• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.534-538
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• 2002

To investigate the antimicrobial effects of Scutellariae Radix extract against Vibrio parahaemolyticus from food samples, Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains isolated from Tapes philippinarum were examined for their sensitivity to Scutellariae Radix extract. Total 66 Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains were isolated from Tapes philippinarm 72 samples (91.7%). The serotypes of isolated Vibrio parahemolytics were K-I group 7 strains (10.6%), K-IV group 5 strains (7.6%), K-II group 2 strains (3.0%), K-V group 2 strains (3.0%), K-VII group 2 strains (3.0%), K-VI group 1 strains (1.5%), K-VIII group 1 strains (1.5%) and antisera UT K-group 46 strains (69.7%) on antisera agglutination test, but K-III group and K-IX group strains were not found. The growth curves of isolates showed lag phase, logarithmic phase, stationary phase and death phase as typical sigmoid curve on the shellfish samples. After 6 hours, the group containing Scutellariae Radix extract differs from the control on shellfish samples in the growth inhibition curves, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus were inhibited in more than 1000 ppm Scutellariae Radix extract. The morphological changes were observed by transmission electron microscope and the microbial cells membrane was destroyed by Scutellariae Radix extract.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.97-104
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• 2003

It is extremely important to destroy the antigenicity of milk proteins for dietetic treatment of infants with milk allergy. Enzymatic digestion of milk protein is not only effective for destroying antigenicity, but it also is less liable to alter the nutritive value. Bovine casein was hydrolyzed with eight different commercial proteases derived from bacterias or fungi, either individually or in combination to eliminate protein allergenicity. The average molecular weight of casein hyrdolysates determined by size exclusion chromatography is about 550${\sim}$2,300 dalton range. Antigenicity of the casein hyrdolysates was not detected by heterologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in guinea pig-rabbit antiserum system. The inhibition test on the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) showed that the antigenicity of casein hydrolysates is lowed up to 1/8,000 than that of intact bovine casein. As the enzyme reaction was carried out by the combination of bacterial and fungal protease, casein hydrolysates showed much lower bitterness and antigenicity. It suggests that these hydrolysates will be applied to many kinds of foods including the development of hypo-allergenic infant formula.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.445-453
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• 2016

Eighty-four strains of lactic acid bacteria were isolated from Korean fermented foods for the production of fermented apple juice. Among these strains, the JBE245 strain that showed rapid growth and food functionality was selected and identified as Lactobacillus plantarum. This strain reached the stationary phase after 24 h fermentation at $30^{\circ}C$ with $1.5{\times}10^8$ colony forming unit (CFU)/mL of viable cells, and maintained its viability levels even after 14 days of storage. During fermentation, the ${\alpha}-glucosidase$ inhibitory activity (40.4%), total polyphenol content (583.6 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/mL), and 2,2-diphenyl-l-picryl-hydrazyl hydrate (DPPH) radical scavenging activity (52%) were increased. As judged by a sensory test, the overall preference for the fermented juice (4.22) was comparable to that for the unfermented juice (4.72), indicating that fermentation does not significantly affect the sensory characteristics of apple juice. Consequently, the fermented beverage containing L. plantarum JBE245 and apple juice is a promising functional health food.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.574-581
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• 2001

The microbial properties and acid tolerance of the three kinds of Acetobacter sp. isolated from persimmon vinegar were investigated. Acid tolerance was also evaluated. Acetobacter sp. were gram negative, short rod, nonspore forming and motile. They reacted positively catalase, methyl red, oxidation fermentation, Voges-Proskauer and nitrate reduction tests and negative to hydrogen sulfide test and ONPG. Acetobacter sp. showed normal growth curve in Carr broth and there was no significant difference between isolates and (standard on) typical strains such as Acetobacter aceti (KCTC1010), Acetobacter liquefaciens (KCTC2804), Acetobacter diazotrophicus (KCTC 2859). Optimum temperature and initial ethanol concentration in incubation were $30^{\circ}C$ and 6%, respectively. Growth and acid production of Acetobacter sp. were suppressed by the concentration of above 4% acetic acid. The amount of $Mg^{++}$ release from Acetobacter sp. cells in medium was increased by acetic acid, and almost in the concentration of 6% acetic acid. Glycolysis by Acetobacter sp. had optimal pH about 6.0 to 7.0 and more stable in acidic condition than in alkalic. The $H^+-ATPase$ of Acetobacter sp. S-1 and S-3 showed a maximal activity between pH values of approximately 5.5 to 7.5 and 6.0 to 7.5, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.437-443
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• 2002

Using agar and gelatin as wall materials, onion oil was microencapsulated using the extrusion spraying technology. A sensitive methodology was developed for quantitative determination of the microencapsulation yield through ethyl acetate extraction and gas chromatographic analyses. Optimal conditions for the microencapsulation process consisting of the ratio of [core material, Cm] to [wall material, Wm] ($X_1$), temperature of dispersion fluid ($X_2$), detergent concentration in dispersion fluid ($X_3$), and concentration of emulsifier $(X_4)$ were determined using response surface methodology. The regression model equation for the yield of microencapsulation (Y, %) of onion oil could be predicted as $Y\;=\;97.028571-0.775000\;(X_1)-0.746726\;(X_1){\cdot}(X_1)\;-\;1.100000\;(X_3){\cdot}(X_2)$. The optimal conditions for the microencapsulation of the onion oil were determined as the ratio of [core material] to [wall material] of 4.5 : 5.5 (w/w), the temperature of dispersion fluid of $17.1^{\circ}C$ detergent concentration in dispersion fluid of 0.03%, and the concentration of emulsifier of 0.42%. Results revealed the most stable microcapsule of onion oil could be formed with the highest yield of microencapsulation (more than 95%) under optimal conditions.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.959-963
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• 2001

To investigate the antimicrobial effects of Scutellariae Radix extract against L.monocytogenes from foods, L. monocytogenes strains isolated from livestock, processed food from meat and milk, and frozen foods, were examined for their sensitivity to Scutellariae Radix extract. 30 L. monocytogenes strains were isolated from total 178 samples(16.9%); 13(14.0%) strains from beef 6(20.7%) strains from pork, 9(39.2%) strains from chicken and 2 (16.7%) strains from frozen foods but was not found from processed products, The serotypes of isolated L.monocytogenes were serotype O-1 strains (23, 76.7%) and serotype O-4 strains(7, 23.3%) on antisera agglutination test. The growth curves of isolates were shown lag phase, logarithmic phase, stationary phase and death phase as typical sigmoid curve on the preservative-free hams. After 6 hours. Scutellariae Radix extract contain group differ from control group on preservative-free ham samples, and the isolates were inhibited in more than 1000 ppm Scutellariae Radix extract on the inhibitory growth curve of L.monocytogenes. The mor-phological changes were observed by transmission electron microscope and the microbial cells membrane was destroyed by Scutellariae Radix extract.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.11
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• pp.1734-1744
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• 2019

Objective: In this study, two glycosidases (XMosidases), ${\beta}$-xylosidase and ${\beta}$-mannosidase, were investigated on their in vitro hydrolysis activities of feed and on the improvement of growth performance in vivo in weanling pigs. Methods: Enzyme activities of XMosidases in vitro were evaluated in test tubes and simulation of gastric and small intestinal digestion, respectively, in the presence of NSPase. In vivo study was performed in 108 weaned piglets in a 28-d treatment. Pigs were allotted to one of three dietary treatments with six replicate pens in each treatment. The three treatment groups were as follows: i) Control (basal diet); ii) CE (basal diets+CE); iii) CE-Xmosidases (basal diets+ CE+${\beta}$-xylosidase at 800 U/kg and ${\beta}$-mannosidase at 40 U/kg). CE was complex enzymes (amylase, protease, xylanase, and mannanase). Results: In vitro XMosidases displayed significant activities on hydrolysis of corn and soybean meal in the presence of non-starch polysaccharide degrading enzymes (xylanase and ${\beta}$-mannanase). In vitro simulation of gastric and small intestinal digestion by XMosidases showed XMosidases achieved $67.89%{\pm}0.22%$ of dry matter digestibility and $63.12%{\pm}0.21%$ of energy digestibility at $40^{\circ}C$ for 5 hrs. In weanling pigs, additional XMosidases to CE in feed improved average daily gain, feed conversion rate (p<0.05), and apparent total tract digestibility of crude protein (p = 0.01) and dry matter (p = 0.02). XMosidases also altered the gut bacterial diversity and composition by increasing the proportion of beneficial bacteria. Conclusion: Addition of a complex enzyme supplementation (contained xylanase, ${\beta}$-mannanase, protease and amylase), XMosidases (${\beta}$-xylosidase and ${\beta}$-mannosidase) can further improve the growth performance and nutrient digestion of young pigs.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.223-230
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• 2019

Ozone is a gaseous molecule able to kill microorganisms, such as yeast, fungi, bacteria, and protozoa. However, ozone gas is unstable and cannot be used easily. In order to utilize ozone properly and efficiently, plant oil can be employed. Ozone reacts with C-C double bonds of fatty acids, converting to ozonized oil. In this reaction, ozonide is produced within fatty acids and the resulting ozonized oil has various biological functions. In this study, we showed that ozonized oil has antimicrobial activity against fungi and bacteria. To test the antimicrobial activity of ozonized oil, we produced ozonized olive oil. Ozonized olive oil was applied to Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans. Antimicrobial activity was assayed using the disk diffusion method following the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were 0.25 mg for S. aureus, 0.5 mg for S. epidermidis, 3.0 mg for P. aeruginosa, and 1.0 mg for E. coli. Gram positive bacteria were more susceptible than Gram negative bacteria. We compared growth inhibition zones against S. aureus and MRSA, showing that the ozonized olive oil was more effective on MRSA than S. aureus. Furthermore, the ozonized olive oil killed C. albicans within an hour. These data suggested that ozonized olive oil could be an alternative drug for MRSA infection and could be utilized as a potent antimicrobial and antifungal substance.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2019.10a
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• pp.46-46
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• 2019

The experiments were performed in the Jinan (elevation: 300 meters above sea level), Jeollabuk-do. Seedlings (n = 63 per $3.3m^2$) of ginseng cultivar (Cheonpung, Yeonpung) were planted on April 10, 2015. Shading material of plastic film house was blue-white film. Before the Planting seedling, silicate (3 kg/10 a) or chitosan (40 kg/10 a) was fertilized and foliar sprayed on the leaves 1000 times dilution solution once a month from May to September every year. The growth results of 5-year old ginseng surveyed in 2018 are as follows. The average air temperature in the plastic film house was the highest at $26.6^{\circ}C$ and $26.5^{\circ}C$ in July and August, respectively, and the highest temperature was $40.5^{\circ}C$ in July. The maximum daily temperature of $35^{\circ}C$ or more was 30 days, with the average soil temperature being $24.9^{\circ}C$ in August. The chemical properties of the test soil are as follows. pH was 6.4~6.9 level and EC was 0.35~0.46 dS/m. The organic matter content was 33.5~41.4 g/kg, and available-P content was 251.9~306.8 mg/kg. Exchangeable cations contents, such as K, Ca and Mg were all the appropriate ranges. The soil microbial density surveyed by the dilution plate method was 10~50 times higher than that of control (Non-treatment) and actinomycete density was 3~6 times higher. Pathogens of the genus Fusarium by Metagenome analysis decreased 91.3% and 68.2% respectively in the foliar sprayed of chitosan and soluble-silicate. The light intensity (PAR) in the blue-white film plastic film house gradually increased until July and then decereased, with the average of light intensity in March-October was $120.3umol/m^2/s$. The growth of aerial parts such as plant height and stem length was better than non-sprayed group in silicate or chitosan treatments and Yeonpung cultivar was superior to the Cheonpung cultivar. The SPAD value was higher in Yeonpung cultivar foliar sprayed with soluble-silicate. The growth of underground parts such as root length and taproot length were better in chitosan and soluble-silicate treatment than control, especially in Yeonpung cultivar foliar sprayed with chitosan was good in taproot length and taproot diameter, and fresh weight of root was 60.1 g. Ginsenoside contents were 24.9 mg/g and 22.4 mg/g, in the Cheonpung cultivar foliar sprayed with soluble-silicate or chitosan respectively, 28% and 15% higher than control (19.5 mg/g). The incidence of disease by Alteraria panax and Botrytis cinerea was 3~9% and 4~9%, respectively. High temperature damage rate was 3~5%.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.256-263
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• 2020

Incidence of Fusarium wilt was surveyed in fields of summer radish in Gangwon province in Korea in 2018 and 2019. The disease started in early July and spread rapidly in hot summer of late July and August and in severe case, reached up to 80% in a field in Gangneung area. Symptoms in the seedling stage include poor growth and browning of internal tissue of root. During mid-growth, the leaves of diseased plant turned yellow over time, the surface of the roots changed from white to blackish, and the vascular tissues turned brown. A total of 23 isolates was obtained from the diseased plants and identified as Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. raphani by elongation factor-1α and intergenic spacer sequence analysis. Pathogenicity of the isolates was tested by artificial inoculation to the radish and other plants. All the isolates tested were pathogenic to radish plant, although there were differences in virulence on radish 11 cultivars. However, the isolates were not virulent to other plants except some cruciferous vegetables including Brussels sprouts, rocket, stock, and turnip. The results of pathogenicity test showed that it is necessary to rotate with crops other than cruciferous vegetables in order to prevent Fusarium wilt from radish fields.