• Corrosion Science and Technology
• /
• 제18권6호
• /
• pp.300-311
• /
• 2019

The corrosion behaviors of twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steels with different alloying elements (Cu, Al, Si) in a neutral aqueous environment were investigated in terms of the characteristics of the corrosion products formed on the steel surface. The corrosion behavior was evaluated by measuring potentiodynamic polarization test and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. For compositional analysis of the corrosion products formed on the steel surface, an electron probe x-ray micro analyzer was also utilized. This study showed that the addition of Cu to the steel contributed to the increase in corrosion resistance to a certain extent by the presence of metallic Cu in discontinuous form at the oxide/steel interface. Compared to the case of steel with Cu, the Al-bearing specimen exhibited much higher polarization resistance and lower corrosion current by the formation of a thin Al-enriched oxide layer. On the other hand, Si addition (3.0 wt%) to the steel led to an increase in grain size, which was twice as large as that of the other specimens, resulting in a deterioration of the corrosion resistance. This was closely associated with the localized corrosion attacks along the grain boundaries by the formation of a galvanic couple with a large cathode-small anode.

• 대한금속재료학회지
• /
• 제50권11호
• /
• pp.793-800
• /
• 2012

The effect of cold rolling on the microstructural evolution in 22Cr-0.2N micro-duplex stainless steel was investigated. The 22Cr-xNi-yMn-0.2N duplex stainless steel plates with various Ni and Mn contents were fabricated. The steels were vacuum induction melted and hot rolled, followed by annealing treatment at the temperature range of $1000-1100^{\circ}C$, in which both the austenite and ferrite phases were stable. The volume fraction of the ferrite phase depending on the alloy compositions of Ni and Mn increased with an increase in the annealing temperature. Grain growth in the ferrite phase occurred markedly after cold rolling followed by annealing, while fine recrystallised grains were still found in the austenite phase. A large number of martensite laths was found in the microstructure of cold rolled steels, which should be formed by strain-induced martensite from the austenite phase. The intersections of stacking faults were revealed by TEM observation. The volume fraction of the martensite phase increased with an increase of the reduction ratio by cold rolling.

• 한국재료학회지
• /
• 제25권8호
• /
• pp.370-375
• /
• 2015

In this study, to confirm the effect of alloying elements on the phase transformation and conditions of the friction stir process, we processed two materials, SS400 and SM45C steels, by a friction stir process (FSP) under various conditions. We analyzed the mechanical properties and microstructure of the friction stir processed zone of SS400 and SM45C steels processed under 400RPM - 100mm/min conditions. We detected no macro (tunnel defect) or micro (void, micro crack) defects in the specimens. The grain refinement in the specimens occurred by dynamic recrystallization and stirring. The microstructure at the friction stir processed zone of the SS400 specimen consisted of an ${\alpha}$-phase. On the other hand, the microstructure at the friction stir processed zone of the SM45 specimen consisted of an ${\alpha}$-phase, $Fe_3C$ and martensite due to a high cooling rate and high carbon content. Furthermore, the hardness and impact absorption energy of the friction stir processed zone were higher than those of base metals. The hardness and impact absorption energy of FSPed SM45C were higher than that of FSPed SS400. Our results confirmed the effect of alloying elements on the phase transformation and mechanical properties of the friction stir processed zone.

• 대한금속재료학회지
• /
• 제49권3호
• /
• pp.203-210
• /
• 2011

Bake hardening steels have to resist strain aging to prevent the yield strength increment and stretcher strain during press process and to enhance the bake hardenability during baking process after painting. The bake hardening steels need to control the solute carbon and the solute nitrogen to improve the bake hardenability. Ti and/or Nb alloying for nitride and carbide precipitation and low carbon content below 0.003% are used to solve strain aging and formability problem for automotive materials. However, in the present study, the effect of micro-precipitation of copper sulfide on the bake hardenability and fatigue properties of extremely low carbon steel has been investigated. The bake hardenability of Cu-alloyed bake hardening (Cu-BH) steel was slightly higher (5 MPa) than that of Nb-alloyed bake hardening (Nb-BH) steel, but the fatigue limit of Cu-BH steel was far higher (45 MPa) than that of Nb-BH steel. All samples showed the ductile fracture behavior and some samples revealed distinct fatigue stages, such as crack initiation, stable crack growth and unstable crack growth.

• 대한용접접합학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 대한용접접합학회 2009년 추계학술발표대회
• /
• pp.110-110
• /
• 2009

본 연구에서는 전산유체역학적 방법을 이용하여 레이저-GMA 하이브리드 용접에서 용융풀 거동에 대한 3차원 과도해석을 수행하였다. 철강재의 주요 합금원소 중 하나인 크롬의 용융풀에서의 거동을 구현하기 위해 크롬에 대해 추가적인 보전 방정식을 도입하였다. 이를 이용하여 합금원소 분포에 대한 용접 변수별 영향을 해석적으로 분석하였으며 이를 EPMA(Electron Probe Micro Analyzer)를 통해 분석한 시험결과와도 비교하였다. 결과적으로 용접변수 중 선행 조건이 합금원소 분포에 구별할만한 영향을 미침을 알 수 있었고 이는 용융풀의 거동을 지배하는 주요 유동 패턴의 상이함에 기인한 것으로 보여진다.

• 열처리공학회지
• /
• 제32권1호
• /
• pp.17-28
• /
• 2019

Jominy hardenability curves of low alloy steel containing less than 5 wt.% of alloying elements in total were calculated by applying Scheil's rule of additivity to pre-calculated isothermal transformation curve. Isothermal transformation curve for each phase in steel was approximated as a simple mathematical equation by using Kirkaldy's approach and all coefficients in the equation were estimated from experimental temperature-time-transformation (TTT) and/or continuous cooling transformation (CCT) data in the literature. Then jominy test with simple boundary conditions was performed in computer by applying the finite difference scheme. The resultant cooling curves at each location along a longitudinal direction of Jominy bar were applied to calculate phase fractions as well as mechanical properties such as micro Vickers hardness. The simulated results were compared with experimental CCT data and Jominy curves in the literature.

• 한국분말재료학회지
• /
• 제27권4호
• /
• pp.311-317
• /
• 2020

In this study, the effects of Co content on the microstructure and Charpy impact properties of Fe-Cr-W ferritic/martensitic oxide dispersion strengthened (F/M ODS) steels are investigated. F/M ODS steels with 0-5 wt% Co are fabricated by mechanical alloying, followed by hot isostatic pressing, hot-rolling, and normalizing/tempering heat treatment. All the steels commonly exhibit two-phase microstructures consisting of ferrite and tempered martensite. The volume fraction of ferrite increases with the increase in the Co content, since the Co element considerably lowers the hardenability of the F/M ODS steel. Despite the lowest volume fraction of tempered martensite, the F/M ODS steel with 5 wt% Co shows the highest micro-Vickers hardness, owing to the solid solution-hardening effect of the alloyed Co. The high hardness of the steel improves the resistance to fracture initiation, thereby resulting in the enhanced fracture initiation energy in a Charpy impact test at - 40℃. Furthermore, the addition of Co suppresses the formation of coarse oxide inclusions in the F/M ODS steel, while simultaneously providing a high resistance to fracture propagation. Owing to these combined effects of Co, the Charpy impact energy of the F/M ODS steel increases gradually with the increase in the Co content.

• 대한금속재료학회지
• /
• 제47권9호
• /
• pp.558-566
• /
• 2009

The alloying effect of a small amount of nickel on low alloy steel for application to flue gas desulfurization(FGD) systems was studied. The structural characteristics of the rust layer were investigated by scanning electron microscopy(SEM). The electrochemical properties were examined by means of potentiostatic polarization test, potentiodynamic polarization test, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS) in a modified green death solution of 16.9 vol.% $H_2SO_4$+0.35 vol.% HCl at $60^{\circ}C$ and an acid rain solution of $6.25{\times}10^{-5}M\;H_2SO_4+5.5{\times}10^{-3}M\;NaCl$ at room temperature. It was found that as the amount of nickel increased, the corrosion rate increased in the modified green death solution, which seemed to result from micro-galvanic corrosion between NiS and alloy matrix. In acid rain solution, the corrosion rate decreased as the amount of nickel increased due to the repulsive force of $NiFe_2O_4$ rust against $Cl^-$ ions by electronegativity.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
• /
• 제38권9호
• /
• pp.1087-1093
• /
• 2014

Ti과 Nb과 같은 안정화 원소가 첨가된 스테인리스강은 입계부식 방지 효과가 있어 해양 및 조선 산업에 널리 사용되는 내식성 재료이다. 본 연구에서는 STS 304 주성분에 탄소 안정화 원소인 Ti(0.26%, 0.71%)와 Nb(0.29%, 0.46%, 0.71%)을 농도 변수로 첨가한 시편을 제작하여, 안정화 원소 함량에 따른 기계적 특성 및 전기화학적 특성을 평가하였다. 합금 원소 첨가에 따른 재료의 기계적 특성 파악을 위해 마이크로 비커스 경도기를 이용하여 경도 측정을 실시하였다. 재료의 전기화학적 특성을 파악하기 위해 타펠분석, 사이클릭 분극(Cyclic polarization) 실험, 정전류 실험을 실시하여 재료별 내식성을 상호 비교하였다. 실험 결과, Nb 첨가 시편의 경우 Nb 함량 증가에 따라 경도 향상을 나타냈으나, Ti의 경우 경도 향상 효과가 미미한 것으로 나타났다. 전기화학특성의 경우 Nb 함량 증가에 따라 대체적으로 전기화학적 특성이 개선되는 반면 Ti의 경우 오히려 전기화학특성이 열화되는 것으로 나타났다. 결과적으로, 안정화 원소의 종류와 함량에 따라 전기화학적 특성이 큰 차이를 나타내며, 해수환경에 적용되는 스테인리스강 강종 개발시 이를 고려한 설계가 중요할 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한기계학회논문집
• /
• 제9권1호
• /
• pp.40-46
• /
• 1985

본 연구에서는 제 1보에 밝힌 바 있는 용접 HAZ조직의 파괴인성에 영향을 주 는 PWHT 유지시간과 가열속도에 이어, 용접 HAZ의 불안정포성파괴에 미치는 용접잔유 응력의 영향을 상세히 밝히기 위하여 일층 용접을 실시하고, 이 용접재의 용접HAZ에 단축상태의 일정한 응력을 작용시켜 주면서 소정의 열처리를 실시함으로써 용접후 열 처리시 용접HAZ에 작용된 응력의 크기가 파괴인성에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 COD파 괴인성시험, 미소경도시험, 파면관찰을 통하여 고찰하고자 한다.