 따른 높이비는 100:75:75로 좌우 대칭균형의 관계를 보였고, 좌우협시의 면적비는 13.4:16.7 로 우협시의 면적비가 높았다. 서산마애삼존불은 용현계곡의 삼불교를 건너 인암(印岩) 바위에 새겨져 있으며, 좌향은 방위각 $S47^{\circ}E$로 측정되었다. 이는 예배자의 눈부심을 차단하면서 햇빛의 방향에 따른 불상의 이미지 변화와 미감을 노린 것으로 판단된다. 서산마애불의 도상적 특징은 반가상과 봉지보주형 보상입상을 협시도 하고 있으며, 좌우비대칭형의 삼존 구성임에도 불구하고 동일한 선과 형태가 반복되는 가운데 통일성을 보임으로서 안정된 시각적 균형을 보이고 있다. 특히 서산마애삼존불의 경우, 본존불과 좌협시 그리고 우협시의 전고는 각각 2.80m, 1.66m, 1.70m였다. 좌우협시불의 높이비는 0.60:0.62로 거의 대등한 반면 면적비는 28.8:25.2로 보다 큰 차이를 보여 평면상의 면적비가 삼재미적 비례에 더욱 근접한 것으로 파악되었다. 광배 중심의 사윗각비는 88:44:48로 직각에 가까운 반면 연화좌 중심 사윗각의 비는 127:30:23으로 측정됨으로서 둔각에 가까운 부등변삼각형의 형태를 보였다. 따라서 서산마애삼존불의 상부와 하부는 직각과 둔각의 부등변삼각형의 각도 비례를 통한 대응적 관계를 유지하는 가운데 안정적 비례감을 취하고 있다. 상반부의 거리비는 0.51:0.36:0.38인 반면 하반부의 거리비는 0.53:0.33:0.27로 보다 부등변삼각형에 가까운 모습을 보이면서 상하 좌우대칭의 비대칭균형을 이루고 있다. 서산마애삼존불을 대상으로 삼재미의 관계를 살펴본 결과, 길이비 보다는 면적비나 삼각도형을 이루는 각도비가 더욱 두드러져 나타났다. 각 불상 상호간의 높이 및 면적비 못지않게 상부 광배와 하부 연화좌를 중심으로 형성되는 부등변삼각이 이루는 구도는 삼재간의 구성적 아름다움을 배가시키는 매우 중요한 내부적 동인이 되고 있다.