• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.311-319
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• 2022

Hyaluronic acid from Liparis tessellatus eggs (HALTE) was grafted with caffeic acid (CA-g-HALTE), ferulic acid (FA-g-HALTE), gallic acid (GA-g-HALTE), and nisin (Nisin-g-HALTE) and investigated for their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential in lipopolysaccharides-stimulated RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages. Nitric oxide (NO) generation and prostaglandin E₂ activity were measured after treatment with the grafted HALTE samples. All grafted HALTE samples exhibited more antioxidant activity against 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radicals than 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radicals. Nisin-g-HALTE showed the least antioxidant activity. Additionally, the NO assay results showed that all grafted samples had no cytotoxic effect on RAW 264.7 macrophages and reduced macrophage activity after treatment. The most effective concentrations of CA-g-HALTE and FA-g-HALTE were found to be above 100 ㎍/mL. Increased sample concentration resulted in increased activity except with Nisin-gHALTE at 100 ㎍/mL. CA-g-HALTE, FA-g-HALTE, GA-g-HALTE, and Nisin-g-HALTE were found to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential, which can be further explored for use in food, cosmetic, nutraceutical, and biomedical applications.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제25권8호
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• pp.417-428
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• 2022

This study aimed to determine the antibacterial activity and toxicity of methanol and hexane extracts of Halymenia durvillei red seaweed which were found abundantly in Kayangan island, South Sulawesi. The antibacterial activity of the crude extract was tested against five gram-negative bacteria, namely Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Aeromonas hydrophila, and Vibrio harveyi at a dose of 200 g/disk. Extract toxicity was tested on Artemia salina larvae at concentrations of 1,000, 500, 250, 125, 62.5, and 31.25 ㎍/mL. The results showed that the methanol and hexane extracts of H. durvillei had the highest activity against S. thypi and A. hydrophila, respectively, with inhibition zones of 26.2 mm and 21.0 mm. On the other hand, the two extracts did not show activity against E. coli and P. aeruginosa, respectively. The toxicity of the methanol extract of H. durvillei was twice as high as that of the hexane extract with half-maximal inhibitory concentration of 98.24 and 184.21 ㎍/mL, respectively. Thus, the methanol and hexane extracts of red seaweed H. durvillei have the potential as new antibacterial agents respectively against the pathogenic bacteria S. typhi and A. hydrophila, but also have the opportunity to be developed into antitumor herbal compounds.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2015

In an effort to discover alternative antimicrobials against Listeria monocytogenes, several marine algae were screened. The methanolic extract of Ecklonia cava exhibited the highest antibacterial activity against L. monocytogenes, with the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) soluble fraction of E. cava methanolic extract having a MIC value of $256{\mu}g/mL$ and a MBC value of ${\mu}g/mL$. The MIC values of streptomycin in combination with the EtOAc fraction were markedly reduced up to 64-fold, suggesting that the antibacterial activity of the antibiotic was restored when combined with the EtOAc fraction. The interaction between streptomycin and the EtOAc fraction was assessed by fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) indices. The combination of streptomycin and the EtOAc fraction against L. monocytogenes resulted in ${\Sigma}FIC_{min}$ range of 0.141 to 0.266 and ${\Sigma}FIC_{max}$ of 0.531 for all strains. The median ${\Sigma}FIC$ against L. monocytogenes strains ranged from 0.172 to 0.344. Thus, synergistic ranges of FIC <1 were observed for all combinations of streptomycin and the EtOAc fraction against L. monocytogenes strains. Indeed, the median ${\Sigma}FIC$ of streptomycin-EtOAc fraction ranged from 0.172 to 0.344, suggesting a marked synergy.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.71-77
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• 2016

Objectives : Adipogenesis was defined as a differentiation process of preadipocytes into the adipocytes. Thus, to control of this process can be one of the most important strategies to prevent obesity. Korean ginseng(Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) is one of the most widely used medicinal herbs. Although multiple biological activities of Korean ginseng, particularly ginsenosides, have been known, the anti-adipogenic role and function of polysaccharides from Korean ginseng are still unclear. In this study, we examined anti-adipogenic activity of polysaccharides and its molecular basis mechanisms are further investigated.Methods : The cytotoxicity of KGP in 3T3-L1 was evaluated by MTT assay. Anti-adipogenic effect of KGP was examined by Oil Red O (ORO) staining and microscopy observation in 3T3-L1 mature adipocytes. The mRNA expression levels of adipogenic transcriptional factors were analyzed by reverse transcription-polymer chain reaction (RT-PCR). To elucidate the adipogenic molecular mechanism of KGT, SB431542 (TGF-β specific inhibitor) was used.Results : We found that polysaccharides showed no effect on the viability of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Dose dependent inhibitory effect of polysaccharides on 3T3-L1 adipogenesis was observed as judged by ORO staining and microscopic image analysis. To obtain further mechanistic insight into anti-adipogenic function of polysaccharides, we then tested the effect of polysaccharides treatment on the adipogenic marker genes. The mRNA expressions level of C/EBPα, PPARγ, C/EBPβ, and fatty acid synthase (FAS) were dose-dependently inhibited by KGP treatment in 3T3-L1 mature adipocytes.Conclusions : In conclusion, these findings suggest that the KGP could be used in treatment of obesity and overweight related diseases.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제66권1호
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• pp.204-218
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• 2024

Elsholtzia fruticosa (EF) is present in tropical regions throughout South Asian countries as well as the Himalayas. Although it has been used as a traditional medicine to treat digestive, respiratory, and inflammatory issues, its effect on preadipocyte differentiation is unknown. In this study, we examined the effects of a methanol extract prepared from EF on the differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Cell differentiation was assessed by microscopic observation and oil-red O staining. The expression of adipogenic and lipogenic genes, including PPARγ and C/EBPα, was measured by western blot analysis and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), to provide insight into adipogenesis and lipogenesis mechanisms. The results indicated that EF promotes the differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, with elevated lipid accumulation occurring in a concentration-dependent manner without apparent cytotoxicity. EF enhances the expression of adipogenic and lipogenic genes, including PPARγ, FABP4, adiponectin, and FAS, at the mRNA and protein levels. The effect of EF was more pronounced during the early and middle stages of 3T3-L1 cell differentiation. Treatment with EF decreased C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) mRNA and protein levels, while increasing C/EBPα and PPARγ expression. Treatment with EF resulted in the upregulation of cyclin E and CDK2 gene expression within 24 h, followed by a decrease at 48 h, demonstrating the early-stage impact of EF. A concomitant increase in cyclin-D1 levels was observed compared with untreated cells, indicating that EF modulates lipogenic and adipogenic genes through intricate mechanisms involving CHOP and cell cycle pathways. In summary, EF induces the differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes by increasing the expression of adipogenic and lipogenic genes, possibly through CHOP and cell cycle-dependent mechanisms.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.258-264
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• 2009

A commercial diet supplemented with carotenoids and conjugated linoleic acid was fed to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) for 8 weeks. To investigate the anti-oxidative properties of these compounds, lipids from the muscle and viscera of the fish were subjected to different assays. At $10\;{\mu}g/mL$, L-ascorbic acid exhibited 95% 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging activity, while the tissue lipids showed little radical scavenging activity. At 50 and $100\;{\mu}g/mL$, the lipids of the muscles and viscera showed 11.7-22.6% and 11.3-24.9% DPPH radical-scavenging activity, respectively. A lipid peroxidation inhibitory assay using the ferric thiocyanate method was also performed in comparison with $\alpha$-tocopherol at a concentration of 6.0 mg/mL. Our results indicate that the anti-oxidative property of the lipids in fish muscle, which was 85.2% compared to 85.3% for the visceral lipids, was stronger than that of $\alpha$-tocopherol (74.3%) following 3 days of storage at $40^{\circ}C$.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.287-293
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• 2009

The dried roots of Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza) and Sanchi (Panax notoginseng) have been widely used in traditional Chinese medicine for promoting blood circulation as well as various other bodily functions. Here we investigated the effects of a mixture of aqueous extracts of Danshen and Sanchi, named PASEL, on blood pressure and vascular contractility in rats. Orally administered PASEL (62.5 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg, for 5 weeks) lowered the blood pressure of spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHR) but this was not observed in normal Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKR). We then investigated the effects of PASEL on the arterial contraction of the small branches of cerebral arteries (CAs) and large conduit femoral arteries (FAs) in rats. PASEL did not affect high-K (KCI 60 mM)- or phenyleprine (PhE)-induced contracture of FAs. The myogenic response, a reactive arterial constriction in response to increased luminal pressure, of small CA was dose-dependently suppressed by PASEL in SHR as well as control rats. Interestingly, the KCI-induced contraction of small CAs was slowly reversed by PASEL, and this effect was more prominent in SHR than control WKR. PASEL did not inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity. These results demonstrated that the antihypertensive effect of PASEL might be primarily mediated by altering the arterial MR, not by direct inhibition of L-type $Ca^{2+}$ channels or by ACE inhibition.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제25권11호
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• pp.579-586
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• 2022

Research on the potential biological activity of red alga Symphyocladia spp. has been limited to Symphyocladia latiuscula, which is widely used as a food ingredient in Korea. Here, we examined the biological activity of another species, Symphyocladia linearis, which is found in Korea and was reported as a new species in 2013. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial properties of a 70% ethanol extract of S. linearis. Antioxidant activity, which was evaluated using radical scavenging assays, revealed half maximal inhibitory concentration values for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) of 34.57 and 11.70 ㎍/mL algal extract, respectively. Anti-inflammatory activity of the S. linearis ethanolic extract was evaluated using RAW 264.7 cells by measuring the inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) production. The potential cytotoxicity of NO and PGE₂ was first examined, confirming no toxicity at concentrations ranging from 10-100 ㎍/mL. NO production was inhibited 61.1% and 78.0% at 50 and 100 ㎍/mL S. linearis extract, respectively; and PGE₂ production was inhibited 69.1%, 83.2%, and 94.8% at 25, 50, and 100 ㎍/mL S. linearis extract, respectively. Thus, the S. linearis extract showed very strong efficacy against PGE₂ production. The cellular production of reactive oxygen species, measured using 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate fluorescence, was inhibited 48.8% by the addition of 100 ㎍/mL S. linearis extract. Antibacterial activity was evaluated using the disc diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). S. linearis was effective only against gram-positive bacteria, exhibiting antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus with a MIC of 256 ㎍/mL extract and against Bacillus cereus with a MIC of 1,024 ㎍/mL extract. Based on these results, we infer that a 70% ethanolic extract of S. linearis possesses strong anti-inflammatory properties, and therefore has the potential to be used in the prevention and treatment of inflammatory and immune diseases.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제47권4호
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• pp.525-533
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• 2015

본 연구는 녹차씨 압착박의 활용성을 증가해 보고자 녹차씨를 압착한 후 남은 박을 추출하여 총 페놀, 조사포닌, 카테킨, 나린게닌 함량을 확인하고 3T3-L1 세포에서의 지방세포분화 억제 관련 효과를 확인하였다. 또한 기존에 체지방 감소 효능이 있는 것으로 알려진 녹차와도 비교하였다. 녹차씨 압착박 추출물과 녹차 추출물의 페놀, 조사포닌, 카테킨, 나린게닌 함량을 비교한 결과 녹차씨 압착박 추출물에서 나린게닌 함량이 높음을 알 수 있었다. 3T3-L1 세포에서 Oil Red O 염색법을 이용한 지방 축적저해 정도 및 세포내 중성지방 함량을 측정한 결과, 녹차씨 압착박 추출물에서 지방 축적저해 및 중성지방의 함량이 감소하는 것을 확인하였다. 녹차씨 압착박이 지방합성 및 에너지 조절 효소에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 단백질 발현 실험을 실시한 결과, 녹차 또는 녹차씨 압착박 추출물에 의해서 AMPK 및 ACC의 인산화 증가 및 FAS의 발현이 감소하는 것을 확인 할 수 있었으며, 이러한 효능은 녹차 추출물보다 녹차씨 압착박 추출물에서 더 강하게 나타나는 것을 알 수 있었다. 이상의 결과로부터 녹차씨 압착박 추출물이 녹차 추출물 보다 지방세포분화 억제 효과가 높게 나타나는 것이 확인되어져, 녹차씨는 추후 체지방 감소 효능을 갖는 식품 소재로도 활용이 가능 할 것으로 생각되어진다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제40권5호
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• pp.649-659
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• 2011

연구에서는 콩다닥냉이 추출물의 항암활성을 조사하기 위하여 잎 및 뿌리의 열수 추출물(WELVL 및 WELVR)이 HCT116 대장암세포의 증식 억제와 연관된 apoptosis 유도 기전에 관한 연구를 시도하였다. 본 연구의 결과에 의하면 HCT116 세포에 WELVL 및 WELVR을 처리하였을 경우에 유발되는 증식 억제 및 형태 변화는 apoptosis 유발과 밀접한 연관이 있었으며, 증식억제 및 apoptosis 유도 효과는 WELVL에 비하여 WELVR에서 높게 나타났다. 특히 WELVR에 의한 apoptosis 유발에는 FasL의 발현 증가를 통한 caspase-8의 활성화와 이로 인한 Bid 단백질의 단편화와 함께 Bcl-2 family의 발현 변화를 통한 mitochondria의 기능 이상과 이로 인한 caspase-9 및 -3의 활성화, 그리고 기질단백질들의 분해가 중요한 역할을 하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 IAP family의 발현 감소로 인한 caspase의 활성 증가도 어느 정도 관여하는 것으로 생각되어진다. 따라서 WELVR 처리에 의하여 유발되는 apoptosis는 extrinsic pathway 및 intrinsic pathway를 모두 경유하는 multiple apoptotic pathway에 의하여 조절되는 것으로 생각되며, 이러한 결과들은 인체 암세포에서 콩다닥냉이의 항암작용을 이해하는데 중요한 자료가 될 것이고 나아가 콩다닥냉이 추출물을 포함한 그와 유사한 항암제 후보물질들의 연구 기초자료로서 사용될 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.