• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.169-173
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• 2007

During laser irradiation, mechanically deformed cartilage undergoes a temperature dependent phase transformation resulting in accelerated stress relaxation. Clinically, laser-assisted cartilage reshaping may be used to recreate the underlying cartilaginous framework in structures such as ear, larynx, trachea, and nose. Therefore, research and identification of the biophysical transformations in cartilage accompanying laser heating are valuable to identify critical laser dosimetry and phase transformation of cartilage for many clinical applications. quasi-elastic light scattering was investigated using Ho : YAG laser $(\lambda=2.12{\mu}m\;;\;t_p\sim450{\mu}s)$ and Nd:YAG Laser $(\lambda=1.32{\mu}m\;;\;t_p\sim700{\mu}s)$ for heating sources and He : Ne $(\lambda=632.8nm)$ laser, high-power diode pumped laser $(\lambda=532nm)$, and Ti : $Al_2O_3$ femtosecond laser $(\lambda=850nm)$ for light scattering sources. A spectrometer and infrared radiometric sensor were used to monitor the backscattered light spectrum and transient temperature changes from cartilage following laser irradiation. Analysis of the optical, thermal, and quasi-elastic light scattering properties may indicate internal dynamics of proteoglycan movement within the cartilage framework during laser irradiation.

• The Journal of Korea Robotics Society
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.375-384
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• 2020

Today's robots consist of many hardware and software subsystems, depending on the functions needed for specific tasks. Integration of subsystems can require a great deal of effort, as both the communication method and protocol of the subsystem can vary. This paper proposes an expandable robotic system in which all subsystems are integrated under Robot Operation System (ROS) framework. To achieve this, the paper presents a software library, ROS_M, developed to implement the TCP/IP-based ROS communication protocol in different control environments such as MCU and RT kernel based embedded system. Then, all the subsystem including hardware can use ROS protocol consistently for communication, which makes adding new software or hardware subsystems to the robotic system easier. A latency measurement experiment reveals that the system built for loop control can be used in a soft real-time environment. Finally, an expandable mobile manipulator robot is introduced as an application of the proposed system. This robot consists of four subsystems that operate in different control environments.

• International Journal of Contents
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.71-81
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• 2011

This paper is mainly associated with setting out an agenda for the transformation of security by creating a new framework for a security system, which can maximise its effectiveness. Noticeably, this research shows empirically that crimes are getting a major cost to organisations, which if reduced by security and investigations could reap substantial rewards to the finances of an organisation. However, the problem is that the delivery of security is frequently delegated to personnel (e.g. security guards) with limited training, inadequate education, and no real commitment to professionalism - 'sub-prime' security, finally causing security failures. Therefore, if security can be enhanced to reduce the crime cost, this will produce financial benefits to business, and consequently could produce a competitive advantage. For this, the paper basically draws upon Luke's theoretical framework for deconstructing 'power' into three dimensions. Using this three-dimensional approach, the paper further sets out a model of how security can be enhanced, utilising a new Security Risk Management (SRM) model, and how can this SRM model create competitive advantage in business. Finally, this paper ends with the six strategies needed to enhance the quality of security: refiguring as SRM, Professional Staff, Accurate Measurement, Prevention, Cultural Change, and Metrics.

• Journal of Korean Critical Care Nursing
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.50-61
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop a valid tool for measuring the work environment of Korean nurses and test the validity and reliability of the instrument. Methods: This is a methodological study for developing and testing a measurement tool. The conceptual framework for the tool was formed through a literature review and in-depth interviews with clinical nurses. 260 meaningful statements were derived through this process, and 59 of the primary items were generated out of these statements. On the basis of the content validity test, 41 items were selected for the preliminary tool. A total of 350 nurses from 7 hospitals responded to the preliminary questionnaire in October 2011. Results: After the item analysis and the principal component analysis using varimax rotation methods, 11 items were deleted. Considering the conceptual framework and the scree plot, we extracted 4 factors from the final 30 items. These factors were organizational support, head nurse's leadership, support system, and relationship with coworkers, and their total variance was 54.4%. The value of Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ of the final tool was 0.92. Conclusion: The above findings revealed that the Korean Nursing Work Environment Scale (K-NWES) is an appropriate, valid, and reliable tool for evaluating the work environment of Korean nurses. Further research to perform a criterion validity test of the K-NWES is needed.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.791-799
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to investigate the displacements of cast framework by torch soldering and electric soldering techniques. Specimen had two cylinders and connecting bar that had sectioned with 0.3mm gap at mid point. 10 of total specimens were divided into two groups. In torch soldered group, soldering investment block was made and conventional torch solder-ing procedure was carried out. In electric soldered group, electric soldering was carried out on the master cast without soldering investment block by using electric soldering machine(Dentapunkt DP 7, Kulzer, Germany) After soldering procedure, three dimensional coordinates of two centroids of each cylinder were measured by three dimensional coordinate measuring machine. The intercentroidal displacement and global displacement were calculated and then, these values were compared and evaluated. The results were obtained as follows: 1. Intercentroidal distances of specimens decreased after both soldering procedures, and the decrease in intercentroidal distance was greater for torch soldered group than for electric soldered group 2. Global displacements of torch soldered group were greater than those of electric soldered group.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.301-311
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• 2013

This paper proposes a policy-based quality of service (QoS) management framework for adaptive routing decisions. We present an approach considering interior gateway protocol (IGP) for path discovery mechanisms and QoS-aware policies for configuring the network elements. The integration of the aforementioned modules into this policy-based network management (PBNM) system is demonstrated by conducting experiments in a real environment, the hellenic public administration network SYZEFXIS. These experiments combine different traffic conditioning mechanisms through event detectors, consider IP service level agreement mechanisms that interoperate with the PBNM system and analyze the enforcement of IGP and QoS policies. Finally, validation and measurement tools are used to prove the efficiency of this framework. It is shown that this architecture offers significantly increased performance and learning capabilities, while the PBNM system achieves adaptive QoS routing through automated configuration considering the avoidance of suboptimal routing issues or under-performance conditions of the network entities.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.244-254
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• 2011

Purpose: The study was designed to develop an instrument to measure risk factor-related deviant behavior (RFRDB) for the elderly. Methods: The preliminary instrument including 52 items to measure the risk factor-related deviant behavior for the elderly was developed through conceptual framework based literature review. The items were reviewed by experts to reveal the Content Validity Index (CVI). Then, construct validity and reliability were tested using factor analysis, comparative groups, and Cronbach's alpha with data from 233 elderly. Results: Among 52 items, 27 questions in the RFRDB instrument were selected from content validity and 21 questions in the final RFRDB were developed from testing validity and reliability. Results of empirical analysis(retest) of RFRDB were supported by 70% congruity with conceptual framework through literature review. The RFRDB has been completed by validity testing by known-group technique. The final developed RFRDB of the elderly has 21 questions each with a 4-point Likert Scale. Conclusion: The RFRDB may be utilized as a measurement to assess the risk of elderly deviant behavior.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.155-169
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• 2018

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to review the quantitative research literature on measuring caring in order to identify overall trends in measuring caring. Methods: Fifty three papers were selected from four databases including RISS4U, DBpia, KISS, and Korea Med. Results: The number of measuring caring papers has increased since 2000. Approximately 60 % of the total papers were descriptive and correlative design researches with convenience sampling. Jean Waston's theory was the most popular conceptual framework, but much of the research tended to be conducted without any conceptual framework. In that kind of research, 'caring' terms were used without definition. The most frequently used term for the concept of caring was nurses' caring behaviors. Also, 'nurses' was one of the most popular subjects. Thirty six measuring caring instruments were used. Twenty were developed in foreign countries and translated into Korean. The others were developed originally in Korean. Interpersonal Caring Technique - Communication Skills Scale, based on the interpersonal process model, was the most frequently used tool. Among the translated instruments, Coates' Caring Efficacy Scale was the most popular. Some instruments were used without validation. Conclusion: These results provide basic data on measuring caring and indicate directions for further research. In particular, validation studies of measuring caring instruments are needed.

• Journal of Construction Engineering and Project Management
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.45-52
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• 2012

This study introduces a methodology to evaluate different types of non-nuclear technologies to see how they are competitive to the nuclear technology for quality control (QC) and quality assurance (QA) in soil condition measurement for highway pavement construction. The non-nuclear methods including the Electrical Density Gauge (EDG) and the Light Weight Deflectometer (LWD) were tested for their performance against a nuclear gauge, and traditional methods were used as baselines. An innovative way of comparing a deflection gauge to a density gauge was introduced. Results showed that the nuclear gauge generally outperformed the non-nuclear gauge in accuracies of soil density and moisture content measurements. Finally, a framework was developed as a guideline for evaluating various types of non-nuclear soil gauges. From other perspectives rather than accuracy, it was concluded that the non-nuclear gauges would be better alternative to the nuclear gauge when the followings are considered: (1) greater life-cycle cost savings; (2) elimination of intense federal regulations and safety/security concerns; and (3) elimination of licensing and intense training.

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.9-19
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• 2019

Purpose: This study was conducted to comparative evaluate the marginal and internal gap of three-unit metal frameworks(Co-Cr) fabricated by wax milling method and digital light projection method of CAD/CAM systems. Methods: All the specimens were fabricated by three different fabrication methods: conventional wax up with casting(CWC), milled wax block with casting(MWC), digital light projection with casting(DLPC) (n=10 each). The marginal and internal fits of specimens were examined using a replica technique. The light-body silicone thickness was measured at 8 reference points(each abutment: 16 measurements). All measurements were conducted by a stereomicroscope. Digital photo were taken at $150{\times}$ magnification and then analyzed using a measurement software. The Mann-Whitney test was used for analyzing the results. Results: Statistically significant differences were found between the fabrication methods(p<0.001). The mean(SD) is ${\mu}m$ for fabrication methods, the mean marginal fit were recorded respectively, CWC 63(38), MWC group 50(33), DLPC 103(54) and the mean internal fit CWC 96(47), MWC group 116(41), DLPC 138(66). Conclusion : The marginal and internal fit were statistically different according to the fabrication methods(p<0.001). In all fabrication methods, the greatest misfit was found the occlusal area of all specimens.