• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.195-199
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• 2003

An analysis method for the determination of methylendedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and its metabolite methylendedioxymethamphetamine (MDA) in hair by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry was proposed. For MDMA and MDA analysis, hair samples were incubated in MeOH (1％ HCl), derivatized with trifluoroacetic anhydride and assayed by GC/MS. Hair of 18 subjects for drug abuse was analyzed for MDMA and MDA. Calibration curves for the determination of MDMA and MDA in hair showed a good linearity at a concentration range from 0.5 ng to 250 ng ($r^2$=0.999) The extraction recovery was determined from hair blanks at 50, 100 ng. The percentage of recovery were found to be 96.08∼103.48 with CV value of 1.62∼3.89. The concentrations of MDMA and MDA ranged 1.14∼38.06 ng/mg and 0.07∼3.91 ng/mg, respectively in 18 hair samples from MDMA abusers. The ratio of MDMA to MDA ranged from 9.65∼28.46 in all specimen. Hair analysis for MDMA is a useful method for identification of long-term drug abuser.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.937-949
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• 2008

The purpose of this meta-analysis was to investigate the anti-hepatotoxic effect of ginseng in rats induced with CC14 or TCDD, the toxicities that cause liver damages. Primary studies were collected from the ScienceDirect database, the DBpia, and the KISS. The data on the effect factors in plasma and in enzyme are listed as many as possible: The effect factors were alanine transaminase(ALT), aspartate transaminase(AST), liver aminopyrine N-demethylase(AD), liver aniline hydroxylase(AH), liver 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine(liver MDA), cytochrome P450(P450), serum alkaline phosphatase(ALP), serum lactate dehydrogenase(LDH), cytochrome b5(Cyto b5), glutathione reductase (GR), Liver glutathione S-transferase(GST), liver glutamyltransferase (GT), Liver($\gamma$-GCS), serum liver 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine(serum MDA), serum sorbitol dehydrogenase(SDH), serum total protein(TP), and serum $\gamma$-glutamyltransferase($\gamma$-GT). In order to investigate the effect of ginseng, the standard mean difference(HG) between the group of rats induced with toxicity(RH) and the group of rats induced with ginseng(RHG) were combined, and the significance of HGs were tested. The combined HGs checked the biases caused by heterogeneity among studies and the publication biases. Then they were adjusted by using the random effect model and trim and fill method. Although the publication biases were assumed, among all plasma factors the HGs of ALT, AST, serum MDA, SDH, TP, and $\gamma$-GT were significant, and among all enzyme factors the HGs of liver MDA, Cyto b5, GR, GST, and GT were significant. The treatment with ginseng significantly affected the plasma and enzyme levels in rats induced with toxicity.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.161-170
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• 2008

The aim of this meta-analysis was to systematically investigate the anti-hepatotoxic effect of ginseng in rats induced toxicity which damage to liver. Primary researches were gained on the ScienceDirect database, the DBpia, and the KISS, and the data about the effect factors in plasma and in enzyme were listed as many as possible. The effect factors were alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), liver aminopyrine N-demethylase (AD), liver aniline hydroxylase (AH), liver 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine (liver MDA), cytochrome P450 (P450), serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), cytochrome b5 (Cyto b5), glutathione reductase (GR), Liver glutathione S-transferase (GST), liver glutamyltransferase (GT), Liver (${\gamma}-GCS$), serum liver 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine (serum MDA), serum sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), serum total protein (TP), serum ${\gamma}-glutamyltransferase$ (${\gamma}-GT$). To investigate the effect of ginseng, the mean difference (MD) between the group of rats induced by toxicity (RH) and the group of rats induced by toxicity with ginseng (RHG) were combined, and the significance of MDs were tested. The combined MDs were checked the biases caused by heterogeneity among studies and the publication biases, and adjusted by using random effect model and trim and fill method, respectively. The effect about ALT, AST, ALP, LDH, SDH, TP and ${\gamma}-GT$ in plasma factors were significant, and about AD, liver MDA, P450, Cyto b5, GR, GST, GT and ${\gamma}-GCS$ in enzyme factors were significant. The treatment with ginseng supplementation was significantly effected on plasma and enzyme factors of damaged-rats.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.41-47
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• 2008

Although liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) method has been used routinely for the analysis of amphetamine-like drugs (amphetamine; AP, methamphetamine; MA, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine; MDA, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine; MDMA, 3,4-methylenedioxyethylamphetamine; MDEA), a solid-phase extraction (SPE) method, which can be automated, was applied for the simultaneous determination by GC/MS in human urine. Urine samples (3 mL) and 0.1 M phosphate buffer (1 mL, pH 7.0) were extracted by an automated SPE system. The eluent was evaporated, derivatized with trifluoroacetic anhydride (TFAA), and analyzed by GC/MS. The calibration curves was linear with correlation coefficient ($r^2$) above 0.994 in the ranges of 34.0 (AP), 28.0 (MDA)~1000.0 ng/mL for AP, MDA, and 50.0~2000.0 ng/mL for MA, MDMA, and MDEA. The limits of detection ranged from 4.0 to 10.0 ng/mL, and the limits of quantitation ranged from 12.0 to 34.0 ng/mL. The relative recoveries were 93.5~107.7 %. The precisions and accuracies were 1.9~14.8 % and -8.7~14.8 %, respectively. The present method was successfully applied to identify the MA or Ecstasy (MDMA) abusers in exact as well as rapid.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2001.04a
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• pp.220.3-221
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• 2001

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.142-147
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• 2003

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) procedure is presented for the simultaneous qualification and quantitation of methamphetamine (MA), amphetamine (AMP), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), and 3,4-methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDEA) in human hair. The method procedure involves decontamination of hair with distilled water and acetone, acidic hydrolysis, extraction in the presence of deuterated internal standards, and GC-MS analysis after derivatization with trifluoroacetic anhydride (TFAA) in ethylacetate. The limit of detection for 5 drugs were about 0.1∼0.15 ng/mg using 30 mg hair sample. Coefficient variations of correlation ranged from 0.9941 to 0.9993. The recoveries of these drugs were found to be 93.4∼104.4％. The concentrations of AMP, MA, MDA, and MDMA in abusers' hair samples were measured 0.17∼2.88, 2.09∼18.34, 0.24∼3.83, and 3.10∼22.81 ng/mg, respectively. The ratios of MA/AMP and MDMA/MDA ranged 5.67∼49.57 and 4.78∼54.31, respectively. This assay has been successfully utilized in the evaluation of the deposition of amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS) in human hair.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.266-270
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• 2003

We evaluated four commercially available methamphetamine immunoassays for their relative cross-reactivities of amphetamine analogues in human urine: Abbott TDx, Vitalab Selectra and on-site test kits (Accusign MET, SD bioline MET). High cross-reactivities were shown at designer's drugs such as methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDEA) in all of the tested immunoassays. Methoxyphenamine, fenfluramine and phentermine were positive in TDx and Selectra, but were not positive in on-site test kits. Pseudoephedrine, norpseudoephedrine, ephedrine, norephedrine, MDMA, MDA, fenfluramine and phentermine were detected by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry(GC/MS) in false positive urines. Since the overall specificity of any of the devices was not 100％, we found it is important to confirm any positive screening test result, so we developed simultaneous determination of amphetamine analogues in urines. After alkalinization of the urine samples with 6-N NaOH, the analytes were extracted using ethyl acetate, derivatized with pentafluoropropyl anhydride (PFPA) prior at GC/MS analysis.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.145-153
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• 2011

A simultaneous detection and quantification method for determining the Phenylalkylamine derivatives, such as methamphetamine (MA), amphetamine (AM), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), ketamine (KT), norketamine (NKT), phentermine (PT), fenfluramine (FFA) and phenmetrazine (PM), in oral fluid was developed and validated according to international guidelines. The validated method was applied to actual oral fluid samples collected from drug abuse suspects. The recovery of phenylalkylamines from oral fluid collection devices was also assessed. Oral fluid specimens from 20 drug abuse suspects submitted by the police were collected using Salivette$^{TM}$, Quantisal$^{TM}$ or direct expectoration. The samples were screened using a biochip array analyzer. For confirmation, the samples were analyzed by GC-MS in selected-ion monitoring (SIM) mode after extraction using automated SPE with a mixed-mode cation exchange cartridge and derivatization with trifluoroacetic anhydride (TFAA). The results from the immunoassay were consistent with those from GC-MS. All the oral fluid samples gave positive results for MA, AM, PT and/or PM. The detection of phenylalkylamines in oral fluid can provide a better indication of recent use than urine or hair. Therefore, the oral fluid specimen was useful for demonstrating phenylalkylamines abuse in the driving under the influence of drug (DUID) as an alternative specimen for urine.