• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.487-500
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• 2017

This study examines the attributes of cosmetic stores that Chinese tourists considered when purchasing cosmetics in Korea and the effect of the evaluation of attributes in regards to satisfaction and brand loyalty based upon brand experience. The survey was performed from January 1-14 in 2014 through a Chinese professional online survey channel-www.sojump.com. A total of 338 data from female and male respondents who visited Korea and purchased Korea brand's cosmetics were analyzed by SPSS and AMOS. The results were as follows. Frist, cosmetic store attributes were composed of three factors such as physical environment and salespersons, price and promotion, service. Second, all the factors had a positive influence on brand experience. Among them, the influence of physical environment and salespersons were the highest. Third, brand experience influenced satisfaction and satisfaction also had positive influence on brand loyalty. The results above indicate that providing various experiences that appeal to customers is as important as improving product quality when maintaining long-term customer relationships and loyalty.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.825-835
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• 2007

The purpose of this research is to examine the relationship between body satisfaction and appearance enhancement behavior of college students. A questionnaire survey was conducted on 234 college students in Cheong-ju area, Korea. Frequency, descriptive analysis, $x^2$ and t-tests were used for data analysis. Male students were generally satisfied with their height but not with their weight, while female students were not satisfied with their height and weight. There were significant gender differences in satisfaction with their skin color: male students were mostly satisfied with their skin color other than female students. The body satisfaction degree of college students depended on gender: the male students showed more satisfaction with their physical condition than the female students. Of the college student's improving-appearance behaviors such as face-lifting by plastic surgery, make-up by cosmetics and skin care, their preferable choice depended on their gender. When purchasing clothes, they considered if the clothes could cover their defects of their body line and improve their physical appearance. The levels of body satisfaction were significantly different according to their appearance enhancement behaviors.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.533-546
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• 2008

This study aims on observing the recognition and attitude of caring for outer appearance by deducing the factors of men caring for their outer appearance at current point where male position is being emphasized in the appearance related market and their interest for outer appearance care is increasing. As a result of conducting a survey, male appearance caring behavior was distinguished into fashion, skin and cosmetic, cosmetic surgery, physical image, and hair factors, and among them, physical image factor showed the highest average, which proves that men generally have positive attitude towards caring for their looks. Concerning skin and cosmetics, the results show that interest is high regardless of age and occupation, and the lower the age is, the higher average for fashion, cosmetic surgery, and hair factors, proving that young men have more interest for caring after their looks. However, there was difference in outer appearance caring behavior pursued or favored by each age bracket according to the higher average for physical image in the age bracket higher than 30. Also, each factor of outer appearance caring behavior turned out to have significant correlation to each other.

• Journal of Digital Contents Society
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.279-286
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• 2016

Recently, the cosmetics industry considers male customers as a consumptive, active customer base who also have purchasing power with their stronger desire for their personal image enhancement. Male-preferred image brands have entered the era of unlimited competition through social media, thus increasing the acquisition of male beauty. Therefore, the information for designing favorable image strategies should be examined. This paper examines male awareness, determined by the degree of appearance management based on four categories (i.e., hair and skin care, makeup, foot and hand care, and plastic surgery). Based on the research, the paper proposes a data service to address the spatial and temporal separation problem between TV CF (the major media for recognizing information) and online $caf{\acute{e}}$/blog the major media for obtaining detailed information.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.31 no.1 s.49
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• pp.43-49
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• 2005

Recently, according as people who have sensitive skin increase, we've been giving more importance to the safety of cosmetics. Especially, preservative is known to be one of the main stimuli which cause side-effects of cosmetics. However, there have been few reports describing cell cytotoxicity, skin penetration, oil-aqueous phase partition, anti-microbial activity of preservatives and their correlation with skin irritation. The study is aimed to develop low irritable preservative system with phenoxyethanol, one of the most commonly used preservatives in cosmetics, considering various factors mentioned above. According to our results of cell cytotoxicity against human normal fibroblasts by means of MTT assay, phenoxyethanol showed the lowest cytotoxicity when compared to other preservatives tested (cytotoxicity: pro-pylparaben > butylparaben > ethylparaben > methylparaben > triclosan > phenoxyethanol), but human patch test for assessing shin primary irritation revealed that phenoxyethanol has higher skin irritation than methylparaben and triclosan. We performed in vitro skin penetration test using horizontal Franz diffusion cells with skin membrane prepared from hairless mouse (5 ${\~}$ 8 weeks, male) to evaluate the rate of skin penetration of preservatives. From the results, we found that the higher irritable property of phenoxyethanol in human skin correlates with its predominant permeability (skin penetration: phenoxyethanol > methylparaben > ethylparaben > propylparaben > butylfaraben > triclosan). Therefore, we made an effort to reduce skin permeability of phenoxyethanol and found that not only the rate of skin penetration of phenoxyethanol but also its skin irritation is dramatically reduced in formulas containing oils with low polarity. In the experiments to investigate the effect of oil polarity on the oil-aqueous phase partition of phenoxyethanol, more than $70\%$ of phenoxyethanol was partitioned in aqueous phase in formulas containing oils with low polarity, while about $70 {\~} 90\%$ of phenoxyethanol was partitioned in oil phase in formulas containing oils with high polarity. Also, in aqueous phase phenoxyethanol showed greater anti-microbial activity. Conclusively, it appears that we can develop less toxic preservative system with reduced use dosage of phenox-yethanol and its skin penetration by changing oil composition in formulas.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.231-237
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• 2017

This study investigated differences in perception by 240 males in their teens, 20s, 30s, and 40s residing in Seoul, Incheon, and Gwangju about seven items for male makeup, and analyzed makeup items preferred by men, perception about male makeup users, and relationship between success and appearance, thereby providing basic materials to activate the beauty market for males and developing goods for male users. The result was that most males thought the influence of their appearance on their social success was great and in particular, 23.3% of respondents thought that their appearance affected their success by 50% or higher percentage. The items most preferred by the respondents were concealers, color lotions, and BB creams; 60.8% considered them positive. This showed that basic color cosmetics had already been established as one of the essential goods for men. In contrast, the respondents had slightly negative perception about items like mascaras, eyeliners, and eyeshadows. Overall, those who were young, unmarried, and city dwellers had positive perception about such cosmetics by and large. The above data will be able to be used to develop various makeup goods for male consumers oriented toward success and implement diverse marketing strategies, thereby activating the beauty market for males.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.14 no.12
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• pp.555-560
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• 2016

This study attempted to secure competitiveness in the cosmetics market and provide basic data needed to promote sales and PR after reflecting consumer demands and needs in the development of cosmeceuticals. For this, it investigated their perception regarding the ingredients and efficacies of cosmeceuticals and repurchase intention among a total of 193 adults in their 20-50s who have had prior experience of buying these types of products from an online shopping mall as the importance of cosmeceuticals is emerging. According to a survey on consumer perceptions regarding the ingredients of cosmeceuticals by gender, there was a clear difference between men and women. In particular, when asked about the ingredients of whitening cosmetics, the percentage of male respondents was as low as 30.8% with a significant difference between men and women (t=31.688,p<0.001). In addition, most consumers were very aware of the efficacies of the ingredients of cosmeceuticals on the skin. In terms of actual repurchase intention, however, a significant difference was found by gender and product type in 3 different cosmeceuticals. In other words, men were lower than women in terms of awareness of cosmeceuticals and repurchase intention. Therefore, the development of a plan which satisfies both men and women, easily labels ingredients and meets consumer needs and demands through proper pricing policy are needed during the development of cosmeceuticals.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.227-243
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of experience characteristics of cosmetics brand stores on purchase intention through brand value and product in-store expectations. In addition, by identifying the effects of gender regulation, the study aimed to supplement theoretical studies and to provide practical implications on the experience of cosmetics brand stores. First, we presented educational experiences, aesthetic experiences, and playful experiences as experience characteristics in stores. And we assumed the effect of these experience characteristics on the brand value and the expectation of the product in the store, and the effect of the brand value and the expectation on the purchase intention of the product in the store. 279 data were collected from consumers who had visited cosmetics brand stores, and we analyzed them using structural equation analysis. As a result, both experience characteristics have positive effects on brand value and in-store product expectations, and brand value has positive effects on expectations. In addition, brand value and in-store product expectations have a positive effect on in-store product purchase intention. In moderating effects of gender, the effect of playful experience on brand value is greater in male group, and the impact of educational and aesthetic experience on product expectations is greater in female group. These results contribute to the theoretical expansion of experience research on cosmetic brand stores, and provide strategic implications for experience marketing of cosmetic stores.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.47
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• pp.103-123
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• 2017

In recent years, some of the brands of cosmetics in Korea have launched the BB Cream only for man. Cosmetics is not only necessary for woman and it has been accepted by the male. A programme hosted by 김기수 is aimed to teach the female how to make up. As a result, the comprehension of the gender and the development of the times have been combined closely. The understanding of gender has been developed from binary opposition to the diversity of gender. The movements that were aimed at advocating feminism caused by some events reminded us of that we should pay attention to the equalization of the gender. We can see that people want to liberate themselves from the sexual stereotype through these social phenomenons. Meanwhile, animation advertising has also experienced a transformation, which is from that to shape a role under sexual stereotype to that to pay more attention to the diversity of gender during the progress of shaping a role. During the initial stage of the animation advertising's prosperity, what it described was based on the male. The male was the permanent theme. On the contrary, the female only played a subordinate role. However, with the development of feminism, to realize self-worth of the female and to fight for the gender equality have been mentioned more and more frequently. All these factors have prompted the animation advertising to break the stereotype when shaping a new role and change the sexual stereotype in order to create new animation figures.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.197-203
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• 2006

Parabens are most wildly used in food, cosmetics and pharmaceutic products as preservatives caused of safety and cheap. we had examined that paraben had estrogenic activity through the in vivo and in vitro experiments in last year. We demonstrated that most of parabens(ethyl, butyl, propyl, isobutyl, isopropyl) increased significantly uterus weight as well as induced proliferation of MCF-7 cell and binding of estrogen receptor as endocrine disrupter compounds. In this study, we evaluated that whether parabens have effect on male reproductive system or not. the male rats were administrated parabens by oral injection then examined separation of preputial day for $PND23\simPND52$. As the results, most parabens delayed pubertal development compare to control group. The separation of preputial day of Butyl and Propyl parabens at high concentration were PND 44 days and PND 45days compared to control group as PND 40 days. Even though, parabens as endocrine disrupter wildly spread in food, cosmetics and pharmaceutic products, we didn't have the safe guideline. In abroad, they are re-evaluating safety assessment for parabens. In conclusion, parabens delayed pubertal development in juvenile parabens are consider as endocrine disrupter chemicals.