• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.155-159
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• 1992

This study was carried out to know the effects of two kinds of peper mill sludge manure compost(SMC-1 and SMC-2) on the growth and chemical comments of carrot(Daucus carota L.) : SMC-1 contained 18% of swine manure and 8 % of sawdust on a fresh weight basis and SMC-2 contained swine manure without sawdust a third of the total weight of the manure and S-0(control) was treated with chemical fertilizer only, S-1 and S-2 was with SMC-1 and SMC-2 respectively, in addition to the chemical fertilizer. Carrot treated with S-1 and S-2 showed the increasing tendency of fresh weight per root and fresh yield of carrot per unit area than control(S-0), and the contents of nitrogen(N), phosporus(P), potassium(K) and calcium(Ca) in carrot grown on SMC treatments were higher than those on control(S-0), The S-2 treatment tended to increase values of the fresh weight of live leaves, root diameter, fresh weight per root and fresh yield of carrot per unit area than S-1 treatment. The contents in carrot were higher in the order of K>Ca, N. P>Mg, and the contents of aluminium, zinc, copper and chromium were below the level of toxicity for plant growth, and the contents of cadmium and lead were negligible. From the results obtained, it can be said that SMC application showed favorable effects on the growth of carrot when compared to control(S-0), and with the SMC treatments SMC-2 aplication was favorable.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.28-32
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• 2004

This experiments was conducted to study on the substitute cotton wastes for ricestraw compost media on cultivation of Agaricus bisporus. This results were as follows. The results of yield according to the mixture rate of cotton wastes($4000{\sim}5500kg/198m^2$), rice hull(4.5%), chicken manure(50%), gypsume(1.5%), urea(2%), tobacco powder((2.5%), seasame meal(5%) and $MgSo_4$(5%) was effected to 57.2% increasement with 64.33kg in summer season, 65.21kg in winter season, 39.6kg in control, respectively. The results of yield according to the mixture rate of cotton wastes($4000{\sim}5500kg/198m^2$), cotton hull(1.25%), rice hull(4.5%), chicken manure(50%), gypsume(1.5%), urea(2%), cigarette powder(2.5%), seasame dregs(5%) and $MgSo_4$(5%) was effected to 62.3% increasement with 61.0kg in summer season, 62.3kg in winter season, 39.6kg in control, respectively. The results of yield according to the mixture rate of cotton wastes($2000{\sim}2500kg/198m^2$), cotton hull(($2000{\sim}2500kg/198m^2$), rice hull(2.5%), chicken manure(37.5%), gypsume(1.5%), urine(2%), cigarette powder((1.25%), seasame dregs(2.5%) and $MgSo_4$(3%) was effected to 40.4% increasement with 57.33kg in summer season, 58.34kg in winter season, 39.6kg in control, respectively.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.149-153
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• 2003

This study was conducted to survey the utilization possibility of composting system of small scale static pile with animal manure produced from cattle shed and the effect of addition of microorganism on the maturity of compost. Microorganisms added in composting substrate were bacteria+lactobacillus(BL)+photo.(BLP). The composting practiced was a windrow system without aeration equipment and turning was practiced periodically. The water content of substrate mixed with cow manure, rice husk, and sawdust was about 60%. The temperature during the composting process was increased at over $60^{\circ}C$ within 3 days after composting starting. Increase of temperature at the early stage of composting was fasten in BLP and BL than Control. Because the pH of the raw material was high, the changes of pH during composting was little and stabilized in weak alkaline condition. EC value was high for accumulation of manure and urine excreted continuously by animal and the changes of those during composting occurred in 5~10% increase. Reduction rates of C/N ratio were the largest as the 22.7% in BLP and 19.2and 17.5% in BL and Control respectively. In the evaluation of phytotoxicity, there was stabilized within the short time in BLP and not the difference between BL and Control. Treatment of animal manure produced from small scale cattle shed was possible by using the small scale static pile composting system with reasonable water content and turning and the addition of microorganism in composting substrate was effected on the temperature increase at the early stage of composting and reduction of plant toxicity compounds but little on the maturity of compost.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.432-445
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• 2000

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of various kinds of composts on the change of nutrition loss in upland soils. Field experiments were conducted in the loam and sandy loam soils, while the clay loam and sandy loam soils were used for laboratory experiments. Various kinds of composts such as poultry manure compost(PMC), cow manure compost(CMC), human excrement sludge(HES), and food industrial sludge compost(FISC) were applied annually at rates of 0, 40, and $80mg\;ha^{-1}$ to soils grown with soybean and maize plants for 4 years during 1994 to 1997. The results of this study were as follows : The loss of nutrients in the form of cation and anion by run-off water increased with the increase of compost application rate. Compared with bare soils, maize cultivation decreased the nutrient loss by run-off from soils by 43% in anionic form and 32% in cationic form. Amount of cation loss were ordered $K^+$ > $Ca^{2+}$ > $Na^+$ > $Mg^{2+}$ > $NH_4{^+} $ and that of anion loss were ordered $SO_4{^{2-}}$ > $NO_3{^-}$ > $Cl^-$ > $PO_4{^{3-}}$. Nutrient loss of sand loam soil in the cation and anion by percolation water increased 1.7 times compared with loam soil. $NO_3{^-}-N$ contents in percolated water were high at the initial stage after compost application, and the amounts were higher in sandy loam soil than loam soil. The maize cultivation also decreased the $NO_3{^-}-N$ contents in percolated water by 82% in loam soil, and 58% in sand loam soil. Soil pH of composts determined by laboratory incubation test increased pH 6.1~6.8 application with poultry and cow manure compost but application with human excrement sludge decreased pH 4.5~4.7. Soil EC were increased initially composts application and decreased up to 2 weeks, thereafter kept a certain level. Nitrogen mineralization rates of composts determined by laboratory incubation test at $25^{\circ}C$ were 39~76% in sandy loam soil, and 16~48% in clay loam soil.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.13-20
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• 2007

Sawdust biofiltration is an emerging bio-technology for control of ammonia emissions including compost odors from composting of biological wastes. Although sawdust is widely used as a medium for bulking agent in composting system and for microbial attachment in biofiltration systems, the performance of agitated bed composting and sawdust biofiltration are not well established. A pilot-scale composting of hog manure amended with sawdust and sawdust biofiltration systems for practical operation were investigated using aerated and agitated rectangular reactor with compost turner and sawdust biofilter operated under controlled conditions, each with a working capacity of approximately $40m^3\;and\;4.5m^3$ respectively. These were used to investigate the effect of compost temperature, seed germination rate and the C/N ratio of the compost on ammonia emissions, compost maturity and sawdust biofiltration performance. Temperature profiles showed that the material in three runs had been reached to temperature of 55 to $65^{\circ}C$ and above. The ammonia concentration in the exhaust gas of the sawdust biofilter media was below the maximum average value as 45 ppm. Seed germination rate levels of final compost was maintained from 70 to 93% and EC values of the finished compost varied between 2.8 and 4.8 ds/m, providing adequate conditions for plant growth.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.131-138
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• 2011

This study was carried out to investigate on the composting characteristics variation accoding to air supply capacity in Pig manure. The composting of pig manure is economical and efficiently process. The fermented compost was added in pig manure mixed with sawdust was composting reators. Air supply capacity levels of fermented compost on the pig manure mixed with sawdust were regulated at 50, 100, 150 and 200$\ell/m^3$/min. respectively. The obtained results can be followed as bellow; The temperature variations of experimental composting piles during composting for the different of T-1 reach $40^{\circ}C$ in 2 days, T-2, T-3 and T-4 reach $60^{\circ}C$ in 2 days and T-3, T-4 maintained until 8 days. The decreases in water contents per each square meter for the different of T-1 (50 l/$m^3$/min), T-2(100 l/$m^3$/min), T-3(150 l/$m^3$/min) and T-4(200 l/$m^3$/min.), The decreases ratio in water contents was T-1, T-2, T-3 and T-4 were 15.4%, 28.8%, 33.4% and 35.2%. The decreases ratio in weight was T-1, T-2, T-3 and T-4 were 7.6%, 15.6%, 16.8% and 16.9% respectively. The variations of oxygen concentration from composting period in case of oxygen discharge concentration T-1, T-2, T-3 and T-4 were 9 ppm. respectively. Fertilizer components after composting were examined. Nitrogen contents of the T-1, T-2, T-3 and T-4 were 0.45%, 0.44%, 0.42% and 0.44%, and P2O5 contents were T-1, T-2, T-3 and T-4 were 0.37%, 0.41%, 0.42% and 0.44% respectively. Therefore, the compost curing air supply of air volumes at least 150$\ell$/min/min. or more to supply the aerobic composting pig manure normally are judged to be possible.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.49-61
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• 2019

Swine manure has been recognized as a organic sources for composting and many research was conducted to efficiently utilize and treat. This study was to evaluate a feasibility for producing swine manure compost under various treatment with mixture of swine manure and saw dust. Treatments were designed as follows; non aerated composting pile(REF), aerated composting pile of $100L/m^3$(EXP1), and aerated composting pile of $150L/m^3$(EXP2). The total days of fermentation were 28 days and each samples were collected at every 7 days from starting of composting. Temperature sensors were installed under 30~40cm from the surface of composting pile. Inner temperature in composting piles of EXP1 and EXP2 was rapidly increased to $67{\sim}75^{\circ}C$ within 1~2 days. The elevated temperatures found during the thermophilic phase are essential for rapid degradation of organic materials. While swine manure composted, moisture content, total nitrogen, EC of EXP1, EXP2 in sample at 28 days were lower than those of REF. But, pH and organic matter of EXP1, EXP2 in sample at 28 days were higher than those of REF. After finishing fermentation experiment, maturity was evaluated with germination test. Calculated germination index(GI) at REF, EXP1 and EXP2 were 23.49, 68.50 and 51.81, respectively. The values of germination index were higher at EXP1 and EXP2 which is aerated composting piles than REF which is non aerated composting pile. According to the results, composting process by aerated static pile compost had significant effect on the reduction of required period for composting. Supplying adequate amount of air to compost swine manure will greatly reduce composting period.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.52-60
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• 2000

This study was conducted to gain basic data for alleviation of gas emission and conservation of healthy soil environment by investigating an aspect of gas emission and microbial diversity due to the supplement of different fertilizers after application with a livestock manure compost in greenhouse soils. Green pepper was cultivated in clay loamy soil from April to August. Before planting, a livestock manure compost was applied with $741mg\;ha^{-1}$ on the basis of the phosphate content contained in compost. And then, deficient nitrogen for cropping was supplemented with either quick-acting fertilizer of urea or a controlled slow release fertilizer made from urea formaldehyde(U/F). $NH_3$ and R $NH_2$ gases emitted from soil showed a low concentration in the early stage but a maximum in 27 days after planting, then decreased rapidly and not detected after 33 days. Their average concentrations were 42% and 85% lower in the treatment of slow release fertilizer than that of urea fertilizer, respectively. $CO_2$ gas emitted under urea fertilization was ranged from 1,200 to $3,200mg{\ell}^{-1}$ and that in slow release fertilizer was $900{\sim}2,650mg\;{\ell}^{-1}$. The average concentration of urea treatment was $2,260mg{\ell}^{-1}$ and 30% higher than that of slow release fertilizer. The treatment of slow release fertilizer with the lapse of cropping time populated larger in numbers of bacteria, actinomycetes, nitrate bacteria and nitrate reduction bacteria, and ratios of bacteria and actinmycetes to fungi than that of urea fertilizer. But the number of fungi was higher in the treatment of urea fertilizer and denitrifying bacteria showed a similar trend in both treatments. The microbial diversity index, which calculated with numbers of 6 species of microorganisms, was decreased with increasing of growing stage in the range of 0.1 to 0.35 and that was higher in the tratment of slow release fertilizer than urea.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.27-37
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• 2002

With increasing the concerns of health improving foods. the demands of C. boreale M., which is a perennial flower and has been historically used for a natural medicine, become higher, recently, However, wild C. boreale M. collected in a mountatinous area is limited and not enough to cover all demands. The cultivation system and fertilization strategy are required to produce much amount of C. boreale M. with a good quality. We investigated the effects of soil amendment application on plant growth and effective components of C. boreale M. to develop efficient cultivation system. C. boreale M. was cultivated in a pot scale, and lime, fly ash, poultry manure compost and swine manure compost as an amendment applied with rate of 2, 20, 150 and $150Mg\;ha^{-1}$, respectively. Here, chemical fertilizers were applied with the same level ($N-P_2O_5-K_2O=150-80-80kg\;ha^{-1}$) in all treatments. Flower yields of C. boreale M., edible part as a natural medicine, were increased to 37 and 27% by swine and poultry manure compost application, respectively. Poultry manure compost amending (NPK+PMC) increased 3.6 times of proline content and 58% of total amino acids in the flower part more than chemical fertilization (NPK). But the contents of amino acids did not increase with amending liming materials like lime and fly ash. Cumambrin A, which is a sesquiterpene compound and has the effect of blood-pressure reduction, increased to 34 and 19% by lime and fly ash applications, respectively. Cumambrin A was significantly correlated with calcium content in the flower part of C. boreale M. Conclusively, soil amendments like compost and liming materials might contribute to increase the yields and quality of C. boreale M.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.45-54
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• 2017

Poultry manure compost (PMC) as the organic fertilizer sources has a high nutrient content such as nitrogen, phosphate and potassium, and its properties been affected by bulking agent. This study was conducted to evaluate properties of mixed organic fertilizer (MOF) containing PMC composting with sawdust and peat moss as bulking agent, and to measure a characteristics of plant growth by their application. The MOF containing 10~30 % PMC had a coincidency with its guideline in Korea. As applied with MOF containing PMC composting with sawdust (PMCS) or MOF containing PMC composting with peat moss (PMCP), dry weight of plant was increased in MOF treatments blending with 10~30 % PMCS or 10~30 % PMCP. In correlation coefficient between blending ratio of PMC in MOFs and plant growth indexes, PMCS was not significantly different, but its PMCP a positive effect (P<0.05). These results indicated that PMC was able to blend about 10~30 % as mixed organic fertilizer source, and its application increased in plant growth.