• 한국지역사회생활과학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.423-435
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• 2009

농한기의 충남 연기군과 강원 홍천군에 거주하는 65세 이상 노인을 대상으로 하여 급식 식단선정하여 적용하고 및 급식, 기호도 및 찬반량을 조사하였다. 노인의 한 끼 급식의 열량은 한국인 영양섭취기준 필요추정량 (64세이상 남자2,000 cal/d, 여자 1,600 kcal/d)의 남녀 평균 수치를 삼분의 1로 나누어 600 kcal로 정하였다. 당질, 단백질, 지질의 한 끼 섭취량은 65 : 15 : 20인 비율을 고려하여 각각 당질 97.5g, 단백질 22.5g, 지질 13.3g으로 선정하였다. 급식의 적용은 점심식사로 5일간 실시하였다. 충남 연기군의 급식 식단은 어육류의 양질의 단백질을 충분히 섭취할 수 있도록 쇠고기와 꽁치, 갈치를 이용하였다. 식단 3은 노인들의 우유 및 유제품의 섭취가 잘 이루어지지 않는 다는 점을 고려하여, 요구르트로 유제품을 섭취하도록 하였다. 식단 2와 식단 5는 겨울철 농한기의 부족해지기 쉬운 비타민 C를 공급하기 위해 귤을 후식으로 선정하였다. 충남에서 밥의 부드러운 정도와 전반적인 기호도는 식단 4의 잡곡밥이 8.5로 유의적으로 기호도가 가장 높은 것으로 나타났다. 전체적인 국의 짠 정도의 기호도는 식단 1의 쇠고기무국이 7.5의 값으로 유의적으로 가장 높았다. 국의 건더기 양은 남자의 경우 식단 4인 참치김치찌개, 여자의 경우 식단 1의 쇠고기무국이 가장 높은 기호도를 나타냈다. 국의 전반적인 기호도는 남자의 경우 식단 5의 육개장이 8.0으로 유의적으로 가장 높은 점수를 보였고, 여자의 경우 동태찌개가 8.3으로 유의적으로 가장 높은 점수를 나타냈다. 반찬의 전반적인 기호도 조사에서는 모든 식단에서 7.4이상의 높은 값으로 유의차를 나타내지 않았다. 강원 홍천군에서의 급식 식단은 노인에게 부족하기 쉬운 칼슘의 섭취를 위해 멸치와 돈등뼈를 활용하였고, 항암 및 면역활성과 고혈압 예방에 도움을 주는 파래와 혈중 콜레스테롤의 강하효과를 가져오는 달래로 구성하였다. 또한 유제품을 후식으로 선정하여 노인들의 유제품 섭취를 유도하였다. 밥의 부드러운 정도와 전반적인 기호도는 유의차 없이 모든 식단에서 8.5이상의 높은 점수를 나타냈다. 국의 짠 정도와 건더기의 양은 남자의 경우 식단 5의 돼지고기김치찌개가, 여자의 경우 식단 3의 동태찌개가 가장 높은 선호도를 보였다(p<0.05). 국의 전반적인 기호도는 남자의 경우 식단 5의 돼지고기김치찌개, 여자의 경우 동태찌개가 가장 높은 점수로 유의적인 차이를 나타났다(p<0.05). 반찬의 전반적인 기호도는 남자의 경우 식단 5인 새우오뎅볶음, 달래무침, 배추김치가 가장 높은 점수를 보였고, 여자의 경우 식단 3인 파래무침, 등 그랑땡, 배추김치가 가장 높은 점수를 나타났다. 식단에 대한 전반적인 기호도는 식단 3이 8.5의 값으로 유의적으로 가장 높았으며, 식단 4가 7.8의 값으로 유의적으로 가장 낮았다(p<0.05). 충남의 식사 후 1인 잔반량을 측정한 결과 식단 4가 56g으로 가장 많은 잔반량을 보였으며 식단가 역시 식단 4가 2,900원으로 가장 높았다. 강원의 경우 잔반량은 유의차 없이 9g에서 19g사이로 나타났고 식단가는 식단 2가 2,610원으로 가장 높았다. 이와 같이 본 연구는 농촌 노인을 중심으로 겨울철 농한기 식단을 개발하고, 급식을 통한 기호도를 조사함으로써 농촌 노인 복지활성화 및 노인급식의 구축을 위한 기초자료를 제공하고자 하였다. 향후 다방면의 조사와 식재료 가격 안정수급 정책의 뒷받침 등에 의해, 노인들의 입맛에도 맞을 뿐만 아니라 적은 급식비용으로 최대의 영양적으로 균형 잡힌 식단과 적은 잔반량을 나타낼 수 있도록 많은 연구가 필요하다고 사료된다.

• 원예과학기술지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.437-441
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• 2012

본 실험은 생물반응기를 통해 대량증식된 사계성 딸기 조직배양묘의 적정 순화용기를 선발하기 위해 실시하였다. 순화용기는 플라스틱투명용기, 플러그 트레이, I-포트 및 흑색비닐포트 등 4가지를 사용하였다. 토양함수율 10%이상 지속일수는 플라스틱 투명용기가 5일, 흑색비닐포트가 3-4일, 플러그 트레이 2일, I-포트가 1일 순이었다. 생존율은 흑색비닐포트가 80%, 플라스틱투명용기가 70%, I-포트가 55% 및 플러그 트레이가 15% 순으로 나타났다. 또한 생육량은 플라스틱 투명용기가 가장 왕성하였고, 흑색비닐포트와 플러그 트레이는 비슷하였으며, I-포트가 가장 저조하였다. 런너 발생은 흑색비닐포트가 주당 3.3개로 가장 많았으며, 플라스틱투명용기가 2.9개, 플러그 트레이가 1.6개 및 I-포트가 1.2개 순으로 나타났다. 총 생산비용은 흑색비닐포트가 44,405,300원/10a로 I-포트의 51,064,700원/10a보다 6,659,400원/10a이 더 절감되었으며, 총 생산주수도 흑색비닐포트가 102,718주/10a로 I-포트의 72,452.9주/10a보다 30,265.1주/10a 더 생산되었다. 또한 주당 생산비용은 흑색비닐포트가 432.3원으로 I-포트의 704.8원에 비해 272.5원의 감소하였다. 따라서 생물반응기를 통해 대량증식된 사계성 딸기 조직배양묘의 순화용기는 흑색비닐포트가 적당하였다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.37-45
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• 1984

의료보호사업의 의료이용 현황을 파악하고 그동안 시행과정에서 나타난 문제점을 발견하여 이에 대한 합리적인 개선책을 마련하는데 도움을 주고자 경산군의 전 의료보호대상자 17,527명이 1981년 10월 1일부터 1982년 9월말까지 1년동안에 진료증을 사용하여 진료를 받은 의료이용과 상병상태를 일차진료기관의 진료기록부와 매달 각 의료기관에서 군에 제출한 진료비청구서 및 내역서 기타 군과 읍, 면의 각종 행정통제자료에서 조사분석하였다. 경산군의 의료보호대상자는 전인구의 12.7%로서 전국의 9.5%보다 높았다. 대상자들의 의료이용율은 1차진료의 경우 대상자 100명당 월간 환자수는 9.3명, 방문회수는 14.0회, 투약일수는 42.9일이었다. 2,3차 진료의 경우는 연간 대상자 100명 당 입원이 1.7건, 외래이용이 9.3건이었다. 1종대상자가 2종대상자에 비해 1차진료 및 2,3차 진료 모두에서 의료이용이 월등히 높았다. 성별이용율은 1차진료는 여자가, 2,3차 진료는 남자가 많았다. 월별이용율은 7월이 가장 높고 1월이 가장 낮았다. 1월이 가장 낮은 것은 진료증의 갱신때문인 것으로 생각된다. 2,3차 진료기관의 연간 이용자수는 1,931명이고 이중 84.4%가 외래진료이었고 15.6%가 입원이었다. 전문과목별로는 정신과 환자가 66명중 55명이 입원으로 가장 높은 입원율을 나타내었으며, 이비인후과, 안과, 피부과, 비뇨기과 등은 연 입원환자가 $1{\sim}4$명으로 아주 낮은 입원율을 나타내었다. 2,3차 진료기관의 평균입원일수는 21.2일, 외래평균치료기관은 4.7일, 입원과 외래전체의 평균치료기간은 8.6일이었다. 정신과 환자의 평균 입원일수가 74.4일이나 되어 정신과를 제외할 경우 평균 입원일수는 9.3일이었다. 질환군으로 분류한 환자분포는 1차진료는 호흡기질환(35.4%)이 가장 많고, 2,3차 진료는 신경감각기질환(20.1%)이 가장 많았다. 연간 의료보호대상자 1인당 평균 진료비는 9,821원(1종: 24,240원, 2종: 7,464원)이고, 가구당 평균진료비는 40,531원(1종: 66,605원, 2종: 33,559원)이었다. 일차진료기관의 건당진료비는 3,901원, 일당진료비는 840원이고, 2,3차 진료기관의 건당진료비는 49,875원, 일당진료비는 5,822원이었다. 본 조사결과 다음과 같은 의료보호제도의 개선책을 제시하고자 한다. 첫째, 의료보호증의 연초에 일제갱신시 재발급절차를 신속히 할 수 있는 방안이 마련되었으면 한다. 둘째, 전문과목별로 1차지정의료기관을 지정함으로(관내에 전문의료기관이 없을 경우 인근 진료권에 지정) 2,3차 진료기관으로 이송되는 환자를 줄여서 예산의 절감과 이용자의 불편을 덜어주어야 한다고 생각된다. 셋째, 1차지정의료기관과 2,3차 지정의료기관의 진료비 산출방법이 좀더 합리적으로 개선되어야 한다고 생각된다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제47권6호
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• pp.525-532
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• 2014

Since mine wastes were merely dumped in the mine waste dump, they have produced acid mine drainage (AMD). Therefore, main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of coal combustion products (CCPs) on heavy metal stabilization and detoxification for mine wastes. Total six treatments for incubation test were conducted depending on mixing method (completely mixing and layered). Also, lysimeter experiment was conducted to examine efficiency of polyacrylamide (PAM) on reduction of mine wastes erosion. Result of incubation test showed that concentrations of soluble aluminium (Al) and iron (Fe) in leachate decreased compared to control. The lowest soluble Al and Fe in leachate was observed in 50% mixed treatment (14.2 and $1.03mg\;kg^{-1}$ for Al and Fe respectively) compared to control treatment (253.0 for Al and $52.6mg\;kg^{-1}$ for Fe). The pH of mine wastes (MW) and leachate increased compared to control after mixing with CCPs and ordered as control (MW 6.4, leachate 6.3) < 10% (MW 7.7, leachate 7.1) < 20% (MW 9.0, leachate 7.8) < 30% (MW 9.5, leachate 8.3) < 40% (MW 9.9, leachate 8.5) < 50% (MW 10.5, leachate 8.6). Application of PAM, both in liquid and granular type, dramatically decreased the suspended solid (SS) concentration of CCPs treatments. Reduction of SS loss was ordered as MW70CR30L ($24.4mg\;L^{-1}$) > MW70CR30LPL ($6.7mg\;L^{-1}$) > NT ($3.1mg\;L^{-1}$) > MW70CR30M ($1.6mg\;L^{-1}$) > MW70CR30MPL ($1.1mg\;L^{-1}$) > MW70CR30PGM ($0.7mg\;L^{-1}$) > MW70CR30LPG ($0.5mg\;L^{-1}$) > MW70CR30MPG ($0.4mg\;L^{-1}$). Overall, application of CCPs can be environmental friendly and cost-effective way to remediate coal mine wastes contaminated with heavy metals. In addition, use of PAM could help to prevent the erosion coal mine wastes in mine waste disposal area.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.125-136
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• 1992

본 연구는 alfalfa meal의 첨가가 산란계의 생산성, 난황 착색도, 난황 cholesterol 함량 등에 미치는 영향을 규명하기 위하여 실시하였다. alfalfa meal을 밀기울와 대체하여 0, 3.5, 7% 첨가하는 3개 처리에 총192수의 갈색 산란계를 공식하였고, 공시계는 완전임의 배치하여 철제 cage에서 사육하였으며 1991년 7월23일부터 10월 7일까지 10주간에 걸쳐 시험을 진행하였다. 본 시험의 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 전 기간을 통해 산란율은 alfalfa meal 3.5% 첨가구에서 가장 높았으나 통계적인 유의차는 없었다. 2. 난중은 alfalfa meal 3.5, 7% 첨가구가 대조구에 비하여 유의하게 증가하였다(P<0.01). 3. 통계적인 유의차는 인정되지 않았으나 일산란양은 alfalfa meal 3.5% 첨가구에서 가장 높았다. 4. 1일 사료 섭취양은 alfalfa meal 3.5% 첨가시 가장 많았으나 사료 요구율은 가장 낮았다. 5. 산란 kg당 사료비는 alfalfa meal 3.5% 첨가구가 유의하게 타구에 비해 낮았다(P<0.05). 6. 난질 및 난각질에 있어서 난각후도와 난각중은 alfalfa meal의 첨가 수준이 증가함에 따라 증가하였으나 통계적인 유의차는 인정되지 않았다. 7. 난황 착색도는 alfalfa meal의 첨가량이 증가할 때 유의적으로 증가하였다(P<0.01). 8. 통계적인 유의차는 없었으나 난황 cholesterol 함양은 밀기울만을 급여한 구와 비교해서 alfalfa meal을 3.5%, 7% 급여한 구에서 감소하는 경향을 보였다.

• 대한물리치료과학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.421-432
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• 1997

To find out the actual status of treatment of physically handicapped who were stayed of home, 320 physically handicapped persons were selected among total 6,264 physically handicapped registered in Taejon city, surveyed from January 1st to March 30, 1997. Following are the results ana lysed of collected data from 201 samped persons. 1. For the cause of physically handicapped, 36.3% was congenital, 26.9% was cerebralvascular acciednt(CVA). and 14.9% was infectious diseases and others in that orders. The must frequest cause of below 20 years age group was congenital cause, but that of $20{\sim}30$ years age group and $40{\sim}50$ years age group were accident and CVA repectively. 30.0% of respondents caused by infection and others earned household living expenses. Household living expenses were higher among the respondents caused by congenital cause but those were lowest in the accidental couse group. Handicap durations were longer in the accidental cause group and infections and others group than the congenital cause group and CVA group. 2. 54.7% of studied handicapped were under treatment. But 36.3% of them were stopped treatment, and 8.9 % of them answered not treated. Most handicapped, coused by congenital and CAV, were under treatment, but most of them caused by accidental and others were stopped treatment. 3. For the medical facilities, 54.5% of them utilized welfare facility, but 25.5% utilized general hospital and 20.0% of them utilized oriental medical hospital and health centers. Congenital cause group frequently selected welfare facility for the treatment facility. But accidental cause group frequently seleced general hospitals and CVA gruop frequently selected oriental medical hospital and others. The medical cost of welfare facility, oriental medical hospitals and others were lower than that of general hospitals. 4. The proportions of under treatment were higher among yonger age higher monthly living expenses group shorter handicapped duration groups, congenital cause group and handicap grade II group. But that of stop treatment were higher among congenital cause group, infectious and others cause group, and handicap grade I & then III group. 5. For the feelings satisfacion about medical treatment, only 35.3% of under treated group responed satisfation. 55.5% of them responded so-so, but 9.1 % responed dissatisfaction. The proportion of satisfaction was higher among shorter handicap duration group.

• 한국지역사회생활과학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.417-431
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• 2007

This study investigates the differences among residental areas in the health, standard of living, and social relationships of female elderly living alone. The total of 501 subjects(185 from rural areas, 159 from fishing communities, 77 from the islands, and 80 from urban areas) were questioned from May to July, 2006. The research area was confined to Chungcheong Province. The female elderly living alone of this study were an average of seventy-three years old, had a low cost of living, and received little formal school education. Over sixty percent(60.3) of them lived on less than thirty dollars a month which was the recognized Korean poverty level in 2006. The female elderly living alone were evaluated as being in good health, but they themselves perceived their health as being poor. Observed by residential areas, the subjects in urban areas were lower in ADL, and both the urban dwellers and the islanders appeared to be higher in their satisfaction with medical services as compared to those in rural areas and fishing communities. The fishing villagers showed the lowest standard of living for female elderly living alone. The analysis of social relationships as seen in the different residental areas revealed that the female elderly living alone g in urban areas tended to be receiving social supports rather than providing for others, and subjects living in fishing areas and the islands proved to be relatively higher in the exchange of social supports. In relation to offspring, the female elderly living alone in urban areas had a lower frequency of meeting with their children and also a lesser degree of intimacy with them because they lived at a distance. On the other hand, subjects living in rural areas and fishing communities had a higher frequency of meeting with their children and a greater degree of intimacy with them even if they lived at a distance. The study also showed that the female elderly living alone in the islands had a higher frequency of once meeting per three week with their offspring and a higher degree of intimacy with them because they all live in the same islands. In conclusion, the subject living in urban areas appeared to be isolated from their offspring as compared to the other seniors in the study. The female elderly living alone in urban areas suffered from an insufficient network of relatives and neighbors, and they experienced a poor quality of relationships to their offspring. Almost all of the lone seniors in the study had a low score in social activities; however, the female elderly living alone in urban areas revealed a higher level of participation in volunteer activities, group activities, and educational activities. Nevertheless, the lone seniors living in urban areas were not satisfied with their participation in social activities. The subjects living in rural in fishing communities and the islands showed more participation in money-making activities. This study suggests that the policies for female elderly living alone should reflect the differences of regional characteristics.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.158-165
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of X-rays in patients with acute traumatic vertebral fractures visiting the emergency department and to analyze the diagnostic value of X-rays for each spine level. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed basal characteristics by reviewing medical records of 363 patients with adult traumatic vertebral fractures, admitted to the emergency center from March 1, 2014 to February 28, 2017. We analyzed spine X-rays and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans to determine distribution according to the vertebral level, and we evaluated the efficacy of X-rays by comparing discrepancies between X-rays and MRI scans. Results: For a total of 363 patients, the mean age was 56.65 (20-93) and 214 (59%) were males. On the basis of X-rays, 67 cases (15.1%) were of the cervical spine, 133 cases (30.0%) were of the thoracic spine, and 243 cases (54.9%) were of the lumbar spine. In particular, the thoracolumbar region (T11-L2) was the most common, with 260 cases (58.7%). In X-rays, fractures were the least in the upper thoracic region (T1-T3), whereas MRI scans revealed fairly uniform distribution across the thoracic spine. Sensitivity of X-rays was lowest in the upper thoracic spine and specificity was almost always greater than 98%, except for 94.7% in L1. Positive predictive value was lower in the mid-thoracic region (T4-T9) and negative predictive value was slightly lower in C6, T2, and T3 than at other sites. Diagnostic accuracy of X-rays by vertebral body, transverse process, and spinous process according to fractured vertebral structures was significantly different according to vertebral level. Conclusions: Diagnostic accuracy of X-rays was lower in the upper thoracic region than in other parts. Further studies are needed to identify better methods for diagnosis considering cost and neurological prognosis.

• Asian Journal for Public Opinion Research
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.63-83
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• 2018

This exploratory research investigated the factors that influence foreign tourists' decision to use dental services in Thailand. The questionnaire was used to collect data from foreign tourists who used dental services in a hospital or dental clinic in Thailand. Data from 233 respondents completed questionnaires were analyzed using frequency distribution, percentages, mean, and standard deviation. The findings revealed that respondents were most likely to be Asian (54.5%) followed by European (33.9%), females (64.8%) aged between 26-35 years (39.1%), business owners (45.9%), and came to Thailand with friends (47.6%). Regarding travel purposes and contact with dental services, most of them travel for pleasure (52.89%) and contact the clinic directly through the Internet(63.95%) The health/medical services used included health check-up (34.48%), dental services (29.22%), and day spa/massage (23.23%). The dental treatment that respondents had completed or planned to do included dental check-up (29.87%), tooth cleaning (26.68%), and tooth whitening (11.41%). Based on the influence of $_7P$ factors towards the respondent's decision to use the dental service, it was found that the average mean score range from 4.33-4.15 which were at the high to the very high level of influence to their decisions. The people factor had the highest average mean score (mean 4.33, SD= 0.604)followed by the price factor (mean 4.32, SD= 0.651), which both had the highest level of influence. The physical evidence factor had the lowest mean score (mean 4.15, SD+0.752) which was at the high level of importance. It should be noted that the factor concerning the modern technology and dental equipment (mean 4.33, SD=0.606) and factor on the quality of service (mean 4.43, SD= 0.598) had the highest mean score followed by the total cost of the trip including services being reasonable (mean 4.37, SD=0.582). Regarding the country factor, it was found that this factor also had highest influence level (mean 4.30, SD=0.67) and affordability had the highest mean score (mean 4.39, SD=0.614).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.623-633
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• 2020

Objective: Substituting starch with digestible fiber (dF) can improve digestive health of rabbits and reduce costs. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a criterion for dF and starch supply. Effects of the dietary dF-to-starch ratio on pellet quality, growth and cecal microbiota of Angora rabbits were evaluated. Methods: Five isoenergetic and isoproteic diets with increasing dF/starch ratios (0.59, 0.66, 0.71, 1.05, and 1.44) were formulated. A total of 120 Angora rabbits with an average live weight of 2.19 kg were randomly divided into five groups with four replicates. At the end of 40 day feeding trial, cecal digesta were collected to analyse microbiota. Results: The results showed that the dF/starch ratio had linear effects on pellet variables (p<0.01). When the dF/starch ratio was 1.44, the pellets had the lowest powder and highest durability. The dF/starch ratio had unfavorable linear effects on growth variables (p<0.001). When analyzed by quadratic regression, the optimal dF/starch ratios for average weight gain and feed/gain were 0.59 and 0.74, respectively. There were differences in wool yield, fiber length and fiber diameter caused by the dF/starch ratio (p<0.05), and the dF/starch ratios that ranged from 0.66 to 1.06 were appropriate for good results. The cecal microbiota operational taxonomic unit (OTU) number index in the 1.05 dF/starch treatment was higher than that in the 0.66 and 0.71 dF/starch treatments. The higher dF/starch ratio resulted in a higher cecal microbiota OTU number index (p<0.05). The proportion of Ruminococcus in the 0.71 dF/starch treatment was higher than that in the 0.59 dF/starch treatment (p<0.05) Conclusion: The most suitable dF/starch ratio for feed pellet quality is 1.44, and for rabbit growth the optimal range of ratios is from 0.59 to 0.74. With combination of the wool growth, output cost, and cecal microbiota, we suggest that a dietary dF/starch ratio ranging from 0.74 to 1.06 is optimal.