협업필터링 추천은 다양한 분야에서 활용되고 있지만 트랜잭션 데이터의 성격에 따라 추천 성능에 현저한 차이를 보이고 있다. 기존 연구에서는 이러한 추천 성능의 차이가 나타나는 이유에 대한 설명을 구체적으로 제시하지 못하고 있고 이에 따라 추천 성능의 예측 또한 연구된 바가 없다. 본 연구는 사회네트워크분석과 인공신경망 모형을 이용하여 협업필터링 추천시스템의 성능을 예측하고자 한다. 본 연구의 목적을 달성하기 위해 국내 백화점의 트랜잭션 데이터를 기반으로 형성되는 고객간 사회 네트워크의 구조적 지표를 측정한 후 이를 기반으로 인공신경망 모형을 구축하고 검증한다. 본 연구는 협업필터링 추천 성능을 예측할 수 있는 새로운 모형을 제시하였다는 점에서 그 의의가 있으며 이를 통해 기업들의 협업필터링 추천시스템 도입에 대한 의사결정에 도움을 줄 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.
비정질 합금인 CoSiB과 비자성체 Pd을 이용하여 CoSiB/Pd 다층박막을 제작하고, 그 자기적인 특성을 분석하였다.
It is the purpose of this study to make clear the way in which people can lead a more desirable human life, that is, to ascertain the method of achieving therapeutic change through transaction between nurses and psychiatric patients. The various problems proposed by th9 above-stated aims of study can be shown, such as: What kind of influences does the method of a nurse′s communication have upon the response of psychiatric patients? 1) What are the general methods of communication used by the nurses? 2) Are there any differences between the control group and experimental group in the patients′ "Child" response? 3) Are there any differences between the control group and experimental group in the Patients "Adult" response? 4) What is the most desirable method of communication for therapeutic change in the patients? In an effort to solve the above questions this study attempted and managed to draw a random sampling of 200 patients being accommodated in the National Mental Hospital by dividing them into two groups, experimental groups and control groups, and recording the transactions between nurses and patients. In the course of carrying,: out this study, the experimental group was interviewed by the nurses specially trained In the P.A.C theory. and the control group interviewed at random by the nurses with no special training in communication. Further, the communication between nurses and patients in a free, relaxed atmosphere was allowed only for 15 minutes, whereupon the nurses were requested to make process-recording according to her memory of nurse patient transaction. The process-recording which recorded a series ol transactions between the nurses and the patients was analyzed according to Berne and Harris′transactional Analysis Standard. Through this standard, the writer of this study examined the significance of difference to compare the transactions brought forth between the experimental group and the control group. The following is a summary of the study which the writer of this thesis undertook. Hypothesis to The method of communication which the nurses usually apply to the patients will be higher in "Parent" than in "Adult". The communication which the nurses carried out in the control group turned out to be not significant between "Adult" and "Parent" Accordingly hypothesis 1. carne to be rejected. Hypothesis 2. The patients "Adult" response will be higher in the experimental group than in the control group. According to the result of a CR examination, as the communication showed a significant difference on P〈.01 level′ hypothesis 2 became affirmative. Hypothesis 3. The patients′"Child" response will be higher in the control group than in the experimental group. Hypothesis 3 proved affirmative since it showed an significant degree on P〈.01 level according to the result of a CR examination. Hypothesis 4 "Adult" response of the patient will be higher in frequency by nurses′"Adult" stimulus than nurse′s "Parent" stimulus Chi-square examination revealed significant difference on P〈.05 level. Hypo. 4 is affirmed. The following conclusions are drawn out based on the result of this study. 1) The generally used method of communication stimulus used by nurses for patients proved to be "Adult" and "Parent" in similar proportion. 2) The group in which the nurses could increase the patients "Adult" response proved to be higher in the experimental group than in the control group. Therefore, the communication (or stimulus) which has been applied in the experimental group can be said to be possible method of achieving therapeutic change. 3) Since the patients′"Child" response were higher in the control group than in the experimental group the communication method used In the control group was suggested as the less agreeable method of achieving therapeutic change than that used in the experimental Group. 4) "Adult" response of patient was elicited in significantly greater percentage when the "Adult" stimulus was used by the nurse. Therefore the most desirable method of-communication to give therapeutic change definitely was shown to be the "Adult" stimulus. Recommendations for further studies are as follows: 1) Studies on nurses′role perception in nurse-patient relationships. 2) Studies on patients′response to the method of communication used by nurses according to variables such as sex, social status, educational background, state of health. 3) Application of T.A, method to various groups of patients. 4) Study of various methods to improve student skill in use of process recording.
활성화함수의 선택은 인공신경망(Artificial Neural Network, ANN) 모델의 지하수위 예측성능에 큰 영향을 미친다. 특히 제주도의 중산간 지역과 같이 지하수위의 변동폭이 크고 변동양상이 복잡한 경우 적절한 지하수위 예측을 위해서는 다양한 활성화함수의 비교분석을 통한 최적의 활성화함수 선택이 반드시 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 지하수위의 변동폭이 크고 변동양상이 복잡한 제주도 표선유역 중산간지역 2개 지하수위 관측정을 대상으로 5개의 활성화함수(sigmoid, hyperbolic tangent (tanh), Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU), Leaky Rectified Linear Unit (Leaky ReLU), Exponential Linear Unit (ELU))를 ANN 모델에 적용하여 지하수위 예측결과를 비교 및 분석하고 최적 활성화함수를 도출하였다. 그리고 최근 널리 사용되고 있는 순환신경망 모델인 Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) 모델의 결과와 비교분석하였다. 분석결과 지하수위 변동폭이 상대적으로 큰 관측정과 상대적으로 작은 관측정에 대한 지하수위 예측에 대해서는 각각 ELU와 Leaky ReLU 함수가 최적의 활성화함수로 도출되었다. 반면 sigmoid 함수는 학습기간에 대해 5개 활성화함수 중 예측성능이 가장 낮았으며 첨두 및 최저 지하수위 예측에서 적절하지 못한 결과를 도출하였다. 따라서 ANN-sigmoid 모델은 가뭄기간의 지하수위 예측을 통한 지하수자원 관리목적으로 사용할 경우 주의가 필요하다. ANN-ELU와 ANN-Leaky ReLU 모델은 LSTM 모델과 대등한 지하수위 예측성능을 보여 활용가능성이 충분히 있으며 LSTM 모델은 ANN 모델들 보다 예측성능이 높아 인공지능 모델의 예측성능 비교분석 시 참고 모델로 활용될 수 있다. 마지막으로 학습기간의 정보량에 따라 학습기간의 지하수위 예측성능이 검증 및 테스트 기간의 예측성능보다 낮을 수 있다는 것을 확인하였으며, 관측지하수위의 변동폭이 크고 변동양상이 복잡할수록 인공지능 모델별 지하수위 예측능력의 차이는 커졌다. 본 연구에서 제시한 5개의 활성화함수를 적용한 연구방법 및 비교분석 결과는 지하수위 예측뿐만 아니라 일단위 하천유출량 및 시간단위 홍수량 등 지표수 예측을 포함한 다양한 연구에 유용하게 사용될 수 있다.
The purpose of this study is to examine the possibility of thermal injury to bone tissues during an implant site preparation under the same condition as a typical clinical practice of
목적 : Small-scalled PACS, Pc-based PACS로 표현되는 MicroPACS 시스템 구축에 대한 관심도가 급격하게 증가하고 있는 추세이다. MicroPACS 시스템은 PACS를 작은 규모에서 사용할 수 있도록 구성해놓은 것이고, 이 시스템을 구성하기 위해서는 DICOM viewer나 연결프로그램 등이 필요하다. 이것은 공개소스프로그램(Open Source Program)을 통해서 어느 누구나 쉽게 무료로 다운로드를 받을 수 있게 되어있다. 본 논문은 Open source program으로 MicroPACS를 직접 구성해보았고, 저장매체로서의 활용가치를 측정하기위하여 성능, 안정성 측면에서 기존의 광 저장매체(CD, DVDRAM)와 비교 분석하였다. 실험재료 및 방법 : 1. 소형 PACS를 구축하기 위해서 먼저 다음 기준에 맞는 DICOM Server Software를 검색한다. (1) 윈도우체제에서 사용가능할 것. (2) Free ware일 것. (3) PET/CT scanner와 호환되어야 할 것. (4) 사용하기 쉬워야 할 것. (5) 저장의 한계가 없어야 할 것. 2. (1) MicroPACS의 성능을 평가하기 위해 환자 1명의 Data (
In collaborative tagging systems such as Delicious.com and Flickr.com, users assign keywords or tags to their uploaded resources, such as bookmarks and pictures, for their future use or sharing purposes. The collection of resources and tags generated by a user is called a personomy, and the collection of all personomies constitutes the folksonomy. The most significant need of the folksonomy users Is to efficiently find useful resources or experts on specific topics. An excellent ranking algorithm would assign higher ranking to more useful resources or experts. What resources are considered useful In a folksonomic system? Does a standard superior to frequency or freshness exist? The resource recommended by more users with mere expertise should be worthy of attention. This ranking paradigm can be implemented through a graph-based ranking algorithm. Two well-known representatives of such a paradigm are Page Rank by Google and HITS(Hypertext Induced Topic Selection) by Kleinberg. Both Page Rank and HITS assign a higher evaluation score to pages linked to more higher-scored pages. HITS differs from PageRank in that it utilizes two kinds of scores: authority and hub scores. The ranking objects of these pages are limited to Web pages, whereas the ranking objects of a folksonomic system are somewhat heterogeneous(i.e., users, resources, and tags). Therefore, uniform application of the voting notion of PageRank and HITS based on the links to a folksonomy would be unreasonable, In a folksonomic system, each link corresponding to a property can have an opposite direction, depending on whether the property is an active or a passive voice. The current research stems from the Idea that a graph-based ranking algorithm could be applied to the folksonomic system using the concept of mutual Interactions between entitles, rather than the voting notion of PageRank or HITS. The concept of mutual interactions, proposed for ranking the Semantic Web resources, enables the calculation of importance scores of various resources unaffected by link directions. The weights of a property representing the mutual interaction between classes are assigned depending on the relative significance of the property to the resource importance of each class. This class-oriented approach is based on the fact that, in the Semantic Web, there are many heterogeneous classes; thus, applying a different appraisal standard for each class is more reasonable. This is similar to the evaluation method of humans, where different items are assigned specific weights, which are then summed up to determine the weighted average. We can check for missing properties more easily with this approach than with other predicate-oriented approaches. A user of a tagging system usually assigns more than one tags to the same resource, and there can be more than one tags with the same subjectivity and objectivity. In the case that many users assign similar tags to the same resource, grading the users differently depending on the assignment order becomes necessary. This idea comes from the studies in psychology wherein expertise involves the ability to select the most relevant information for achieving a goal. An expert should be someone who not only has a large collection of documents annotated with a particular tag, but also tends to add documents of high quality to his/her collections. Such documents are identified by the number, as well as the expertise, of users who have the same documents in their collections. In other words, there is a relationship of mutual reinforcement between the expertise of a user and the quality of a document. In addition, there is a need to rank entities related more closely to a certain entity. Considering the property of social media that ensures the popularity of a topic is temporary, recent data should have more weight than old data. We propose a comprehensive folksonomy ranking framework in which all these considerations are dealt with and that can be easily customized to each folksonomy site for ranking purposes. To examine the validity of our ranking algorithm and show the mechanism of adjusting property, time, and expertise weights, we first use a dataset designed for analyzing the effect of each ranking factor independently. We then show the ranking results of a real folksonomy site, with the ranking factors combined. Because the ground truth of a given dataset is not known when it comes to ranking, we inject simulated data whose ranking results can be predicted into the real dataset and compare the ranking results of our algorithm with that of a previous HITS-based algorithm. Our semantic ranking algorithm based on the concept of mutual interaction seems to be preferable to the HITS-based algorithm as a flexible folksonomy ranking framework. Some concrete points of difference are as follows. First, with the time concept applied to the property weights, our algorithm shows superior performance in lowering the scores of older data and raising the scores of newer data. Second, applying the time concept to the expertise weights, as well as to the property weights, our algorithm controls the conflicting influence of expertise weights and enhances overall consistency of time-valued ranking. The expertise weights of the previous study can act as an obstacle to the time-valued ranking because the number of followers increases as time goes on. Third, many new properties and classes can be included in our framework. The previous HITS-based algorithm, based on the voting notion, loses ground in the situation where the domain consists of more than two classes, or where other important properties, such as "sent through twitter" or "registered as a friend," are added to the domain. Forth, there is a big difference in the calculation time and memory use between the two kinds of algorithms. While the matrix multiplication of two matrices, has to be executed twice for the previous HITS-based algorithm, this is unnecessary with our algorithm. In our ranking framework, various folksonomy ranking policies can be expressed with the ranking factors combined and our approach can work, even if the folksonomy site is not implemented with Semantic Web languages. Above all, the time weight proposed in this paper will be applicable to various domains, including social media, where time value is considered important.
The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70
The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70