• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제8권5호
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• pp.513-522
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to analyze characteristics and meanings of the masculine factors related with power images in women's fashion since 2000. The method of study was to analyze the documentary about the power images since the 14th Century and then the fashion magazines since 2000. The results of this study were as follows: The power image of women's fashion was internalized by wearing of the masculine factors each of an era. After 2000, characteristics of women's fashion affected by masculine factors were an exaggeration of scale, deformation, inharmonious collage and changeful borrowing. They showed the structure of new cognition of modern society uncertainty, open and decentralized. And power images presented aesthetic characteristics such as independence, ideal, sign of a amusement and decentralized virility. In conclusion, power in women's fashion has a function of creativeness, product, positiveness from past to modern. In addition, the power, which is a symbol of perfection, rationality and ideal beauty, expresses a good feeling of psychology, social friendship, value of success and will be existed as a meaningful esthetic sign in women's fashion.

• 복식문화연구
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.401-412
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of female applicant's facial attractiveness and feminine-masculine clothing image on job performance evaluation and hiring decision. The research design of study consisted of 3(facial attractiveness high, middle, low)${\times}$2(feminine and masculine clothing image) factorial design. The subject consisted of 243 persons whose occupation were mid-sized companies' administrator in Gwangju and Seoul City. The data were analyzed by factor analysis, Duncan test, ANOVA, t-test. The results of this study were as follows. First, three factors emerged to account for the job performance evaluation. These factors were given the titles of task performance, cooperation and self-management factors. Second, applicant's facial attractiveness exerted significant positive effect on self-management and significant negative effect on cooperation. Third, applicant's facial attractiveness exerted significant effect on hiring decision. Finally, the interaction effect of female applicant's facial attractiveness and feminine-masculine clothing image on job performance evaluation and hiring decision were not significant.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.776-787
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is to analyze the factors which have formed gender images in men's fashion since the middle of the 19th century. For this purpose, the images of gender in fashion were analyzed and historical studies about gender images in men's fashion from the middle of the 19th century to the present days were done. Historically images of gender expressed in fashion were masculine image feminine image androgynous image and genderless image. Among those images masculine image and genderless image. Among those image masculine image and androgynous image have been the gender images in men's fashion since the middle of the 19th century. In psychoanalytic view point the factors which have formed the gender images are related with sexual pleasure. Libido for looking narcissism and exhibitionism have produced masculine image and androgynous image in men's fashion, In socioeconomic view point power structure between the sexes have built the gender images in fashion. Masculine image and androgynous image came in to being in men's fashion for the purpose of displaying power or expressing opposition to power structure between the sexes, In aesthetic view point the aesthetic sense of each age about sex have constructed the gender images. Modernism had influence on building masculine image and post-modernism have formed androgynous image in men's fashion.

• 한국심리학회지 : 문화 및 사회문제
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.203-229
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• 2019

본 연구의 목적은 한국사회의 남성들의 남성규범을 구성하는 요인들을 확인하고, 그 개념적 구조를 파악하는 것이다. 남성성 개념의 이론적 근거에 따라 사회문화적으로 형성된 남성성 역할 기준에 순응하고자 하는 정도를 남성성으로 정의하였다. 이를 위하여 개념도 방법을 사용하여 20명의 남성참가자들을 대상으로 한국사회에서 남자답다는 것은 무엇인지 심층면접을 실시하였다. 이후 남성규범과 관련한 핵심문장을 추출한 후 참가자에게 추출된 55개의 핵심문장에 대해 분류하고 그 중요도를 평정하게 하였다. 참가자들이 분류한 문항에 대해서는 다차원척도법과 군집분석을 실시하여 남성규범에 대한 개념적 구조를 탐색하였다. 그 결과 나타난 이차원의 축을 한국사회 문화에 대한 이론과 내용을 바탕으로 각각 집단관계 영역 대 개인내적 영역, 사회적영역과 위계성 추구 대 온정적 관계 추구로 명명하였다. 또한 하위 군집으로는 부양자, 리더쉽, 정서억제, 직무능력과 조직사회적응, 기대외는 남성적 능력, 힘과 통제의 6가지 군집이 나타났다. 각 군집의 특징과 의미를 한국사회문화 맥락에 따라 해석하고 연구의 의의, 제안점 및 추후 연구에 대한 제언 등을 논의하였다.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.1-20
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• 1992

The purpose of this study was to investigate(Ⅰ) the effect of a masculine-feminine image in women's suit on the perception of the wearer's occupational characteristics and suitability of the clothing for certain occupations, and (2) the effect of perceiver's sex, sex-role attitudes, and occupation on the perception formed by the function of clothing cues. The research design of the study consisted of 2(pink and navy blue colors) × 4(masculine and feminine forms) factorial design of a suit. The experimental materials developed for this study were a set of stiuli and 2 response scales. The stimuli consisted of 8 drawings of woman's clothing made by systematic manipulations of 2 independent variables(color and form) in drawings of suit. The dependent variables were the perceptions of the wearer's occupational characteristics and suitability of the masculine or feminine clothing for certain occupations. Occupational characteristics were measured with a 7-point semantic differential scale composed of 21 bipolar adjectives. Perception of ccupational suitability was assessed with 12 items of 5-point Likert type questions. In addition, the Bem Sex-role Inventory was used to assess perceiver's sex-role attitudes. The subjects consisted of 393 men and 389 women, whose occupations were classified as professionals, secondary school teachers, and white-collar workers. They were randomly assigned to one of 8 suit. The data were analyzed by factor analysis, MANOVA, ANOVA, Mean and S.D. Three factors emerged to account for the perception of occupational characteristics. These factors were given the titles of (1) activity, (2) potency, and (3) evaluation factors. The activity factor was the largest, including 9 adjectives. Differences in the form of the suit had effects on potency and evaluation for both sexes, while it also had some effect on activity for women. The color of the suit had some effect on evaluation for both sexes. Strong effects of color and form on the suit were seen in perception of occupational suitability for the occupations of attorney(masculine) and secretary(feminine). On suitability for secondary school teaching occupation, the effects of color and form of suit differed by sex of the subjects. Perceiver's sex-role attitudes and occupation paritally influenced the perception of the wearer's occupational characteristics and suitability of the clothing for certain occupations. In summary, a masculine-feminine image of clothing had a significant effect on the perception of occupational characteristics as well as on suitability of the clothing for certain occupations. Thus, the results of the study support the implicit personality theory on person perception and also the stereotypes of sex-roles on the perception of occupational suitability.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.21-34
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• 1992

The purpose of this study was to investigate (1) the effect of a masculine-feminine image in women's blouse·skirt on the perception of the wearer's occupational characteristics and suitability of the clothing for certain occupations, and (2) the effect of perceiver's sex, sex-role attitudes, and occupation on the perception formed by the function of clothing cues. The research design of the study consisted of 2(skirt color) × 2(blose color) × 3(masculine-feminine blouse forms) factorial desing of a blouse·skirt set. The experimental materials developed for this study were a set of stimuli and 2 response scales. The stimuli consisted of 12 drawings of woman's clothing made by systematic manipulations of 2 independent variabels (color and form) in drawings of blouse-skirt. The dependent variables were the perceptions of the wearer's occupational characteristics and suitability of the masculine or feminine clothing for certain occupations. Occupational characteristics were measured with a 7-point semantic differential scale composed of 21 bipolar adjectives. Perception of occupational suitability was assessed with 12 items of 5-point Likert type questions. In addition, the Bem Sex-role Inventory was used to assess perceiver's sex-role attitudes. The subjects consisted of 393 men and 389 women, whose occupations were classified as professionals, secondary school teachers, and white-collar workers. The data were analyzed by factor analysis, MANOVA, ANOVA, Mean and S.D. Three factors emerged to account for the perception of occupational characteristics. These factors were given the titles of (1) activity, (2) potency, and (3) evaluation factors. The activity factor was the largest, including 9 adjectives and accounting for 33.3% of the variance in blouse-skirt. On the blouse-skirt set, the form of the blouse had an effect on activity and evaluation for both sexes, while the color of the skirt had an effect on evaluation for both sexes as well as on potency for men. Strong effect of color and form on blouse·skirt were seen in perception of occupational suitability for the occupations of attorney(masculine) and secretary(feminine). On suitability for secondary school teaching occupations, the effects of color and form of blouse·skirt differed by sex of the subjects. Male subjects determined suitability by the color of the blouse, while female subjects determinied suitability on the basis of the form of the blouse. Perceiver's sex-role attitude and occupation partially influenced the perception of the wearer's occupational characteristics and suitability of the clothing for certain occupations.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.340-355
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• 1995

purpose of this study was to trace historically the causes of the visual inconsistency of seXual ilT'age in dress with versatile perspectives. For this purpose, theoretical studies about the concepts of sexuality in dress were precceded. To trace the factors of the visual inconsistency of sexual image in dress, historical studies from ancient Egypt to modern ages were done. And then, the factors of the visual inconsist\ulcornerency of sexual image in dress were identified. The synthetic results were as follows; L The visual inconsistency of sexual image in dress shows the phenomena that men introduce the traditional feminine image in dress (ex. X silhouette, skirts), whereas women do the traditional masculine image (ex. Y silhouette, pants), which arouse androgynous image in appearance. And, it also indicates that men or women wear the dress excluded the traditional masculine image as well as the traditional feminine image, which arouse neutral image in appearance. 2. The visual inconsistency of sexual image in dress have been existed historically, from Egypt to modern ages. 3. The visual inconsistency of sexual image III dress was caus~d by various factors as follows; First, ideal beauty of the times which did not distinguish between masculinity and femininity resulted in the visual inconsistency of sexual image in dress. Second, as a means of seeking pleasure, the visual inconsistency of sexual image in dress was used. Third, as a means of expressing ideology, the visual inconsistency of sexual image in dress was selected. Forth,in religious meaning,the visual inconsistency ofl sexual image in dress was appeared. Fifth,popularization of sports and occupational role made woman adopt the masculine image in dress in view of the aspects of functionalism. Sixth,Undevelopment of taloring contributed to generate androgenous image in dress.

• 복식문화연구
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.199-210
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• 2004

This study was intended to identify the differences in perception of image words and perception dimension of desired image according to sex variable for college students in a school context. Data were collected by questionnaires distributed to 443 college students from August to September of 2000. After eliminating incomplete questionnaires, 396 were analyzed. As results of factor analysis, 7 desired image factors were determined for male and female, respectively. On the basis of these results, major perception differences were identified according to sex variable. Differently-perceived image words were as fellows: For intellectual image, male relates it with sporty while female relates it with graceful; for masculine image, male relates it with mature while female relates it with sporty; and for feminine image, male relates it with sexy and graceful while female relates it modest, pure, and cute. Multidimensional scaling was employed to determine the perception dimension of desired image. Two dimensions were accepted to interpret the results for both sex, respectively. 'Feminine-masculine' and 'conspicuous-plain' were criteria for male students, while 'unnatural-natural' and 'feminine-masculine' were criteria for female students.

• 복식
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• 제59권3호
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• pp.55-56
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to analyse body and cosmetic image according to women's sex role identity. The subjects of this study were 433 women over 20 years old. Self-administered questionnaires were used for data collection. SPSS(Ver. 15.0) was used for mean, median, frequency, percentages, factor analysis, and one-way ANOVA. The results of this study were as followed; First, women were clustered into 4 groups according to their sex role identity. 36.5% was classified as an androgynous group, 32.4% was a undifferentiated group, 16.1% was a masculine group, and 15.0% was a feminine group. Second, factors of women's body image were interest in appearance, interest in weight, and charming of appearance. Factors of cosmetic image were natural & sociable, urban & intellect, passionate, romantic, prestige & sophisticate, fashionable & splender, active, feminine, and formal. Third, Androgynous group showed much interests in appearance and charming of appearance, but undifferentiated group had low interests. Androgynous group pursued natural & sociable, urban & intellect, passionate, romantic, prestige & sophisticate, fashionable & splendor, active, feminine, and formal images most when they applied make-ups. Masculine group pursued urban & intellect and active images much and femme group pursued natural & sociable, feminine, and formal images much. However undifferentiated group pursued all factors of cosmetic images less. Forth, androgynous group applied more kinds of cosmetics, but undifferentiated group applied less.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.453-466
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• 2022

본 연구는 한국 성인 남성의 심리적 디스트레스에 있어서 성역할이 어떠한 역할을 하는지 살펴보고자 하였다. 구체적으로, 다차원적인 남성 규범에 대한 순응이 성역할 갈등을 매개로 하여 심리적 디스트레스를 예측하는지 검증하였다. 이를 위해 만 19~39세의 남성 참여자 358명을 대상으로 남성 규범 척도, 남성 성역할 갈등척도 그리고 일반정신건강 척도를 사용하여 본 연구를 시행했다. 연구 결과, 남성 규범의 하위 요인에 따라 남성 성역할 갈등을 매개로 하여 심리적 디스트레스에 미치는 영향이 상이함을 알 수 있었다. 남성 규범의 하위 요인인 '힘과 통제'와 '직업과 자립', '정서 억제'는 각각 성역할 갈등의 하위요인인 '여성성에 대한 공포'를 매개로 하여 심리적 디스트레스를 정적으로 예측하였다. 한편 남성 규범 중 '남성 리더십'과 '가족 부양자'는 심리적 디스트레스에 대한 부적인 직접 효과를 가졌으며, 성역할 갈등을 매개로 한 간접 효과는 유의미하지 않았다. 본 연구 결과는 남성 규범의 하위 요인이 심리적 디스트레스에 대해 각기 다른 기능을 가지며, 특히 성역할 갈등 중 여성성에 대한 부정적 정서를 야기함으로써 남성 규범의 역기능적 역할이 나타날 수 있다는 것을 시사한다.