• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.253-263
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• 2023

The purpose of this study was to analyse factors related to Home Meal Replacement (HMR) use among university students and to determine the dietary quality according to its consumption. A survey on the consumption of HMR and Nutrition Quotient (NQ) was conducted from September to November 2021. The study included 232 university students (88 males, 144 females) from Chungcheong. The proportion of consumption at least once a week was 71.55% for ready-to-eat foods, 55.60% for ready-to-cook foods, 40.95% for fresh-cut products, and 21.12% for meal-kits. The preference ratings were as follows: ready-to-eat foods, 3.77 out of 5 points, meal-kits, 3.53 points, fresh-cut products, 3.52 points, and ready-to-cook foods, 3.45 points. In terms of satisfaction, convenience (4.06 out of 5 points), taste (3.71 points), variety (3.67 points), and food hygiene (3.62 points) were rated the highest. The scores in the moderation NQ were significantly lower in the groups that consumed ready-to-eat foods (p=0.0002), ready-to-cook foods (p=0.0002), and meal-kits (p=0.0068) at least once a week compared to the groups that consumed them less than once a week. In conclusion, the results will serve as basic data for nutrition education for proper consumption of HMR among university students.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.294-304
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• 2016

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Eating out has been reported to have negative effects on nutritional status. However, eating out can include meals prepared at home and eaten outside. Conversely, meals eaten at home can be brought from outside, as take-out and home deliveries have become common in Korea. Thus, we tested whether or not meal preparation location influences daily diet quality. SUBJECTS/METHODS: From the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2007-2009, 4,915 Korean adults (20-64 years) were classified into two groups: home-made meal group (HMG), who ate ${\geq}2$ meals per day prepared at home (n = 4,146), and non-home-made meal group (NHMG), who ate ${\geq}2$ meals per day prepared outside home (n = 769). Daily diet quality was determined by energy intake, nutrient intake, Dietary Variety Score (DVS), and Diet Diversity Score (DDS). RESULTS: Compared to the HMG, the NHMG was more likely to consist of men, single, employed, educated and of a higher economic status (all, P < 0.01). The NHMG showed higher energy intakes (1,776 vs. 2,116 kcal/day) with higher percentages of energy from protein (15 vs. 23%) and fat (14 vs. 16%) and lower intakes of dietary fiber, phosphorus, potassium, niacin, and vitamin C (all, P < 0.01) than the HMG, with some variations among age groups. The NHMG tended to consume foods prepared by frying and grilling and had more one-dish meals such as bibimbap, noodles, and dumplings but also showed higher dietary diversity. CONCLUSIONS: It should be noted that home-made meals do not necessarily guarantee a healthy diet, and the effects of meal preparation location on nutritional status might vary depending on socio-demographic characteristics.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.849-855
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• 2019

Objective: This study was conducted to compare growth performance, nutrient digestibility and meat quality of broilers fed a genetically modified organism (GMO) diet or a non-GMO diet. Methods: A total of 840 broilers with an initial body weight of 43.03 g per chick were randomly allocated into 1 of the following 2 dietary treatments lasted for 32 days (15 broilers per pen with 28 replicates per treatment): i) Trt 1, GMO maize-soybean meal based diet; ii) Trt 2, non-GMO maize soybean meal based diet. Both diets were maize-soybean meal diets. The GMO qualitative analysis, proximate analysis and amino acid analysis of the feed ingredient samples were carried out. Diets were formulated based on a nutrient matrix derived from analysis results. Growth performance was measured on day 0, 7, 17, and 32. And all other response criteria were measured on day 32. Results: The analysis results showed that the total Lys, Met, Thr of non-GMO grains were lower than that of GMO grains, the protein content of GMO soybean meal was higher than that of non-GMO soybean meal. Feed intake and feed conversion rate (FCR) were greater (p<0.05) in broilers provided with non-GMO diet than that of the GMO group from d 17 to 32. A decrease in FCR was observed in birds fed the GMO diet through the entire experiment (p<0.05). No significant impacts on blood profile, meat quality and nutrient digestibility were found in response to dietary treatments throughout the experimental period (p>0.05). Conclusion: These results indicated that non-GMO diet showed a negative effect on growth performance but nutrient digestibility, blood profile, carcass weight and meat quality were not affected by non-GMO diets.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제42권8호
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• pp.169-185
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• 2004

This study was performed to investigate the characteristics of meal patterns among Koreans of different age groups. The study subjects consisted of preschool children (PC), elementary school children (EC), high school students (HS), college students (CS), and adults over 30 years old living in Seoul and the surrounding areas. A dietary survey was conducted using 24-hour recall method from 1996-1998 and data were collected from 2392 subjects. The subjects over 30 years old were classified as 30∼49 years, 50∼69 years, and over 70 years. EC, HS, and CS groups consumed less than 20％ of their total energy intake from breakfast. PC and EC consumed over 30％ of their energy from snacks. In all age groups, the proportion of subjects who skipped a meal was highest for breakfast and lowest for dinner. Especially, 31.4％ of the CS group skipped breakfast. Breakfast and snacks provided higher quality meals than the others when each meal was assessed by the index of nutritional quality (INQ). Especially, lunch of the HS group, each meal of the EC group and subjects over 70 years of age had a lower diet quality than the others did. The major snack items for PC, EC, HS, and CS groups were milk, ice cream, and snack cakes, but those for subjects over 30 years of age were fruits. The PC group obtained 35.5％ of their energy from snacks, but the proportion of snack energy decreased with increasing age. PC and EC groups obtained a great proportion of calcium, vitamin B2, fat, and cholesterol intake from snacks. Snack foods provided 53.2％, 42.4％, 45.4％, and 24.6％ of those nutrients, respectively, for the PC group and 54.2％, 43.5％, 37.4％, and 26.8％, respectively, for the EC group. These results suggested that each age group had specific meal patterns. Especially, breakfast and snack intake seemed to complement overall diet quality. However, more intervention is needed to improve overall dietary nutrition, e.g., efforts to decrease fat and cholesterol proportion and increase breakfast consumption. These dietary characteristics among different age groups present foundation data for the development of methods to resolve the nutritional problems of each age group.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권12호
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• pp.1614-1625
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• 2010

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the use of fish silage prepared from Indian oil sardines, Sardinella longiceps, as partial replacement of soybean meal as a sole source of protein for growing broiler chickens. The main objective of Experiment 1, an ileal digestibility assay, was to assess the nutritional value of fish silage compared with soybean meal for feeding broiler chickens. The two test ingredients, soybean meal and dried fish silage, were incorporated into semi-synthetic diets, as the only component containing protein. The ileal digestibility coefficients of amino acids of fish silage were considerably higher than those of soybean meal (p<0.001). The lower digestibility of amino acids from soybean meal was related to the presence of anti-nutritional factors such as trypsin inhibitors. Fish silage had higher levels of sulphur-containing amino acids than soybean meal. The objective of Experiment 2, a growth study, was to evaluate the effect of feeding fish silage on performance and meat quality characteristics of broiler chickens raised under closed and open-sided housing systems. Four diets containing various levels of fish silage (0, 10, 20 and 30%) were evaluated. Daily feed intake, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio were measured. At the end of Experiment 2, 96 birds were randomly selected and slaughtered to evaluate meat quality characteristics. Housing type had significant effects on feed intake and body weight gain (p<0.01). Birds in the open-sided house consumed 4.7% less amount of feed and gained 10.6% less than their counterparts in a closed house. Birds in both houses fed diets containing 10 and 20% fish silage gained more than birds fed 30% fish silage. The current study produced evidence that fish silage can replace up to 20% of soybean meal in broiler diets without affecting either growth performance or the sensory quality of broiler meat.

• 한국조리학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.115-130
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• 2009

대학교급식은 큰 물가 상승에도 늘 그에 못 미치는 가격 상승이 이루어졌다. 따라서 학교급식의 질적인 하락과 학생들이 학교급식에 대한 신뢰도의 저하는 학교급식의 발전 차원에서 혁신적인 이미지 갱신을 필요로 하며, 학생들이 허용할 수 있는 범위 내에서의 적절한 가격 상승이 요구되어 진다. 따라서 본 연구는 대학교급식의 가격 상승 허용 평가에 관한 연구로 대학급식을 이용하는 학생들의 이용 행태와 이용 식당, 대학급식의 가격대, 대학급식의 경영 형태에 따라 가격 상승 허용율에 영향을 미치는지에 관해 분석하고, 이에 따른 대학급식의 가격수용성에 대하여 알아보고자 하였다. 학생들은 가격의 상승에 대한 민감한 반응을 보이고 있었으며, 학교급식의 가격 상승에 대하여 반대하는 이유는 가격에 비하여 학교급식의 질적인 향상이 이루어지지 않기 때문이 라고 응답하였다. 학교급식의 질은 외부 식당에 비해 학교급식의 가격대의 만족도를 평가한 결과, 학교급식의 질이 낮게 평가되었다. 그러나 학교급식의 가격 수준이 높을수록 외부 식당의 가격에 비해 학교급식이 싸지 않다라고 응답하는 응답자가 많은 것은 학교급식과 외부 식당과의 가격 비교에서 별다른 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 교차분석을 실시한 결과, 대학생들의 이용 행태에 따른 이용 식당과 가격 상승 허용율 간에는 유의적이 차이가 있음을 알 수 있었고, 대학급식 가격대와 가격 상승 허용율 간에는 유의적인 차이가 없음을 알 수 있었으며, 대학급식의 적절한 경영 형태와 가격 상승 허용율 간에 유의적인 차이가 있음을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구에서 외부 식당과 대학 식당을 비교하여 가격 적정과 식당의 질에 대해 평가하였다는 것을 한계점이라 할 수 있다. 그러나 대학생들이 학생 식당을 이용하는 가장 큰 이유 중 두 번째로 중요한 요인이 가격요인이었다는 점에서 앞으로 대학급식의 발전에 기초자료가 될 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.431-440
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• 2011

본 실험은 상황버섯박의 이용방법을 제시하기 위하여 한약제박에 혼합하여 사일리지를 제조하고 그 품질을 조사하였다. 상황버섯박을 사일리지 재료로 사용함에 있어 한약제박에 건물기준으로 0, 15 및 30% 혼합하여 사용하였으며, 수용성 탄수화물의 함량이 적은 것을 보완하기 위하여 당밀을 0, 1 및 2% 첨가하였다. 한약제박에 대한 상황버섯박의 첨가수준이 높아질수록 사일리지의 조단백질과 조지방의 함량이 유의하게 높아지고, ADF 함량은 유의하게 낮아졌다. 사일리지의 pH는 상황버섯박 첨가량이 감소될수록, 당밀 첨가수준이 높아질수록 낮아지는 결과를 보였다. 젖산 함량은 상황버섯박 첨가량이 적을수록, 당밀의 첨가 수준이 높아질수록 많아졌다. 초산함량은 상황버섯박 첨가량이 증가됨에 따라 감소하는 경향이었고, 당밀의 첨가수준이 증가함에 따라 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. 낙산 함량에 있어서는 상황버섯박의 첨가량이 증가함에 따라 감소하는 경향이었고, 당밀 첨가구는 무첨가구에 비하여 유의하게 적은 결과 보였다. 사일리지 중의 미생물 배양은 MRS 배지에 있어서는 상황 버섯박의 첨가수준이 낮을수록, 당밀 첨가수준이 높을수록 총세균수가 많아지는 결과를 나타내었다. PDA 배지에 있어서는 MRS 배지의 결과와는 대조적으로 상황버섯박의 첨가수준이 낮을수록, 당밀 첨가수준이 높을수록 총세균수가 적었다. 사일리지의 $in$ $vitro$ 건물소실율은 상황버섯박 첨가량이 많아짐에 따라서 증가하는 경향이었고, 당밀의 첨가수준이 증가함에 따라 높아지는 경향을 보였다. 결론적으로 사일리지의 제조에 있어 한약제박에 상황버섯박을 첨가하는 것은 사료의 영양가를 향상시키며, 당밀을 첨가하는 것은 사일리지의 유산 함량을 향상시켜 결과적으로 한약제박의 이용성을 증진시킬 수 있다고 생각되며 첨가수준에 있어서는 당밀은 2% 정도로서 충분한 효과를 나타내며, 상황버섯박은 15% 정도 첨가할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.318-327
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• 2002

The purposes of this study were to: a) examine charateristics of foodservice manaegment practices; b) investigate characteristics of recipients; c) analyze foodservice systems; and d) provide feedback for the efficient and effective foodservice management of welfare institutions for the homeless in Korea. A total of 27 sites was analyzed by questionnaire survey. Satatistical data analysis was completed using the SPSS package program for descriptive analysis. As results of site recipients' characteristics, 69% of total sites were males and 31% were female recipients. Average 60% of recipients were from 30 to 50 years old. Major diseases of recipients were high pressure, and obesity. According to the result of foodservice system analysis, the average meal cost per day was about 2,943 won and average food cost percentage was 29%. Average number of meals per day was about 600 meals. Mostl sites had one dietitian and 48.1% of sites had one cook as a full-time employee. In the part of procurement, dietitians were major chargers of sites for purchasing foods. Major purchasing method was the order and delivery contract. About a half of sites used cycle menu system and standardized recipies. Most of sites had recipients' survey systems for evaluating meal satisfaction. Dietitians at sites had problems on lack of cooking professionals and low meal cost budget for providing higher quality of foods to cure recipients. The results suggested that financial and systematical supports by the government would be very necessary to meet the goal of nutritional balanced meal services.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.32-40
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• 2019

BACKGOUND/OBJECTIVES: This study investigated nutritional status of the elderly with dementia in a care facility with the aim of improving the meal quality of the facility. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Data were collected from 30 dementia patients aged more than 65 years in a long-term care facility in Hongseong. The data were obtained from questionnaires and medical records. The food intake data was obtained using food photographs and the nutrient intakes were calculated using the CAN-Pro 5.0. The data were compared with the dietary reference intakes for Koreans (KDRIs). The nutrient density, diet quality such as nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR), mean adequacy ratio (MAR), and index of nutritional quality (INQ), as well as dietary diversity score (DDS) were evaluated. The data were analyzed using SPSS statistical programs. RESULTS: The average daily energy intakes for men and women were much lower than the estimated energy requirements of the KDRIs. The average intakes of energy and most nutrients in the general diet group were significantly higher than those of the other two groups. Significant differences in diet quality and diet diversity were observed according to the meal type groups. The NARs of some minerals (calcium, iron, and zinc) and vitamins (vitamin $B_6$ and folic acid) were less than 0.5 in all study groups. The NARs of protein, iron and MAR of the general diet group were significantly higher than those of the liquid diet group. The DDS scores of meats, fruits and diary food group were very low in all meal type groups, meaning that the diet qualities of the study subjects were not appropriate in all meal type groups. CONCLUSIONS: The food intakes of the study groups showed some limitations by a direct comparison with KDRIs because of the very low physical activities of the study subjects. The diet quality and diet diversity indices suggest the need for improvements in the nutritional quality in all types of diet. Overall, new intervention strategies targeting facility residents with dementia in Korea are needed as soon as possible.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.440-451
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to provide basic information on nutrition education for proper meal purchase habits by conducting a survey on the adolescents' meal purchases, which is gradually increasing nowadays. The survey was conducted on 311 middle school students living in Gyeonggi province. The largest number of students (79.1%) received an allowance under '2,000 won'. Among those students who received a daily allowance, 70.7% of students spent under '1000 won' a day on meal purchases. Most students answered 'meal purchase is necessary'. Of the reasons for thinking that meal purchases are necessary, 'for staving off hunger' took the highest ratio (67.1%). As for standards of food choice, the largest number of students answered 'taste' (57.6%). As for frequency of meal purchases, most students answered 'once or twice a week', and with regard to day of the week, 'weekdays' took the highest ratio. As for possibility of balanced nutrition by meal purchases, the answer 'surely possible' took the highest ratio. Asked whether or not one had learned nutrition education on meal purchases, 73% answered 'no'. Asked about the necessity of nutrition education on meal purchases, 'necessary once' took the highest ratio. The most preferred purchase meals were breads, snacks was ranked second, followed by frozen foods, beverages, fast-foods, rice-cakes, flour-based foods, ice-cream, and fruits. To sum up the results, most students perceived that meal purchases are necessary. However, high quality meal purchases were not achieved, as most of the students did not verify nutrition labeling, and placed emphasis on 'taste'. Further, many students wanted nutrition education on meal purchases while only a few had actually received it. Therefore, systemic, regular, and multilateral nutrition education conducted at home, school, and society will contribute to establishing proper meal purchase habits.