• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.658-665
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• 2013

In this study, we measured particulate matter(PM) which emerged as the hot issue from the International Maritime Organization(IMO) and the exhaust emission using HANBADA, the training ship of Korea Maritime University. In particular, the PM was obtained with TEM grid. PM structure was observed by electron microscopy. And exhaust gases such as NOx, $CO_2$, and CO were measured using the combustion gas analyzer(PG-250A, HORIBA). The results of this study are as follows. 1) When the ship departed from the port, the maximum difference in PM emissions were up to 30 % due to the Bunker Change. 2) Under the steady navigation, emission of PM was $1.34mg/m^3$ when Bunker-A is changing L.R.F.O(3 %). And, at the fixed L.R.F.O (3 %), emission of PM was $1.19mg/m^3$. When the main engine RPM increased up to 20 % with fixed L.R.F.O(3 %), emission of PM was $1.40mg/m^3$. When we changed to low quality oil(L.R.F.O(3 %)), CO concentration from main engine increased about 16 %. On the other hand, when the main engine RPM is rising up to 20 %, CO concentration is increased more than 152 percent. These results imply that the changes of RPM is a dominant factor in exhaust emission although fuel oil type is an important factor. 3) The diameter of PM obtained with TEM grid is about $4{\sim}10{\mu}m$ and its structure shows porous aggregate.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.441-450
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• 2016

A pilot scale biostimulation experiment was performed under field conditions to degrade organic pollutants and PAHs (Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds) in contaminated coastal sediment. During the experiment, the seawater temperature around the sediment varied from $16.5^{\circ}C$ to $21^{\circ}C$, while the sediment pH was stable at 8.4-8.5. The experiment was conducted over a one year period with a control group and a sample group with a applied biostimulant composed of acetate, sulfate, and nitrate. Chemical oxygen demand decreased 39% in the control group and 79% in the sample group. Volatile solids were reduced from 15 to 7 g/kg in the control group and 2.5 g/kg in the sample group. Out of the 2-, 3- ,4- ,5-, and 6-rings of the 16 vital PAHs, the compound including naphthalene (2-ring), took 2 months to degrade completely, while the degradation efficiency was 55.6% in the control group during the same period. In the case of the 3-ring and 4-ring PAHs, complete degradation in the sample and 46% - 100% degradation in control was observed after one year of the experiment. The 5-ring and 6-ring PAHs were degraded to about 77%-100% in the sample group and 26%-87% in the control group during the one year of the experiment. The study results show that biostimulation is a very effective method to improve the degradation rate of organic pollutants and PAHs (Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds) in contaminated coastal sediment.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.375-384
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• 2022

The shipping industry is cyclically impacted by complex variables such as various economic indicators, social events, and supply and demand. The purpose of this study was to analyze the operating profit of 13 Korean liner companies over 30 years, including the financial crisis of the late 1990s, the global financial crisis of the late 2000s, and the COVID-19 global pandemic. This study was conducted to also identify factors that impacted the profit ratio of Korea's liner shipping companies according to economic conditions. It was divided into ocean-going and short-sea shipping, reflecting the characteristics of liner shipping companies, and was analyzed by hierarchical multiple regression analysis. The time series data are based on the Korean International Financial Reporting Standards (K-IFRS) and comprise seaborne trade volume, fleet evolution, and macroeconomic indicators. The outliers representing the economic downturn due to social events were separately analyzed. As a result of the analysis, the China Container Freight Index (CCFI) positively impacted ocean-going as well as short-sea liner shipping companies. However, the Korean container shipping volume only impacted ocean-going liners positively. Additionally, world and Korea's GDP, world seaborne trade volume, and fuel price are factored in the operating profit of short sea liner shipping. Also, the GDP growth rate of China, exchange rate, and interest rate did not significantly impact both groups. Notably, the operating profitability of Korea's liner shipping shows an exceptionally high rate during the recessions of 1998 and 2020. It is paradoxical, and not correlated with the classical economic indicators. Unlike other studies, this paper focused on the operating profit before financial expenses, considering the complexity as well as difficulty in forecasting the shipping cycle, and rendered conclusions using relatively long-term empirical analysis, including three economic shocks.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• v.1
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• pp.27-31
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• 2006

GNSS Services and Applications are today in permanent evolution in all the market sectors. This evolution comprises: ${\bullet}$ New constellations and systems, being GALILEO probably the most relevant example, but not the only one, as other regions of the world also dwell into developing their own elements (e.g. the Chinese Beidou system). ${\bullet}$ Modernisation of existing systems, as is the case of GPS and GLONASS ${\bullet}$ New Augmentation services, WAAS, EGNOS, MSAS, GRAS, GAGAN, and many initiatives from other regions of the world ${\bullet}$ Safety of Life services based on the provision of integrity and reliability of the navigation solutions through SBAS and GBAS systems, for aeronautical or maritime applications ${\bullet}$ New Professional applications, based on the unprecedented accuracies and integrity of the positioning and timing solutions of the new navigation systems with examples in science (geodesy, geophysics), Civil engineering (surveying, construction works), Transportation (fleet management, road tolling) and many others. ${\bullet}$ New Mass-market applications based on cheap and simple GNSS receivers providing accurate (meterlevel) solutions for daily personal navigation and information needs. Being on top of this evolving market requires an active participation on the key elements that drive the GNSS development. Early access to the new GNSS signals and services and appropriate testing facilities are critical to be able to reach a good market position in time before the next evolution, and this is usually accessible only to the large system developers as the US, Europe or Japan. Jumping into this league of GNSS developers requires a large investment and a significant development of technology, which may not be at range for all regions of the world. Bearing in mind this situation, MAGIC appears as a concept initiated by a small region within Europe with the purpose of fostering and supporting the development of advanced applications for the new services that can be enabled by the advent of SBAS systems and GALILEO. MAGIC is a low cost platform based on the application of technology developed within the EGNOS project (the SBAS system in Europe), which encompasses the capacity of providing real time EGNOS and, in the near future, GALILEO-like integrity services. MAGIC is designed to be a testing platform for safety of life and liability critical applications, as well as a provider of operational services for the transport or professional sectors in its region of application. This paper will present in detail the MAGIC concept, the status of development of the system within the Madrid region in Spain, the results of the first on-field demonstrations and the immediate plans for deployment and expansion into a complete SBAS+GALILEO regional augmentation system.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.31 no.3 s.119
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• pp.165-172
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• 2007

Logistics needs in Asia are surprisingly increasing due to rapid growth of China in Northeast Asia We are endeavoring to make an economic block in opposition to NAFTA and EU by economic revival, political stability, and easing of exclusive parts between countries as increasing of traffic infra such as asian highway, transcontinental railway in the region of Northeast Asia and as considering diversification of transportation mode. Now, Busan is not a final terminal of this business, and it is not a concreted level in considering an undersea tunnel between Korea and Japan as effort to extend to Japan. Therefore, this study performed an effect analysis which be affected to Northeast Asia and Korea in future by analysis and comparison of a cost and time required of marine transportation and railway before and after construction through course analysis and summary of discussed content until now for undersea tunnel between Korea and Japan. This result expects as a accelerative play for study cf undersea tunnel between Korea and Japan in future. In this result, we estimate that it is an effective things in a cost and time required if undersea tunnel between Korea and Japan is constructed, and we simply searched for theirs effects in the aspects of Northeast Asia, national balanced development, regional economic in Busan, and marine logistics.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.345-354
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• 2009

The review of statements and coastal development characteristics in South Korea were diagnosed by the consultation on the coastal area utilization in Korea. The occupation and the use of public water were dominated by installation of coastal structure and seawater supply and drainage whereas the reclamation areas were predominantly utilized for developing industrial complex, harbor, fishing port and road. The occupation and the use were dominant in western coast, but reclamation was dominant in southern coast of Korea. The number of utilization cases was particularly greater in Jeonnam, Gyeongnam, and Gyeonggi Province including Incheon. The number of the statements reviews increased by more than 200 cases in 2008 compared with 2007, and most of them were the simple statements. The statements related to ocean disposal of dredged sediment, reclamation, dredging sediment, seawater supply and drainage, and marine sand mining were submitted for review. Coastal utilization was especially active in the regions of seawater quality criteria I and II. In particular, special management sea areas designated under the relevant marine regulations were utilized mostly by reclamation for developing harbor, fishing port and coastal structure. Development activities in national parks comprised primarily structure installation and coastal maintenance. In the fisheries resources protection areas, 40% of the total cases accounted for coastal maintenance, 31% for structure installation, and 16% for seawater supply and drainage. In addition, alternative plans for the improvement in policies and system of marine environmental impact assessment were suggested to enhance the function and confidence of the consultation on the coastal area utilization in Korea.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.384-394
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• 2019

This study investigated the current status of the management system for foreign seafarers boarding Korean ocean-going vessels and analyzed the problems and suggested measures for improvement through the survey of shipping companies, ship management companies, crew manning companies and related associations. The conclusion is summarized as follow. First, it is necessary to reorganize and apply the collective agreements or the laws applicable to the foreign seafarer separately in regard to the foreign seafarer related laws and collective agreements applied in the same way as the Korean seafarer. Second, it is necessary to change the decision-making to shipowner in deciding on the number of foreign seafarers employed by the Korean ocean-going vessels or if the decision-maker remains the same, the relevant laws must be clearly defined pertinent to the decision-maker. Additionally, the number of foreign seafarers should be applied for each position and ship's type. The third is to expand the recognition arrangement for certificate of ships' officers to Eastern Europe and Asian countries to expand the range of options for hiring foreign seafarers. The fourth is to prevent the waste of administrative manpower by simplifying complicated and unnecessary administrative procedures from hiring and boarding of foreign seafarers. The fifth is to establish a systematic training and education system for foreign seafarers in cooperation with related shipping companies and government authorities, associations and so on. This study will contribute to providing a more efficient and systematic management of foreign seafarers boarding Korean ocean-going vessels.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.419-427
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to analyze the perceptions to improvement directions of related regulations for water leisure activation. In order to accomplish such study purpose, the study utilized a survey methodology with 205 water leisure participants and 117 water leisure business employees. In addition, this study attempted to review the license and education system, registration and inspection system and business organizations from the advanced countries such as US, British, Australia and Japan. Accordingly, following findings were derived from current study. First, the problems of current license system included difficulty of operating the system and deficiency of operating organizations, and the improvement directions included expansion of education organizations and differentiation of education based on levels. Second, the improvement directions of registration and inspection included simplification of registration procedures and expansion of registration and inspection organizations. Third, difficulties perceived by business employees included complexity of entry and departure, complexity of registrating water leisure business and insufficiency of supporting business policies. In conclusion, water leisure related regulations including Water Leisure Safety Act need to be reformed continuously to reflect changing demands and needs from participants and business sectors.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.261-268
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• 2014

The route of Korea and China situates stable shipping market by the agreement on maritime transport between two countries. Epecially, the Car-ferry shipping market between Korea and China is growing up the world's largest markets in this situation. But, the rapid growth of markets have the possibility of imbalance between supply and demand. In addition that heavy competition can be arisen. The aim of this study is to analyze the ways to reinforce competitiveness of Car-ferry shipping companies(CFSCs) between Korea and China routes through suggesting importance weights of service factors. Firstly, evaluating service factors of CFSCs between Korea and China routes are selected by reviewing literatures and Delphi method. Secondly, importance weights of service factors are calculated using Fuzzy method. As a result, Shipper and CFSCs between Korea and China routes select 'agility of loading and unloading', 'agility of customs', and 'punctuality of transportation' as the most important factors. On the other hand, the two groups are shown the perception gaps on the factors such as 'reasonable shipping cost', 'voyage speed', 'multimodal transportation', and 'professionality of manpower'. The implication of this study is that Government of Korea and China Have to cooperate agreement for mutual drive towed trailer and customs to speedy transportation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.717-725
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• 2018

IMO developed VIMSAS for effective application of IMO instruments related to maritime safety and environmental protection and was implemented from 2006 to 2016. Based on this, the purpose and procedures of VIMSAS applied to IMO member states by trial, and IMSAS was enforced from January 1st 2016. IMSAS was implemented to ensure that IMO Member States, such as flag states, coastal states and port states that ratified the IMO Convention, are properly performing their given responsibilities and to ensure the effective implementation of the IMO instruments through the improvement of identified non-conformities. In this study, the auditing contents and procedures were verified based on IMO documents in order to prepare for the IMSAS audit of Republic of Korea scheduled for 2020. For this purpose, this study proposed an update of a directory, development of monitoring system for information reporting required by IMO instruments, designation of relevant experts, preparation of an English version of related national laws, training of IMSAS auditors and establishment of an IMSAS audit response team for audit of IMSAS in 2020 by referring to the results of the VIMSAS for Republic of Korea, major findings of the VIMSAS of other IMO member states, and Consolidated Audit Summary Report (CASR), which was submitted at the 5th IMO III sub-committee.