• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.337-342
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• 2009

Acquired pigmentary skin diseases such as abnormal melanogenesis, vitiligo, chloasma and inflammatory pigmentation are related to regulate the melanin production, In this study, an ethanol extract of Hovenia dulcis Thunb.(EHD) makedly inhibited melanin biosynthesis and suppressed, the protein expression of tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein 1(TRP-1), and tyrosinase-related protein 2(TRP-2) in B16F10 cells. On the other hand, EHD did not inhibit mushroom tyrosinase activity. These results indicate that EHD may contribute to the inhibition of melanin biosynthesis through regulating tyrosinase activity and expression, and serve as a new candidate in the design of new skin-whitening or therapeutic agents.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.938-944
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• 2005

Down-regulation of melanin synthesis is required for recovery of pigmentary disorders and it is known that direct inhibitors of tyrosinase suppress melanin synthesis. We screened several oriental medicinal plants using B16/Fl0 cells and found that the methanolic extract of Cnidii Rhizoma down-regulated melanin synthesis effectively. Although the proliferation of Bl6/Fl0 cells was decresed by the methanolic extract of Cnidii Rhizoma, it did not appear necrosis. Bl6/F10 cells incubated with the methanolic extract of Cnidii Rhizoma showed reduced pigmentation and tyrosinase activity. Western blotting revealed that the amount of tyrosinase was decreased by the methanolic extract of Cnidii Rhizoma. These results suggest that the inhibitary effect of the methanolic extract of Cnidii Rhizoma on melanogenesis is due to the suppression of tyrosinase in Bl6/F10 cells and Cnidii Rhizoma is a candidate for an efficient whitening agent.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.199-211
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• 2002

Acquired pigmentary skin diseases such as abnormal melanogenesis, vitiligo, chloasma and inflammatory pigmentation are related to regulate the melanin production. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Codonopsis lanceolata on the melanogenesis of HM3KO human melanoma cells biologically. The cells were treated for 5 days with Codonopsis lanceolata at several concentrations. Treatment with Codonopsis lanceolata suppressed melanin contents as a dose dependent manner without cytotoxicity and morphological change. And the extract of Codonopsis lanceolata also inhibited tyrosinase, a key enzyme forming melanin, in a dose-dependent manner. And it did not affect the DOPAchrome tautomerase(TRP-2) activity. These results suggest that Codonopsis lanceolata is a candidate for an efficient whitening agent which supresses melanogenesis by a Raper-Mason pathway.

• 대한심미치과학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.53-58
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• 2021

치은의 매력 필수 요소로는 잇몸의 색상, 형태 그리고 치아와 잇몸 경계부의 형태와 위치 등에 따라 아름다운 모습인지 아닌지에 따라 결정된다. 치은의 일반적인 아름다움과 균형감 그리고 건강하다는 기준을 받아 들이는 것은 모두 다르지만 치은의 색상 만큼은 분홍빛의 건강한 치은 색상이 검거나 갈색의 치은 보다는 좀 더 심미적이라고 생각하는 기준은 모두 비슷하다고 할 수 있다. 비교적 간단한 소수술로 검거나 갈색인 잇몸의 색을 아름다운 핑크색으로 바꾸는 치은착색 제거술을 진행한다면 좀 더 자신 있는 미소를 가질 수 있도록 도움을 줄 수 있다. 건강한 잇몸의 색은 연분홍색에서 진한 푸르스름한 보라색까지 다양하다. 이러한 정상적인 한계 사이에는 주로 혈관 공급, 상피 두께, 각질화 정도, 상피 내 색소의 존재에 따라 많은 색 변화가 관찰된다. 멜라닌, 카로틴, 감소된 헤모글로불린, 옥시헤모글로불린은 구강 점막의 정상적인 색상에 기여하는 주요 색소들이다. 잇몸의 건강과 형태는 매력적인 미소의 필수 요소다. 빈번하게 발생되는 착색증은 상피의 기저층과 초기저층에 있고 멜라노솜의 형태로 저장되는 멜라닌 침전물이 과도하게 발생하기 때문이다. 이런 착색을 제거하는 술식은 매우 다양하지만 본 증례에서는 Er;YSGG 레이저를 이용한 치은 색소침착을 제거하였으며 다소 임상적인 경험을 얻어 이에 공유 하는 바이다.

• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.27-41
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• 2016

Objectives : The purpose of this research is to understand melanin with both Korean and Western medicine.Methods : We investigated the comprehension of melanin in both western and Korean medicine through literature review and studied relationships between melanin and five viscera(五臟), especially liver(肝), spleen(脾), kidney(腎). We Also studied representative pigmentary disorders(melasma, vitiligo) in western and Korean medicine to figure out how to understand pigmentary disorders in oriental medicine.Results : The results are as follows. 1. Melanin is associate with liver, because free coursing(疎泄) function of liver is the origin of transport melanin to keratinocyte from melanocyte. Also, melanogenesis factors like MITF and CREB are closely associated with liver and pigmentary disorders occur frequently after stress conditions or women. 2. Melanin is absorbed and scattered in keratinocytes by the function of spleen. Pigmentary disorders result from failure of spleen and formation of phlegm-retained fluid(痰飮). 3. Kidney essence(腎精) is the origin of melanin formation. In addition, corticosteroid, the major hormone of melanogenesis is secreted by adrenalin and adrenalin belongs to kidney(腎) in Korean medicine. 4. Melasma is created by disorder of melanin transport and absorbtion, so melasma is associated liver (肝) and spleen(脾). Therefore the treatment for melasma may focus on improvement function of liver and spleen. 5. The destruction of melanocyte or abnormal melanogenesis by disorder of the immune system, metabolic and affective disorders can make vitiligo, so vitiligo is associated with liver and kidney which are major part of melanin formation. Therefore the treatment of vitiligo can focus on improvement function of liver(肝) and kidney(腎).Conclusion : We compared Korean and western medicine to understand melanin. We also interpreted the mechanism of melanin and pigmantary disorders in western medicine and considered the relationship with visceral manifestation theory(臟象論) in traditional Korean medicine. Further studies are needed to apply comprehension of melanin to clinical stage.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.15-26
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• 2021

Peptides are short chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. They are widely used as effective and biocompatible active ingredients in cosmetic industry. In this study, we developed novel peptide mixture and identified its anti-pigmentation effect on melanocytes and keratinocytes. Our results revealed that peptide mixture inhibited melanosome biogenesis through the regulation of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor, a key factor of melanogenesis in melanocytes. And we observed that peptide mixture inhibited melanosome uptake through the reduction of protease-activated receptor 2, a phagocytosis-related receptor in keratinocytes. Furthermore, peptide mixture activated autophagy system resulting in degradation of transferred melanosomes in keratinocytes. The anti-pigmentation effect of multi-targeting peptide mixture was assessed in a human skin equivalent model (MelanoDerm). Melanin contents in epidermal layer were significantly decreased by topical treatment of peptide mixture, suggesting that it can be applied as a novel cosmetics material having a whitening function.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.231-239
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• 2024

Methyl anthranilate (MA) is a botanical fragrance used in food flavoring with unexplored potential in anti-pigment cosmetics. MA dose-dependently reduced melanin content without affecting cell viability, inhibited dendrite elongation and melanosome transfer in the co-culture system of human melanoma cells (MNT-1) and human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT), and downregulated melanogenic genes, including tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein 1 and 2 (TRP-1, TRP-2). Additionally, MA decreased cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production and exhibited a significant anti-pigmentary effect in Melanoderm^TM. These results suggest that MA is a promising anti-pigmentary agent for replacing or complementing existing anti-pigmentary cosmetics.

• Journal of Photoscience
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.209-212
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• 2002

Cutaneous hyperpigmentation is a well-known consequence of both acute and chronic X-irradiation, although the molecular mechanisms involved are not well understood. Recently, protein kinase C-$\beta$ (PKC-$\beta$) was shown to activate tyrosinase, a key and the rate-limiting enzyme in melanogenesis [1]. In this study, we have investigated its role in mediating ionizing radiation-induced pigmentation by exposing cultured human melanocytes to X-irradiation. Increased tyrosinase activity after the 4 Gys exposure was observed within 48 hrs and total melanin content doubled after 7 days. Interestingly, tyrosinase mRNA level was not affected by X-irradiation. However, there was a 2-3 fold increase in PKC-$\beta$ mRNA after 48 hours of irradiation, coinciding with the increase in tyrosinase activity. This induction was not due to non-specific heat generated during the irradiation because when melanocytes were incubated at 4$0^{\circ}C$, there was no induction of PKC-$\beta$ mRNA. Taken together, these data suggest that X-irradiation induces cutaneous hyperpigmentation, at least in part, by up-regulating the level of PKC-$\beta$.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.201-207
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• 2011

Purpose: The aim of this study is to compare two different gingival depigmentation techniques using an erbium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Er:YAG) laser and rotary instruments. Methods: Two patients with melanin pigmentation of gingiva were treated with different gingival depigmentation techniques. Ablation of the gingiva by Er:YAG laser was performed on the right side, and abrasion with a rotary round bur on the opposite side. Results: The patients were satisfied with the esthetically significant improvement with each method. However, some pigment still remained on the marginal gingival and papilla. The visual analog scale did not yield much difference between the two methods, with slightly more pain on the Er:YAG laser treated site. Conclusions: The results of these cases suggest that ablation of the gingiva by an Er:YAG laser and abrasion with a rotary round bur is good enough to achieve esthetic satisfaction and fair wound healing without infection or severe pain. Prudent care about the gingival condition, such as the gingival thickness and degree of pigmentation along with appropriate assessment is needed in ablation by the Er:YAG laser procedure.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.151-167
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• 2003

Melanin biosynthesis is a human defense mechanism to protect skin from UV irradiation and also determines colors of hair and skin. However, as a interest on skin-whitening increases, researches to prevent pigmentation and hypersynthesis of melanin in skin are being actively in progress. Active components used as a whitening agent in cosmeceuticals are kojic acid, arbutin, vitamin C and hydroquinone. However, until now, because comparison researches among them in the aspect of both melanin formation and cellular toxicity have not been performed, we can't exactly estimate merits and defects of them as a whitening agent. To this end, we performed experiments to compare their effects on cell viability and melanin formation. As a first step, in vitro tyrosinase inhibition assay was done. While kojic acid and hydroquinone showed strong inhibition activities(their IC$\_$50/s are all < 100uM), arbutin and vitamin C showed weak activities. IC$\_$50/s of arbutin and vitamin C are 100uM and 400∼500uM, respectively. In B16BL6 melanoma cells, like in vitro tyrosinase inhibition assay, arbutin and kojic acid showed more strong inhibition effect on melanin synthesis than vitamin C. And unlike arbutin, vitamin C and kojic acid induced cell death at high concentration. Although arbutin showed no cytotoxicity, it has side effect to induce morphological change at high concentration.. In this paper, we suggest both kojic acid and arbutin have stronger ability to inhibit melanogenesis than vitamin C. And they also have side effect, that is, kojic acid induces cell death like vitamin C and arbutin changes cell morphology respectively.