• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제44권6호
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• pp.577-591
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• 2011

A food exchange system for diabetes is a useful tool for meal planning and nutritional education. The first edition of the Korean food exchange lists was developed in 1988 and the second edition was revised in 1995. With recent changes in the food marketplace and eating patterns of Koreans, the third edition of food exchange lists was revised in 2010 by the Korean Diabetes Association, the Korean Nutrition Society, the Korean Society of Community Nutrition, the Korean Dietetic Association and the Korean Association of Diabetes Dietetic Educators through a joint research effort. The third edition is based on nutritional recommendations for people with diabetes and focuses on adding foods to implement personalized nutrition therapy considering individual preferences in diverse dietary environment. Foods were selected based on scientific evidence including the 2007 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data analysis and survey responses from 53 diabetes dietetic educators. While a few foods were deleted, a number of foods were added, with 313 food items in food group lists and 339 food items in the appendix. Consistent with previous editions, the third edition of the food exchange lists included six food categories (grains, meat, vegetables, fats and oils, milk, and fruits). The milk group was subdivided into whole milk group and low fat milk. The standard nutrient content in one exchange from each food group was almost the same as the previous edition. Korea Food & Drug Administration's FANTASY (Food And Nutrient daTA SYstem) database was used to obtain nutrient values for each individual food and to determine the serving size most appropriate for matching reference nutrients values by each food group. The revised food exchange lists were subjected to a public hearing by experts. The third edition of the food exchange lists will be a helpful tool for educating people with diabetes to select the kinds and amounts of foods for glycemic control, which will eventually lead to preventing complications while maintaining the pleasure of eating.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.219-230
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to find out the common characteristics of eating behaviors of the long-lived elderly in order to offer the basic data for establishing dietary guidelines for a long and healthy life for the general population. The subjects were three-hundred elderly people over age 85 living in Kyungpook Sung-ju who have no problems in daily living. The general characteristics, nutrition knowledge and attitudes, meal patterns, and food preferences of the subjects were surveyed by individual intervies. The levels of the nutrition knowledge of the subjects were very low(average score ; 4.3) and the correlation coefficient between their nutrition knowledge and attitude score was also low(r=0.323, p=0.000). Most of the subjects(93%) had a regular meal pattern consuming three meals a day. The major staple food was rice mixed with other grains(75%) and the number of side dishes was mostly under four(99%). A majority(73%) had no habit of overeating and 51% of the subjects were taking snacks besides regular meals. Thirty one percent of the subjects had drinking habits and 80% of the drinking subjects had over 40 years of drinking history. The most common frequencies for intakes of various food groups were ; more than once a day(95%) for vegetables ; 2∼3 times a week(74%) for green and orange color vegetables ; 2∼3 times a week(72%) for fruits ; once a day(70%) for fish, eggs and legumes ; 2∼3 times a week(49%) for milk ; 2∼3 times a week(72%) for fruits ; once a day(70%) for fish, eggs and legumes ; 2-3 times a week(49%) for milk ; 2-3 times a week(85%) for seaweeds and 2-3 times a week(81%) for foods cooked with oil. The most preferred foods by the subjects were white rice(staple foods), soybean paste soup(soups), beef and eggs(meats and eggs), yellow croaker and hair tail(fish and shellfish), yoghurt(milk and milk products), all vegetables except carrot(vegetables), and watermelon(fruits). The popular food preparation methods included mixing with seasonings and the most preferred taste was sweet. The results showed that the eating pattern of long-lived elderly was characterized by regularity, simplicity, and no overeating.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.39-51
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• 2006

This study was conducted to investigate the differences in daily nutrient intakes, dietary habits and nutrition knowledge between male and female college students. Male undergraduate students 004 subjects) and female undergraduate students (229 subjects) , enrolled at H University in Daejeon, were recruited for this study. The mean age of the subjects was 22.9 year in male and 20.4 year in female students. Daily intakes of energy and nutrients were calculated from the records of one day of dietary food intakes by 24-hour recall method, and general information, dietary habits and attitudes, food intake frequency and food preferences and knowledge for food and nutrition were surveyed through a questionnaire. About $70.1\%$ of male and $66.1\%$ of female students were in the normal range of BMI (18.5 - 23), and $25.2\%$ of male students were over-weighted in contrast to $27.7\%$ of female students were underweight. Males and females were taking $77.2\%$ and $77.9\%$ of RDA for energy, respectively, and $54.8\%$ of male and $48.0\%$ of female students were taking energy under $75\%$ of RDA. Many of them showed deficient intakes of calcium, iron, vitamin A and riboflavin. Average of MAR was 0.75 in male and 0.72 in female students. NAR for calcium, iron, vitamin A and riboflavin in male students were 0.55, 0.69,0.75 and 0.61, respectively, compared to 0.53, 0.51, 0.70 and 0.67 in female students. The nutrients, which have INQ less than 1, were calcium and riboflavin in male, compared to calcium, iron, and riboflavin in female students. There were no gender differences in meal regularity and meal skipping rates, but female students showed higher rates of skipping dinner than males (p < 0.001) About $50.8\%$ of female students were ingesting snacks 1 - 2 time/day, compared to $27.1\%$ of male students. For the food intake frequency, fruit group was significantly eating more for female than male students (p< 0.001) Though female students got higher scores for nutritional knowledge test (p < 0.001) than male students, they did not show better dietary habits or dietary attitudes than male students actually. Therefore, a more active and actual education program accustomed to the different genders and ages with focus on real changing of dietary behaviors needs to be developed and run in schools and local departments.

• 대한후두음성언어의학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.141-147
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• 2009

Background and Objectives: Although laryngopharyngeal reflux disease (LPRD) is a widely recognized disease in the field of otolaryngology, controversies still exist regarding the diagnosis and treatment for it. The purpose of this survey was to find out current trends in diagnosis and management of LPRD among Korean otolaryngologists. Materials and Method: Questionnaires were obtained from 26 Korean otolaryngology specialists by electronic balloting, and 46 members of the Korean Society of Head and Neck Surgery (KSHNS) bye-mail. Survey participants were asked about their preferences in diagnostic policy, duration/dosage of antireflux treatment, and their familiarity to the reflux symptom index (RST) and the reflux finding scores (RFS). Results: The majority of the survey participants (64%) preferred empiric therapy trial with proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) based on patients' symptoms and their laryngeal findings. PPIs alone (27%) or PPIs with prokinetics (32%) were usually prescribed as a first line treatment mostly with once daily schedule in the morning before meal and for less than 4 months of duration (86%). More than 90% of participants were aware of the RSI and RFS, but less than 50% of them were actually using those items in the clinics. Conclusion: Most of Korean otolaryngologists who participated in this survey answered that they prefer starting empirical treatments with proton pump inhibitors mainly based on the patient's symptoms and their laryngeal findings.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.417-429
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• 1999

The status of general food service administration and nutrition education was investigated in 111 elementary schools located in Inchon Metropolitan Area by questionnaires. The results are as follows ; 1. Most schools served 5 lunches per week. Meal cost per capita was 1212.1 won in urban type school and 979.0 won in rural type school. Most schools(91.9%) had 1 regular dietitian and 1 regular cook. With increasing number of students the number of temporary employees increased significantly. Most school dietitians(86.5%) were in their twenties and had 2 year careers. 2. Most dietitians(90.1%) planned the menu based on the RDA with the first consideration in nutritional needs of the students. Many dietitians(81.8%) surveyed on the food preferences of the students at least once a year. About 86% of the schools had the food service committee which was helpful. Dietitians were the first one in charge of food purchasing and checking, and sometimes a manager in general school affairs worked together. One third of the schools used the volunteer parents in food services. 3. Most school dietitians(97.2%) gave the students nutrition education using handouts once a week. However, they could not teach the students through the classroom lecture because they are not the regular teachers. Food garbages were removed by the professional trash collecting company or by using fermentation machines or by giving them to animals as feeds. School events concerning the food and nutrition were mostly drawing pictures and composition. Only 36.4% of the school dietitians had experienced in nutrition counseling for an individual student. Most of them(99.1%) thought that individual counseling is necessary if they have enough time and chances to do.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2010

This was conducted to investigate the dietary assessment, food preferences, snack intake, priority order in food purchase, and knowledge of diet of full-time housewives and working housewives through the use of a questionnaire. The participants (127 working housewives and 86 housewives) were selected at random from Seoul and its vicinity. The predominant job reported by working housewives was saleswomen and specialized job (20.7%). The average monthly income of both housewives and working housewives ranged from 3,000,000 to 5,000,000 won. Forty percent of housewives consumed more meat, fish, eggs, beans, and tofu, while 50.0% of housewives ate vegetables other than kimchi at every meal, 51.2% of housewives consumed one serving of fruit and one cup of fruit juice, 45.3% of housewives consumed three regular meals, and 60.5% of housewives consumed a balanced diet when compared with working housewives (p<0.05). Working housewives consumed beverages, ice cream, milk, and dairy products, while housewives consumed breads, sweet potato, potato, and fruit as snacks. The preference that most often led to food selection was flavor among working housewives (67.7%) and housewives (64.0%). Both working housewives and housewives always confirmed the day of food production. Generally, housewives were more interested in learning about food, creating a dietary plan, nutrient loss during cooking and reducing waste food when compared with working housewives. Housewives appeared to have better dietary assessment and knowledge than working housewives. Accordingly, it is advisable to prepare more systemic education programs for working housewives.

• 한국주거학회논문집
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.131-139
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• 2007

The aim of this paper is to find out different preference of common spaces and shared activities in senior cohousing community between regions in Korea: Seoul and other cities. Social survey was conducted nationwide and the respondents were 50s only, since they are the generation who will face to elderly housing subject within 10 years in turbulent Korean society. Collected data, about 1000, were analyzed by SPSS program using frequency, percentage, and Chi-square test. In summary, respondents mostly would like to move to senior cohousing on circumstance when they remain alone without big difference between regions. Loneliness and housekeeping were considered as the most difficult issues for the elderly to manage by themselves. Among common spaces, exercise room was the most preferred space to meeting room and kitchen. Exercise room was more preferred in Seoul than in other cities, on the contrary meeting room was evidently less preferred in other cities than in Seoul. Regarding shared activities, resident meeting, gardening, and common meal were revealed as less preferred activities than hobby exercise and tea meeting. As a conclusion, I would like to propose that a big common living room is better to be designed for meeting room cum dining and gathering room with flexibility in order to give residents chances to know each other more often. And since common space and shared activity show different preferences by regions, those are to be designed and planned reflecting region's different circumstance.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.587-597
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• 2006

This study was performed in order to identify nutritional factors affecting on skin sebum content with 131 female university undergraduates in 2003. We measured the sebum contents of 4 facial spots to classify their skin types. Daily energy and nutrient intakes of the subjects were not deficient except in calcium and iron, which were 466.2 mg (66.6% RDA) and 8.5 mg (53.4% RDA) relatively. We observed no significant difference of energy and nutrient intakes among the 3 skin types. But significantly higher consumption of grains and slightly higher frequencies of several food groups (excepting starches) were shown in oily skin types, so they might have higher nutrient intakes. Serum indices and food preferences mostly revealed no difference among the 3 skin types. But in the oily skin type, serum phosphorus levels were significantly lower than others, suggesting phosphorus-rich food consumption like soft drinks and pains could lead to a dry skin type rather than an oily one. Also in the oily skin type, sweet taste preference was slightly tower than others; more-over, sweet intake was lower samely significantly. There was mostly no significant relationship between facial sebum contents and nutrient intakes, dietary behavior, food frequency and food preference except in some factors. Animal protein intake showed a significant negative relationship toward facial sebum content. On the other hand, in normal skin type, Fishes consumed was slightly higher than others, so that higher animal protein consumption presumably leads to normal skin type. Frequency of fried food and bacon and preference of fried foods showed slightly negative relationships toward facial sebum content. Regular meal times showed significantly increased facial sebum content.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.534-548
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• 2017

Elderly with dementia in geriatric hospitals (EDGH) are highly dependent on hospital meals. This study evaluated the foodservices satisfaction and food preference of the EDGH. The survey was conducted on 104 elderly with dementia (21 males and 83 females) in 4 geriatric hospitals in Seoul and Incheon in November, 2016. Data were collected from interviews using a questionnaire that consisted of 6 questions for foodservice satisfaction and 24 questions (10 categories) for food preference. The data were analyzed using SPSS ver. 20.0. The satisfaction with taste, saltiness, texture, and variety in foodservices was good, but the satisfaction with the amount was not, and the reason for leaving food was its large serving size. The subjects preferred soft boiled rice, noodles, porridges, meats, fish, seafood, vegetables, and fruits. Among them, they preferred more janchiguksu, red bean porridge, beef, croaker, oyster, spinach, and banana. Regarding the cooking methods, they preferred soup, grill, and boiling, but not frying. The also preferred Chinese cabbage kimchi, but they did not prefer hard kkakdugi. They did not prefer milk because of diarrhea, but they preferred yogurt. Therefore, to provide a satisfying meal for EDGH, it is necessary to develop a friendly diet considering their food preferences.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.386-395
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• 2008

Since obesity has been a crucial issue regarding children's health in Korea, numerous studies have been conducted. However, it is difficult to locate studies that can help researchers and/or medical professionals who want to study behavioral differences between obese and normal weight (non-obese) children. The collected literature about obese childrens behaviors were accumulated by performing 'key word' searches from several web engines: 'obesity' 'children obesity' 'behavior' 'habit' 'eating behavior or habit' 'exercise' 'physical activity' and 'daily behavior'. The information was extracted and the behaviors were reviewed utilizing 30 papers that revealed any differences from normal weight children with at least p .05 level of significance. According to those studies, the obese children tended to skip meals more often as a method of losing weight. They also have an increased appetite, eat larger portions and rarely leave food on their plates. The obese children prefer to eat high fat, high calorie foods and eat faster than their normal weight counterparts. Also, the children usually eat alone and eat at irregular meal times. Beside the behaviors related to the standard three meals a day, obese children have high preferences for snacking. The children reported that with pocket money they usually eat certain types of snacks without parent approval. The children stated that they exercise more on a regular basis. However, when asked about their participation they were not likely to engage actively. Meanwhile, they tend to spend free time doing sedentary activities such as watching TV or playing on the computer. Since these studies used self -reported questionnaires with a small sample, size there may be difficulty in forming a basis about obese children's behaviors. Nevertheless, these findings are in accordance with other studies conducted in local as well as western countries. In conclusion, obese children have different daily behaviors or routines from normal weight children. It is recommended that altering these behavioral patterns to match those of normal weight children should be encouraged.