• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.52 no.6
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• pp.515-528
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• 2019

Purpose: This study examined the immunological activity and optimized the mixture conditions of Sargassum horneri (S. horneri) extracts in vitro and in vivo models. Methods: S. horneri was extracted using three different methods: hot water extraction (HWE), 50% ethanol extraction (EE), and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). Splenocyte proliferation and cytokine production (Interleukin-2 and Interferon-γ) were measured using a WST-1 assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. The levels of nitric oxide and T cell activation production were measured using a Griess assay and flow cytometry, respectively. The natural killer (NK) cell activity was determined using an EZ-LDH kit. Results: Among the three different types of extracts, HWE showed the highest levels of splenocyte proliferation and cytokine production in vitro. In the animal model, three different types of extracts were administrated for 14 days (once/day) at 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight. HWE and SFE showed a high level of splenocyte proliferation and cytokine production in the with and without mitogen-treated groups, whereas EE administration did not induce the splenocyte activation. When RAW264.7 macrophage cells were treated with different mixtures (HWE with 5, 10, 15, 20% of SFE) to determine the optimal mixture ratio of HWE and SFE, the levels of nitric oxide and cytokine production increased strongly in the HWE with 5% and 10% of SFE containing group. In the animal model, HWE with 5% and 10% of SFE mixture administration increased the levels of splenocyte proliferation, cytokine production, and activated CD4⁺ cell population significantly, with the highest level observed in the HWE with 5% of SFE group. Moreover, the NK cell activity was increased significantly in the HWE with 5% of SFE mixture-treated group compared to the control group. Conclusion: The optimal mixture condition of S. horneri with immune-enhancing activity is the HWE with 5% of SFE mixture. These results confirmed that the extracts of S. horneri and its mixtures are potential candidate materials for immune enhancement.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.267-271
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• 2002

The purpose of this research was to investigate the immunoregulatory effect, apoptosis of L 1210 leukemia cells of Comus officinalis Sieb.et Zucc. The proliferation of cultured splenocytes and thymocytes were enhanced by the addition of SSY. Splenic, thymic and mesenteric lymph node-T lymphocytes, especially TH cells was significantly increased in SSY-administered (p.o. for 7 days) mice. SSY treatment induced the apoptosis of L1210 mouse leukemia cells. In addition, SSY accelerated the phagocytic activity and nitric oxide production in peritoneal macrophages. These results suggest that SSY have an immuno-regulatory property and anti-cancer effect.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.267-271
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• 2005

Many of plants had been reported having immunostimulating activity. This study reports the immunostimulating activity of Cassia tora L. (Leguminosae) seed, by means of solvent extraction method. Ethanol extract and solvent fractions, n-hexane, chloroform, ethylacetate, n-butanol and aqueous layer of Cassia tora L. seed were tested for immunostimulating activity in vitro. The ethylacetate-soluble fraction caused significant inhibition on the production of nitric oxide by murine macrophages (RAW 264.7), and mouse splenocytes were also stimulated at the concentration of 10 pgfmL. Three anthraquinones, chrysophanol (1), isochrysophanol (2) and aloe-emodin (3) with immunostimulating activity were isolated from the ethylacetate-soluble fraction of Cassia tora L. seed through activity-monitored fractionation and isolation method. These results permit Cassia tora L. to be useful as one the of natural immunostimulating crops.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.173-178
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• 1998

The oral administration of Aurantii nobilis pericarpium (ANP) extract and Aurantii immaturi pericarpium (AIP) extract suppressed the cell viability of both thymocytes and splenocytes in BALB/c mice. The ANP extract (500 mg/kg) enhanced the population of $B220^+$ cells, and the AIP also enhanced the population of B220+ and Thy-1+ cells in splenocytes. The AIP extract enhanced the population of $CD4-CD8^+$ cells in splenic T-lymphocytes. However, the ANP did not affect, whereas the AIP enhanced the phagocytic activity and the nitric oxide production in peritoneal macrophages.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Toxicology Conference
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• 2005.05a
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• pp.155-155
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• 2005

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.203-210
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• 2002

Aster scaber $T_{HUNB}$ (AST ; Charm-chui), a potent herbal medicinal plant, has a long tradition of use, being harvested as a wild plant, is said to stimulate appetite, and may act as a diuretic, antifebrile agent and painkiller. This study was conducted to investigate the immunomodulative effects of AST In mice, using in vitro and in vivo experiments. The immunomodulative effects were studied in vitro by measuring the proliferation of mice splenocytes and the production of three kinds of cytokines (IL-$\beta$, IL-6, and TNF-$\alpha$) by mice peritoneal macrophages which were cultured with sequential fractions of AST methanol extract (methanol, hexane, chlo-roform, ethylacetate, butanol and water). In an in vivo experiment using mice, different concentrations of AST water extract were orally administrated every other day for two weeks. The production of cytokines (IL-1$\beta$, IL-6, and TNF-$\alpha$) secreted by activated macrophages, and the proliferation of mice splenocytes, were used as indices for immunocompetence. In vitro supplementation using six fractions of AST in the range of 1 to 100$\mu$ g/ml enhanced splenocyte proliferation by 10.5% to 53% compared to the control. IL-1$\beta$production was significantly increased with the supplementation of butanol and water extracts of AST. Higher levels of IL-6 and TNF-$\alpha$production were detected with supplementation of methanol, ethylacetate, butanol or water extracts at the concentration of 100$\mu$ g/ml. In the in vivo study, the highest proliferation of splenocytes was seen in the mice orally administrated with the AST water extract at the concentration of 500mg/kg body weight. In the case of cytokine production, there were no significant differences in the production of IL-1$\beta$and IL-6 among the treated groups and the control. However, TNF-$\alpha$released by activated peritoneal macrophages were augmented by the oral administration of AST water extract. These results indicate that AST may enhance the immune functions by regulating splenocyte proliferation and cytokine production capacity in mice.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.187-194
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• 2011

Objective : Astragali Radix (AR) and Cinnamomi Cortex (CC) are used to enhance immune response in Asian traditional medicine. Immuno-potentiation of the combination of AR and CC were evaluated on the cellular and humoral immune response using murine macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7) and OVA-immunized mice. Methods : This study was designed to investigate the immuno-potentiative effects of AR, CC, and AR with CC on nitric oxide synthesis in RAW 264.7 cells and proliferation and production levels of Intereukin-2 (IL-2) in mouse splenocytes. In addition, we evaluated the plasma-specific antibody responses and splenocyte proliferation on ovalbumin (OVA)-immunized mice treated with herbal extracts. Results : Combination treatment with AR and CC increased nitric oxide synthesis in RAW 264.7 cells and IL-2 level in splenocytes (p<0.001). Combination of AR and CC significantly enhanced the Concanavalin A- (Con A ; T cell mitogen) and lipopolysaccharide-(LPS ; B cell mitogen) induced splenocyte proliferation on the OVA-immunized mice. Combination of AR and CC also significantly enhanced plasma levels of OVA-specific IgG (p<0.01), IgG1 (p<0.05) and total IgM (p<0.01) compared with the OVA-immunized control group. Conclusion : These results suggest that combination of AR and CC could be used as therapeutic profile on activation of immune response.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.454-460
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• 1993

Abnormalities of the T cell subsets have been detected in the immunologically mediated disease sites such as periodontal lesions which are attributable to the regulatory effect of cell differentiation and specific chemokinetic effect of various cytokines. Macrophage Inflammatory protein$(MIP)-1{\alpha}$ and gammain terferon$({\gamma}-IFN)$ serve as important immunoregulatory molecules through which growth and differentiation of specific T cell subsets are known to be negatively regulated. Murine cytolytic T cell line CTLL-2 were used to perform the [$^3H$]-thymidine incorporation test, by which we obtained more comprehensive view in regulatory actions of cytokines on the T cell subset proliferation. 1. $rMIP-{\alpha}$(200ng/ml) and $r{\gamma}-IFN$(100U/ml) appreared to suppress the proliferation rate to CTLL-2 by 74 and 86% respectively, and the suppressive action of two cytokines were synergisic. 2. Culture supernatant of anti-CD3 mAb-stimulated mouse splenocyte enhanced the proliferation rate of CTLL-2 up to 10-fold with dose-dependent manner. However, culture supernatant of unstimulated splenocyte showed only 2-fold increase in the proliferation rate. 3. CTLL-2 cell proliferation was strictly IL-2 dependent.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.268-274
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to investigate the immuno-stimulatory activity of the high-molecular-weight fraction (HMWF) of Cynanchum wilfordii (CW) extracts obtained by ultrafiltration in murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells and to assess its immuno-stimulatory effect in mice. Ultrafiltration was performed with polyethersulfone membranes (30 kDa cutoff) in a cross-flow filtration system to obtain the HMWF of CW. The results showed that the HMWF increased the production of various cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$, interleukin-6, and nitric oxide in dose-ependent manners. In addition, HMWF treatment increased the relative spleen weight as well as splenocyte proliferation induced by concanavalin A or bacterial lipopolysaccharide in mice. Natural killer (NK) cell activity in the HMWF-treated group was significantly increased compared to that in the control group. These results suggest that the HMWF of CW can support the immune system through secretion of macrophage cytokines, thereby enhancing NK cell activity and murine splenocyte proliferation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.9
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• pp.1552-1559
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• 2004

In order to evaluate the potential utilization value as a novel probiotic strain, the immunopotentiating activities of the cellular components from Lactobacillus brevis FSB-1 were examined. L. brevis FSB-1 isolated from kimchi were fractionated into the whole cell, cell wall, cytosol and extracellular preparation, and each fraction was examined on intestinal immune system modulating activity in vitro. The cell wall and cytosol preparation showed the relatively high bone marrow cell proliferating activity through Peyer's patch cell in a dose-dependent manner. But these preparations did not directly stimulate the bone marrow cell proliferation. The whole cell, cell wall and cytosol preparation also induced considerable levels of macrophage activation and mitogenicity of murine splenocytes in vitro. The anti-complementary activity (ITCH_(50)) of the cytosol fraction of L. brevis FSB-1 was the most potent in the cellular components, and the activity showed dose dependency. The complement activation by the cytosol fraction of L. brevis FSB-1 occurs via both alternative and classical pathways, which confirmed by the crossed immunoelectrophoresis using anti-human C3.