• Journal of Korea Game Society
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.77-85
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Tetris game on the cognitive abilities of students with mental retardation. Especially, this study focused on the arrangement of figures and the task attention. To do this, 33 students with mental retardation in a middle school participated and were assigned to the two treatment group. The experimental group did the Tetris game three times a week for 4 weeks, but the control group didn't the Tetris game. The experimental group revealed more higher improvement than the control group in the arrangement of figures and the task attention. The Tetris game can be used as an educational program to improve the cognitive abilities of students with mental retardation.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.441-449
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• 1998

For the purpose of knowing oral status of handicapped persons and surveying correlative factors, authors interviewed and inspected 259 persons (cerebral palsy 143, mental retardation 101, Down's syndrome 15) from six year to thirty years old in Kwangju. The results were as follows. 1. The dmf rate and dft index of handicapped persons according to age were lower than that of report of normal persons. 2. The DMF rate and DMFT index of handicapped persons increased with age and were similar to or lower than that of report of normal persons by the age of twenty, but were higher after that age. There was no significant difference between handicaps in DMFT rate. 3. Percentage of toothbrushing by himself or herself was 74% in mental retardation, 69% in Down's syndrome, and 48% in cerebral palsy and the frequency of toothbrushing per day of mental retardation, Down's syndrome was higher than that of cerebral palsy. The frequency of toothbrushing per day increased with age. The number of toothbrushing of handicapped persons was slightly higher than that of report of normal persons. 4. Prevalence of gingivitis was 62% in cerebral palsy, 48% in Down's syndrome and 60% in mental retardation. Prevalence of gingivitis increased with age, and was higher than that of report of normal persons. 5. Percentage of tooth anomaly was 15% in Down's syndrome, 8.5% in mental retardation and 4.9% in cerebral palsy. In this study, dental caries of handicapped persons was similar to or lower than that of normal persons and increased with age. The prevalence of gingivitis was much higher in handicapped persons. Subject or frequency of toothbrushing had no influence on the dental caries and gingivitis, education of oral health and system are needed.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.13-24
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• 2008

Objectives This study was designed to analyze the clinical studies on Mental retardation(MR) in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM). Methods For this study, we searched the clinical studies on MR, which had been published from 2003 to 2007, through web site CNKI(中國知識基礎設施工 http://www.cnki.net). There were 17 clinical studies and we focused on those studies. Results 1. In those Chinese studies, they used following words to describe Mental retardation; 小人弱智($xi\check{a}o\acute{e}rru\grave{o}zh\grave{i}$), 智能發育不全($zh\grave{i}n\acute{e}ngf\bar{a}y\grave{u}buqu\acute{a}n$), 智力低下($zh\grave{i}l\grave{i}d\bar{i}xi\grave{a}$), 精神發育遲滯($j\bar{i}ngsh\acute{e}f\bar{a}y\grave{u}ch\acute{i}zh\grave{i}$), 智能落后($zh\grave{i}n\acute{e}nglu\grave{o}h\grave{o}u$), 智能落后($zh\grave{i}n\acute{e}ngch\acute{i}hu\check{a}n$), 失天愚型患人($xi\bar{a}nti\bar{a}ny\acute{u}x\acute{i}nghu\grave{a}n'\acute{e}r$). 2. There were many kinds of TCM treatment methods for MR, such as herbal medicine, acupuncture, electroacupunture, acupoint injection, Chuna therapy, and special education. And those TCM treatments methods showed higher efficacies in the treatment of MR compared with Western medicine. 3. Mental retardation was related with the deficiency of heart, kidney, liver, spleen(心虛, 腎虛, 肝虛, 脾虛) and the pathological mechanism of Phlegm(絹) and Blood stasis(慫沂)in the studies about the Bian Zheng-the types of differential diagnosis- of MR. 4. Most of studies used Intelligence Quotient(IQ) to assess the efficacy of TCM treatment of MR. And the duration of treatment, the degree of illness, the age of patient, and the cause of illness affected the prognosis of MR. Conclusions These results suggest that traditional medicine could be one of the useful treatments on MR. And these results could be used in the clinical practices and studies on MR in Korea.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.49 no.10
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• pp.1026-1030
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• 2006

Mental retardation(MR) is one of the most common developmental disabilities, which is characterized by deficits in intellectual and adaptive functions. Most children with MR have cognitive limitation in the mild range. With respect to the etiology, it is believed that genetic and environmental factors are interrelated and show variable pictures. Most children with MR present with speech and language delay during the early years. The diagnosis can be made by clinical features and neuropsychological tests of intelligence and adaptive functioning. The treatment is limited, but many associated problems are amenable to multidisciplinary interventions. The article will review the recent advances in the management of MR and other neurodevelopmental disorders in children.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.501-507
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• 2009

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is caused by a lack of the fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) due to silencing of the Fmr1 gene. As an RNA binding protein, FMRP is thought to contribute to synaptic plasticity by regulating plasticity-related protein synthesis and other signaling pathways. Previous studies have mostly focused on the roles of FMRP within the hippocampus - a key structure for spatial memory. However, recent studies indicate that FMRP may have a more general contribution to brain functions, including synaptic plasticity and modulation within the prefrontal cortex. In this brief review, we will focus on recent studies reported in the prefrontal cortex, including the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). We hypothesize that alterations in ACC-related plasticity and synaptic modulation may contribute to various forms of cognitive deficits associated with FXS.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.22 no.2 s.26
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• pp.215-222
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• 1989

The relationship between cadmium level and mental retardation was investigated. The 297 subjects with mental retardation were drawn from two schools providing special educational services, one, consisted of children living in an orphan home, another, children with parents. The 117 control subjects were drawn from whom had got average or above average academic achivement in a general elementary school. Hair sample was taken from the nape of the neck and the cadmium and zinc analysis were carried out on an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (IL 551). Children in the retarded group had significantly higher cadmium levels compared with control but not in zinc levels. There was no relationship between metal concentrations and age except control male group, which showed significant positive linear relationship in zinc, and there was no difference between sex in both metal except the male orphan group in cadmium. In the orphan group, there was relationship between severity of retardation and cadmium concentration in both sex but not in retarded children with parents. No difference in cadmium levels between the group with Down's syndrome, one of causes of mental retardation, and the control group suggested the cadmium as a possible cause of mental retardation. In the case of accompanying autism, zinc level was significantly lower than that of other accompanying diseases. Although not establishing an etiologic relationship, findings of this study suggest that there are some influeces of cadmium on mental retardation, and call for a continuing study.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.123-127
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• 2003

Cornelia de Lange syndrome is a dysmorphogenic disorder characterized by multiple congenital abnormalities, mental retardation, growth retardation and neurodevelopmental abnormalities. Diagnosis for the Cornelia de Lange syndrome is dependent on the clinical observation because neither definite biological marker nor definite chromosomal abnormality have been investigated. Clinical observation is important for the diagnosis, so we report a case of Corenelia de Lange syndrome with mental retardation and autistic disorder. The patient is a 6-year old girl. Her motor development and language development have been delayed. She could say no meaningful word and understood simple command partially. She showed poor eye contact and poor emotional interaction. Social interaction was impaired and she Showed stereotypic behaviors. Thus we diagnosed her as mental retardation with autistic disorder. She had vesicoureteral reflux, frequent upper respiratory infection and pneumonia. She had experienced febrile convulsions 4 times. She had short stature, confluent eyebrows, long eyelashes, and upturned nose with anteverted nostrils. She also showed low hairline and hypertrichosis in body and extremities. Her finger was short. In this case, we diagnosed Cornelia de Lange syndrome by her characteristic face, hypertrichosis and medical and behavioral problems that were frequently showed in this syndrome.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.12 no.8
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• pp.484-495
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of game-based-digital textbook on the basic arithmetic abilities and the task attention of students with mental retardation. To do this, 38 students with mental retardation participated and were assigned to the three groups. The first group only used the traditional text book, the second group only used the game-based-digital textbook, and the third group used both the traditional textbook and the game-based-digital textbook. The third group using both the traditional textbook and the game-based-digital textbook revealed more higher improvement than the other two groups in the basic arithmetic and the task attention.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.27-43
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• 2009

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to examine the oral health state of disabled people with mental retardation in an attempt to pave the way for oral health care planning geared toward the disabled. Subjects and Method : The subjects in this study were 46 mentally retarded people who attended rehabilitation centers for the disabled in the city of Wonju, Gangwon Province. After a survey was conducted, the collected data were analyzed with SPSS 13.0 program, and frequency analysis, percentage, ANOVA and t-test were utilized. Results : The findings of the study were as follows: 1. The simplified oral hygiene index of the mentally retarded people was 1.32, which was on the average. 2. The decayed teeth index and decayed teeth rate of the mentally retarded people were respectively 13.48 and 48.13 percent, which were above the average. 3. The decayed surface index and decayed surface rate of the mentally retarded people were respectively 27.17 and 17.39 percent. 4. The simplified debris index of the mentally retarded people significantly varied with gender(p<.01), and missing teeth index(p<.05) and missing surface index differed significantly with age. Filled surface index was significantly different according to the region. Conclusion : The findings of the study illustrated that their indexes related dental caries experience were high. In order to promote the oral health of the disabled with mental retardation, prolonged research should be implemented, and a dental checkup should be carried out on a regular basis by specialists. Preventive care and early treatment should be provided, and the development of customized oral health education programs tailored to different sorts of disabilities and oral health control methods is required.

• The Journal of Korea Assosiation for Disability and Oral Health
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.76-80
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• 2015

Mental retardation is one of the major disorders covered in special care dentistry. Patients show poor oral health and are a challenge for the dentist due to lack of cooperation. Triazolam is a short-acting benzodiazepine and has been used in the dental office for many years because of its favorable properties. In this study, five patients with mental retardation were sedated with triazolam on a dental out-patient setting. Patients were administrated with 0.25 mg or 0.5 mg of triazolam on the first dose according to the patient's cooperation. Twenty minutes after the initial dose, patients received 0.25 mg of triazolam. Triazolam was administrated sublingually to one patient and orally to four patients. Hydroxyzine was also administrated to three patients in order to prevent nausea and vomiting. All patients were inhaled with 50% nitrous oxide during the sedation. Treatment time ranged from 20 minutes to 55 minutes. Two patients showed paradoxical reactions and were administrated with intramuscular injections of flumazenil. In result, depending on the range of dental treatment and level of intellectual disability, we can assume that triazolam may be beneficial for sedation in disabled patients.