• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.7 no.6
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• pp.140-158
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• 1999

The purposes of this study are to examine the characters of the lower body shape in the middle aged women and to make slacks pattern on the base of four difference body shapes. The lower body shapes were classified into 4 types on the basis of their lateral view silhouettes. The slacks patterns were based on the lower body shape characters and resulted in followings. In “Type 1” of the right body shape with the standard protrusion of abdomen and hips, little difference from conventional patterns was seen in experiment pattern, in which the front waist girth was W/4+0.5㎝+0.5㎝+fold(2.5㎝) and the back waist girth W/4+0.5㎝-0.5㎝+dart(3.5㎝). The front hip girth was defined as H/4+2.0㎝+0.5㎝ and the back hip girth as H/4+2.0㎝-0.5㎝ due to its increased ease amount produced by abdominal fat deposition. In the experimental pattern of “Type 2” with prominent hips, the front and back differences of the waist girth and the hip girth and the hip girth were defined as 1.0㎝ and 2.0㎝ separately. Accordingly, the front waist girth was W/4+0.5㎝+1.0㎝+fold(2.0㎝), the back waist girth W/4+0.5㎝-0.1㎝+dart(6.5㎝), the front hip girth H/4+2.0㎝+1.0㎝ and the back hip girth H/4+2.0㎝-1.0㎝. In “Type 3” with the prominent abdomen and the flat hips, the front waist girth was set up as W/4+0.5㎝+0.5㎝+fold(4.5㎝) for the increased front fold amount and the back waist girth was W/4+0.5㎝+0.5㎝+dart(3.0㎝). The front hip girth was made as H/4+2.5㎝+0.5㎝ and the back hip girth H/4+2.5㎝-0.5㎝. In “Type 4” with prominent abdomen and hips, considered were ① the increased front fold amount due to the abdominal protrusion, ② the increased back dart amount and the decreased back dart length owing to the hips prominent and ③ the front and back differences of waist and hip girth for the lateral view silhouette. Therefore the front waist girth was defined as W/4+0.5㎝+2.0㎝+fold(5.0㎝), the back waist girth as W/4+0.5㎝-2.0㎝+dart(4.0㎝), the front hip girth as H/4+2.0㎝+1.0㎝ and the back hip girth as H/4+2.0㎝-1.0㎝. The sensory evaluation of appearance and comfort was appeared more suitable on the experiment pattern than on the conventional pattern.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.615-625
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• 2023

This study aimed to analyze the characteristics of the lower-body shape of middle-aged males with abdominal obesity by type and consider dimensional distribution to present a suit-pants size. The criteria were having a waist circumference greater than 90 cm and a waist-to-hip ratio(WHR) greater than 0.90; a total of 566 middle-aged males were surveyed. The findings revealed that, first, compared to standard lower-body types, the average body size of abdomenobese middle-aged males was significantly larger, especially in the horizontal area than in the vertical ares. Second, through a cluster analysis, a total of three categories of abdominal obesity were defined: small oval, large cylinder, and trapezoid type. The coverage rates of each type were 93.8%, 75.9%, and 93.0%, respectively. Finally, the suit-pants size system established according to lower-body types indicated the basic body size and reference body size were different for each type and also for the KS K 0050 male adult's garments size system. According to the definition of abdominal obesity, the types of abdominal obesity and the dimensions of each area are different, even if they belong to the same obesity group, suggesting that it is necessary to develop a pattern based on the analysis of obesity types.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.653-663
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• 2014

In the design of stereoscopic clothing items, the 3D shapes of the space between clothing and body (SCB; Space shape between Clothing and Body) can be very important clues to improve the fit for various body shapes. Therefore, this research suggests a method for extracting the shape of SCB using the mold bra cup as an example. The SCBs were extracted from two kinds of 3D images, a small-breasted women's nude breast images and bra-wearing images. The the mold bra cups were compressed by wearing, and the outer and lower part of the SCBs could not be obtained because of the movement of the breast volume in the bras. Therefore, the SCBs could not be applied to the design of the mold bra cups directly. However, the suggested method can be useful when it is applied to stiffer clothing items and body parts whose shapes are not changed easily, such as a helmet or other body protectors.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.124-136
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• 2009

This study was focused on classifying lower-body trunk and revealing the lower-body characteristics of the Chinese males in their 20s through 40s for their slacks pattern design. Compared with the 20s, the subjects in their 30s and 40s had small vertical and big horizontal sizes and showed a somatotype difference through a horizontal change. According to the size of absolute values, the lower body of Chinese men was "tall and normal trunk"(43.9%). Based on the shape of index values, Type 3(40.3%) was representative with average hip-surface length, waist-hip width difference and long upper hip. While Type 3 was seen a lot in the 20s(51.8%), 30s and 40s were each represented by Type 2(47.1%) with the smallest waist-hip width difference, average upper hip, and long hip-surface length and Type 1(45.9%) with small waist-hip width difference, average upper hip, and short hip-surface length. As this study is confined to Ningbo City of Zhejiang Province and has a small number of subjects, the generalization of the findings should be more serious. Further research will be centered on the development of slacks patterns in consideration of the body type changes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.53 no.6
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• pp.117-130
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to provide the basic data on the development of ready-to-wear clothing for the elderly women as the population of the elderly has been constantly increasing as well as the purchasing power of the aged. The body measurements of 318 elderly women were taken. whose ages were over 60 years and enrolled in colleges for the elderly. sports centers. or business sites in Seoul and the neighboring districts. A total of 39 features in the lower body were used for the anthropometric measurement and analysis. The results of the study are as follows: 1. Indices of height and weight were used for factor analysis. cluster analysis, and discriminant analysis in order to 'classify lower body somatotype according to shape, excluding size factors. From the results of the factor analysis. the 5 factors showed the cumulative sum of square at 75.63%. 2. Somatotype were classified into two types according to a cluster analysis using height and weight dices. Type 1 is the group is relatively tall and has somewhat fat lower limbs. Type 2 is considered fat and has obesity factors around waist and abdomen area. The hit rate for the classified two groups showed the result at 95.9%.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.57 no.9
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• pp.97-109
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• 2007

This study is to examine the relation between self-consciousness and appearance management behavior; to grasp the appearance management behavior depending on self-consciousness which older women feel personally; to understand their needs more deeply; and to give support in planning and conducting marketing strategies effectively in the beauty and fashion market. The subjects of this study were aged women ranging 55 to 69 in age, living in Daegu and Geongsangbukdo. 500 questionnaires were distributed and 397 questionnaires out of 440 returned were used in the data analysis. The results through statistic analyses are following: 1. Among older women, the higher social self-consciousness group appeared to pursue six types of appearance management behavior(i.e., weight body-shape care, skin care, cosmetic behavior, hair care, cosmetic surgery, and clothing behavior) much more than the lower social self-consciousness group. 2. Compared with the lower private self-consciousness group, the higher private self-consciousness group appeared to care for not only weight body-shape care but also skin care, cosmetic care, and cosmetic surgery, clothing behavior with more interest in ordinary times. In terms of hair care, though, there was no significant difference between the higher private self-consciousness group and the lower private self-consciousness group. 3. There was no statistically significant difference between the higher social anxiety group and the lower social anxiety group in weight body-shape care, skin care, cosmetic behavior, hair care, cosmetic surgery, and clothing behavior.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.485-496
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• 2004

The purpose of this study conducted a survey on 356 men in their twenties to investigate their recognition of their bodies. Also physical measurements were conducted on them and the lower parts of the bodies were classified into several types. The study examined the relevance of the subjects' recognition of their bodies to the physical types of the lower parts of the body. The results can be summarized as follows; There are four factors that constitute the physical shapes of the lower parts of the body and the lower parts of the body are classified into three physical types by cluster analysis. In terms of the degree of recognition of lower parts of the body shapes, the respondents' recognition of their bodies was similar to the actual measurements except for heights and leg lengths regardless of physical types, showing that they recognized well their actual physical types. With respect to the degree of satisfaction with body types, the surveyed were dissatisfied with thick circumference items and short length items. The actual measurements and the degree of recognition showed significant correlations in almost all the items while the actual measurements and the degree of satisfaction showed significant negative correlation in the circumference items. The degree of satisfaction with heights showed significant correlations with almost all measurements, demonstrating that the degree of satisfaction of the males in their twenties with the lower pats of body has closer correlations with the height items of the actual measurements that the circumference items. The degree of satisfaction with bodies was more dependent on people's recognition than the actual measurements.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.660-667
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to modify a Flared Skirt for women according to the somatotype of lower body. The subjects for the wear test were 3 students, who were in $mean{\pm}1{\sigma}$ each somatotype. The results of this study are as follows: First, the Flared Skirt pattern was modified according to each type. The front waist line rising measurement proposed for type 1 and type 2 were 0.5cm, because of lower front silhouette with waist shape. The back waist line rising measurement proposed for type 2 was 1cm and type 3 was 0.5cm, because of lower back shape with hip. Second, the wave-height of nodes were regular at front and back in type 1. Also, the wave-height of nodes were evenly distributed side and center. The variation ratio of wave-height of back nodes were lower than existing pattern in type 2 and type 3. It means the variation ratio of wave-height of back nodes were regular in modification pattern. Altogether, modification patterns were more regular and lower than existing pattern in the number of nodes, the distribution ratio of nodes, the wave-height of node, the variation ratio of wave height of nodes.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.69-86
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• 2017

Objective: The present study is intended to develop an improved bus seat armrest design by evaluating various bus armrest designs from ergonomic aspects. Background: An ergonomic armrest design which considers the sitting postures and body shapes of passengers can improve the convenience and comfort of a bus seat. Method: Subjective satisfaction of each of five design dimensions (length, width, height from seatpan, shape, and angle) was evaluated for seven bus seat armrest designs in various sizes and shapes by 58 participants (28 males and 33 females) using a 7-point scale (1: very dissatisfied, 4: neutral, and 7: very satisfied). Improved bus seat armrest designs adjustable in length and rotatable to the left or right (sliding and rotating armrest, SRA) with a concave, flat, or convex shape of the upper part were developed by considering the preferred design features and the body size and shape in sitting posture and needs of passengers and then compared with a conventional armrest. Results: A bus seat armrest with a wide width (40~50mm), a long length (360mm), a lower height (213mm), and a curved shape was found significantly preferred in terms of comfort. The proposed armrest designs (SRA-convex, SRA-flat, and SRA-concave) improved satisfaction by 46~62% for length suitability, 184~216% for width suitability, 205~214% for angle suitability, 138~181% for contact area suitability, and 49~64% for height suitability, 138~174% for comfort, and 93~111% for overall satisfaction. Conclusion: The preferred design features and passengers' needs of bus seat armrest were identified and the SRA designs were recommended for better usability. Application: The ergonomic design process of bus seat armrest employed in the present study can be applied to designing armrests in various vehicles for better convenience and comfort.

• Korean Journal of Rural Living Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.9-18
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• 1998

This study aimed to find out the relationship between the body shape and the degree of obesity and the eating attitude influenced by the eating disorder among male and female college students. Followings are the summary of the results obtained in this study : 1. Male students perceived their own body shape properly, however female students perceived their body shape fatter than their real one even if almost all of them were maintaining normal weight. 2. For both male and female students the EAT-26 score was high when they perceived themselves fat, and in the group of students perceiving themselves fat the F I score was high and the F III score was low. Contray to this, in the group of students perceiving themselves thin the F nt score was high. The EAT-26 of female students marked higher than that of males in total questionares. 3. The EAT-26 score was high for both male and female students whose degree of obesity was high. The higher the degree of obesity the higher the F I score, and the lower the degree of obesity the higher the F III score. 4. For both male and female students the dieting frequency was high when they were in the group perceiving themselves fat and in the group with the high degree of obesity. And the number of females' is higher than that of males'. For male students there was no significant difference of dieting frequency in accordance with the perceived body shape and the degree of obesity. However, for female students the frequency was high when they were in the group perceiving themselves fat and in the group with the high degree of obesity. The frequency was high when they were in the group perceiving themselves thin and in the group with the low degree of obesity. 5. For the matter of relationship between the degree of obesity and the frequency of buying meals there was significant difference only in the female students and the frequency of buying meals was higher when the degree of obesity was higher.