• Title/Summary/Keyword: location base factor

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The Place Where the Cabin or Flight Crew of International Air Carrier Habitually Carries Out his/her Work - CJEU, 2017. 9. 14., C-168/16, C-169/16 - Sandra Nogueira and Others v. Crewlink Ltd Miguel José Moreno Osacar v. Ryanair (국제항공운송 승무원의 일상적 노무제공지)

  • Kwon, Chang-Young;Kim, Sun-Ah
    • The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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    • v.34 no.1
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    • pp.39-77
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    • 2019
  • Crew members engaged in international air transportation provide work in many countries due to the nature of their work. According to the Private International Act, the place where the employee habitually carries out his/her work plays an important role in the determination of the governing law of the international labor contract (Article 28, Paragraph 2) and in the decision of international jurisdiction (Article 28, Paragraphs 3 and 4). The concept of the place where the employee habitually carries out his/her work was proposed by the EU to determine international jurisdiction and governing law. In international aviation law, the legislative purpose of the place where the employee habitually carries out his/her work is different from that of home base, which is a concept introduced for fatigue management of the crew in order to secure the aviation safety; thus the place where the employee habitually carries out his/her work and home base are not the same concept. In order to determine the place where the employee habitually carries out his/her work, following matters should be considered comprehensively; (i) where the crew starts and ends work, (ii) where the aircraft the crew is performing work on is primarily parked, (iii) where the crew is informed of the instructions and organizes his/her work activities, (iv) where the crew is obliged to reside according to the labor contract, (v) where there is an office provided by the employer and available to the crew, (vi) where the crew is obliged to be when he/she is ineligible for the work or subject to discipline. However, since all of the above items are the same as the location of the home base, it is reasonable to consider the home base as the most important factor when deciding on the place where the employee habitually carries out his/her work. In contrast, the state where the aircraft is registered (Article 17 of the Chicago Convention), should not be regarded as a place of where the employee habitually carries out his/her work. In this case, CJEU provided the first judging standard for the concept of the place where the employee engaged in international air transportation habitually carries out his/her work. It is the interpretation of the Brussels regulations which became a model -for the Korean Private International Act,- so it would be helpful to understand the concept of the place where the employee habitually carries out his/her work.

Slope Stability Analysis under Rainfall Condition by Using Multiple Slip Surfaces (다중 파괴면을 이용한 강우시 사면의 안정성 해석)

  • Kim, Minseok;Sagong, Myung;Kim, Soosam
    • Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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    • v.8 no.2
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    • pp.11-18
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    • 2007
  • Slope failure triggered by rainfall produces severe effects on the serviceability and stability of railway, Therefore, slope stability problem is one of the major concerns on the operation of railway. In this study, the rainfall conditions triggering slopes failure adjacent to railroads are investigated and the numerical analysis approach in consideration of infiltration and limit equilibrium method based upon multiple slip surfaces are proposed. The rainfall conditions triggering slope failure are as follow: cumulative rainfall is in the range of 150~500 mm, and duration is from 3 to 24 hours. Base upon the rainfall conditions, infiltration analysis and limit equilibrium method for infinite slope condition are carried out. The depth of infinite slope is assumed as 2 m and the multiple slip surfaces modeled with 16.7 cm interval from the bottom slip surface located at the 2 m depth. The assumed bottom slip surface is the location at which factor of safety is converging. The proposed approach shows more reasonable results than the results from the general codes assuming water table at slope surface. In addition, three dimensional plot of cumulative rainfall, rainfall duration, and factor of safety shows that slope stability analysis in consideration of rainfalll must account for cumulative rainfall (rainfall duration).

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Application of GIS to the Universal Soil Loss Equation for Quantifying Rainfall Erosion in Forest Watersheds (산림유역의 토양유실량(土壤流失量) 예측을 위한 지리정보(地理情報)시스템의 범용토양유실식(汎用土壤流失式)(USLE)에의 적용)

  • Lee, Kyu Sung
    • Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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    • v.83 no.3
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    • pp.322-330
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    • 1994
  • The Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) has been widely used to predict long-term soil loss by incorporating several erosion factors, such as rainfall, soil, topography, and vegetation. This study is aimed to introduce the LISLE within geographic information system(GIS) environment. The Kwangneung Experimental Forest located in Kyongki Province was selected for the study area. Initially, twelve years of hourly rainfall records that were collected from 1982 to 1993 were processed to obtain the rainfall factor(R) value for the LISLE calculation. Soil survey map and topographic map of the study area were digitized and subsequent input values(K, L, S factors) were derived. The cover type and management factor (C) values were obtained from the classification of Landsat Thematic Mapper(CM) satellite imagery. All these input values were geographically registered over a common map coordinate with $25{\times}25m^2$ ground resolution. The USLE was calculated for every grid location by selecting necessary input values from the digital base maps. Once the LISLE was calculated, the resultant soil loss values(A) were represented by both numerical values and map format. Using GIS to run the LISLE, it is possible to pent out the exact locations where soil loss potential is high. In addition, this approach can be a very effective tool to monitor possible soil loss hazard under the situations of forest changes, such as conversion of forest lands to other uses, forest road construction, timber harvesting, and forest damages caused by fire, insect, and diseases.

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Urban Landscape Image Study by Text Mining and Factor Analysis - Focused on Lotte World Tower - (텍스트 마이닝과 인자분석에 의한 도시경관이미지 연구 - 롯데월드타워를 대상으로 -)

  • Woo, Kyung-Sook;Suh, Joo-Hwan
    • Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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    • v.45 no.4
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    • pp.104-117
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    • 2017
  • This study compares the results of landscape image analysis using text mining techniques and factor analysis for Lotte World Tower, which is the first atypical skyscraper building in Korea, and identifies landscape images of the site to determine possibilities of use. Lotte World Tower's landscape image has been extracted from text mining analysis focusing on adjectives such as 'new', 'transformational', 'unusual', 'novelty', 'impressive', and 'unique', and phrases such as in the process of change, people's active elements(caliber, outing, project, night view), media(newspaper, blog), and climate(weather, season). As a result of the factor analysis, factors affecting the landscape image of Lotte World Tower were symbolic, aesthetic, and formative. Identification, which is a morphological feature, has characteristics of scale and visibility but it is not statistically significant in preference. Rather, the psychological factors such as the symbolism with characteristics such as poison and specialty, harmony with the characteristics of the surrounding environment, and beautiful aesthetic characteristics were an influence on the landscape image. The common results of the two research methods show that psychological characteristics such as factors that can represent and represent the city affect the landscape image more greatly than the morphological and physical characteristics such as location and location of the building. In addition, the text mining technique can identify nouns and adjectives corresponding to the images that people see and feel, and confirms the relationship between the derived keywords, so that it can focus the process of forming the landscape image and further the image of the city. It would appear to be a suitable method to complement the limitation of landscape research. This study is meaningful in that it confirms the possibility that big data can be utilized in landscape analysis, which is one research field of landscape architecture, and is significant for understanding the information of a big data base and contribute to enlarging the landscape research area.

The study on the breast types and characteristics of Chinese female adults. (Ver. 2) - Focused on the female college students in Shanghai - (중국 성인여성용 유방유형 및 특성에 관한 연구(제 II보) - 상해지역 20대 전반 여성을 중심으로 -)

  • Cha, Su-Joung;Sohn, Hee-Soon
    • Journal of Fashion Business
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    • v.14 no.1
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    • pp.57-75
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    • 2010
  • This study is done in Shanghai area by sample survey of female college students in their lower 20s. Through direct contact survey, this study collected and analyzed information on figure to understand feature of breasts and measurements of body to provide base information to improve product of brassiere for adult female in China. Data was analyzed by using SPSSWIN 13.0 Program and SAS 9.0. 1. From a result of factor analysis on 40 items of measures to derive the components of the shape of the breast, 6 factors were derived such as the factors to show the obesity of the bust, to show the ratio of the upper and lower area of the lower bust, droop and volume, to show the internal shape and broadness of the bust, to show the location and vertical size of the bust, to show the protrusion of the bust and the eternal shape of the bust. 2. From a result of classification on the shape of the breast of the Chinese women in their early 20s, 4 types were selected. Type 1 is the protrusion type that a woman has a broad drooped breast due to the development in the upper and lower parts of the chest as well as the highest height, a high degree of obesity in the bust part, big volume and much protrusion. Type 2 is the hemisphere type that the degree of obesity in the breast is second to Type 1 and a breast is located at a region higher than Type 1 as the degree of obesity in the breast is secondly highest, the lower part of the bust is bigger than the Type 1 and the degree of being broad and drooped is second to Type 1. Type 3 is the cone type with a breast of being drooped and broad a little bit and a certain degree of a volume. Type 4 is the flat type with the smallest value in the item that shows the obesity of the bust area and with the smallest value in the R$\ddot{o}$hrer index to have the small and slender body type for the bust area, which is somewhat flat due to a low slope at the internal side of the bust.

Comparative Analysis of Forest Fire Danger Rating on Forest Characteristics of Thinning Area and Non-thinning Area on Forest Fire Burnt Area (산불적지에서 숲 가꾸기 실행 유무와 산불위험성 비교 분석)

  • Lee, Si-Young;Lee, Myung-Woog;Yeom, Chan-Ho;Kwon, Chun-Geun;Lee, Hae-Pyeong
    • Fire Science and Engineering
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    • v.23 no.4
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    • pp.32-39
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    • 2009
  • In this study, 18 plots were selected for particular investigation on Gangneung area and Samcheok area and Uljin area, where forest fire was occurred after thinning in 2007. After selection, a relationship between a damage of forest fire and thinning were compared and analyzed. Many factor such as a damaged species, a thinning or non-thinning, a direction of forest fire head, DBH, a height of tree, a mortality of tree, a leeward scorching ratio, a crown damage ratio, a forest tree standing crop density, a crown base height, a leaving of thinning slash, a location of plot (GPS), elevation, an aspect of slope, an angle of slope, and a topography were measured. Therefore, we analyzed a relationship with forest fire. In the result of this analysis, it was founded that the leeward scorching ratio was 24.7% on thinning area whereas 60.2% on non-thinning area. Subsequently, leeward scorching ratio on thinning area was increased by about 35.5% more than on non-thinning area. In the result of analysis about tree species, a forest of pine tree was more damaged than forest of oak tree. The mortality of tree was increased by about 41.4% on non-thinning area. When stands were close to thinning slashes, these were more damaged by 10${\sim}$20% than other stands for increasing of amount of a combustion material. Especially, as potential of re-ignition increased for more cumulated thinning slash, it will be more important to require a method for a periodical removing or practical utilization of slash.

A Study on the Third Party Logistics Service Enforcement of Inland Container Depot at Busan area (부산지역 ICD의 TPL(Third Party Logistics) 서비스의 기능 강화에 관한 연구)

  • Choi, Young-Bong;Lee, Chun-Su
    • Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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    • v.25 no.3
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    • pp.165-182
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    • 2009
  • The purpose of this paper is to study on the third party logistics service enforcement of inland container depot at Pusan area. The main results of this paper are as follows: First, the inland container depot related to location selecting factor researches analyzed and korean TPL market reviewed. Second, the TPL service function reinforcement method and investments are mentioned. In detail the 9 factors are as follows: competitive high position and improvements of harbor back complex, ICD goods enterprise investment strategies, the harbor back which is inexpensive only the rent, taxes benefit and incentive, site security and base facility expansion, the goods service provision which is flexible, connection plan construction of goods enterprise, the incentive strategic establishment which is discriminated, the marketing activity which is long-term. and lastly the ICD and TPL Policy are needed that government and logistic enterprise's cooperation gains competitive advantage.

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Solid Waste Disposal Site Selection in Rural Area: Youngyang-Gun, Kyungpook (농촌지역 쓰레기 매립장 입지선정에 관한 연구 -경상북도 영양군을 사례로-)

  • Park, Soon-Ho
    • Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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    • v.3 no.1
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    • pp.63-80
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    • 1997
  • This study attempts to establish the criteria of site selection for establishing solid waste disposal facility, to determine optimal solid waste disposal sites with the criteria, and to examine the suitability of the selected sites. The Multi-Criteria Evaluation(MCE) module in Idrisi is used to determine optimal sites for solid waste disposal. The MCE combines the information from several criteria in interval and/or ratio scale to form a single index of evaluation without leveling down the data scale into ordinal scale. The summary of this study is as follows: First, the considerable criteria are selected through reviewing the literature and the availability of data: namely, percent of slope, fault lines, bedrock characteristics, major residential areas, reservoirs of water supply, rivers, inundated area, roads, and tourist resorts. Second, the criteria maps of nine factors have been developed. Each factor map is standardized and multiplies by its weight, and then the results are summed. After all of the factors have been incorporated, the resulting suitability map is multiplied by each of the constraint in turn to "zero out" unsuitable area. The unsuitable areas are discovered in urban district and its adjacencies, and mountain region as well as river, roads, resort area and their adjacency districts. Third, the potential sites for establishing waste disposal facilities are twenty five districts in Youngyang-gun. Five districts are located in Subi-myun Sinam-ri, nine districts in Chunggi-myun Haehwa-ri and Moojin-ri, and eleven districts in Sukbo-myun Posan-ri. The first highest score of suitability for waste disposal sites is shown at number eleven district in Chunggi-myun Moojin-ri and the second highest one is discovered at number twenty one district in Sukbo-myun Posan-ri that is followed by number nine district in Chunggi-myun Haehwa-ri, number seventeen and twenty three in Sukbo-myun Posan-ri, and number two in Subi-myun Sinam-ri. The first lowest score is found in number six district in Chunggi-myun Haehwa-ri, and the second lowest one is number five district in Subi-myun Sinam-ri. Finally, the Geographic Information System (GIS) helps to select optimal sites with more objectively and to minimize conflict in the determination of waste disposal sites. It is important to present several potential sites with objective criteria for establishing waste disposal facilities and to discover characteristics of each potential site as a result of that final sites of waste disposal are determined through considering thought of residents. This study has a limitation of criteria as a result of the restriction of availability of data such as underground water, soil texture and mineralogy, and thought of residents. To improve selection of optimal sites for a waste disposal facility, more wide rage of spatial and non-spatial data base should be constructed.

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Analysis on Social Area of Taegu (대구시의 사회지역분석)

  • Choi, Seok-Joo
    • Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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    • v.3 no.2
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    • pp.209-225
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    • 1997
  • Today, rapid progress of urbanization is discovered commonly in many countries, especially in developing countries, which has led to spatial order and development process of city. Historically, Taegu was a walled city and formed mono-nucleus which was restricted by the castle. As the city grew gradually, the castle was removed as a result of diversification in traffic network, change of socio-economic environment, formation of industrial base and functional distribution. According to reconstruction maps of residential patterns, there was distinctive residential segregation among ethnic groups. Koreans in Taegu in 1939, aggregated densely in the southern and western parts of the city. The Japanese were concentrated densely in the northern and eastern parts of Taegu. And the street pattern within residential areas of the Korean people was shaped like a maze type in contrast with Japanese residential areas, which showed grid pattern of streets. This is another general pattern of almost all colonial cities, especially in Asia. Through this process, today it appears that, out of overall residential areas which occupy the highest ratio in urban land use, those for eminent people influence the functional development of urban spatial structure very heavily as a key point in urban residetial structure. Truly, residential segregation can be seen as the spatial manifestation of uneven distribution of such important scarce resources as housing and residential environment. In this study, the characteristics of locational distribution of the eminent people show their socially and economically stabilized standing in Taegu, taking the aforesaid situation as a background of the study. And the process of this study is as follows ; to examine the forming process of residential areas in the city as a theoretical supporting, to put in order on classical interpretation to formation of residential areas, and general type modern residential areas formation, and economic decision factor of land use. Therefore, this study aims to examine growth and development of eminent persons' residential areas and, at the same time, extract locational characteristics through the pattern of eminent persons' location and predict changes in the future.

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A Basic Study on the Establishment of Preservation and Management for Natural Monument(No.374) Pyeongdae-ri Torreya nucifera forest of Jeju (천연기념물 제374호 제주 평대리 비자나무 숲의 보존·관리방향 설정을 위한 기초연구)

  • Lee, Won-Ho;Kim, Dong-Hyun;Kim, Jae-Ung;Oh, Hae-Sung;Choi, Byung-Ki;Lee, Jong-Sung
    • Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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    • v.32 no.1
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    • pp.93-106
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    • 2014
  • In this study, Analyze environment of location, investigation into vegetation resources, survey management status and establish to classify the management area for Natural monument No.374 Pyengdae-ri Torreya nucifera forest. The results were as follows: First, Torreya nucifera forest is concerned about influence of development caused by utilization of land changes to agricultural region. Thus, establish to preservation management plan for preservation of prototypical and should be excluded development activity to cause the change of terrain that Gotjawal in the Torreya nucifera forest is factor of base for generating species diversity. Secondly, Torreya nucifera forest summarized as 402 taxa composed 91 familly 263 genus, 353 species, 41 varieties and 8 forms. The distribution of plants for the first grade & second grade appear of endangered plant to Ministry of Environment specify. But, critically endangered in forest by changes in habitat, diseases and illegal overcatching. Therefore, when establishing forest management plan should be considered for put priority on protection. Thirdly, Torreya nucifera representing the upper layer of the vegetation structure. But, old tree oriented management and conservation strategy result in poor age structure. Furthermore, desiccation of forest on artificial management and decline in Torreya nucifera habitat on ecological succession can indicate a problem in forest. Therefore, establish plan such as regulation of population density and sapling tree proliferation for sustainable characteristics of the Torreya nucifera forest. Fourth, Appear to damaged of trails caused by use. Especially, Scoria way occurs a lot of damaged and higher than the share ratio of each section. Therefore, share ratio reduction Plan should be considered through the additional development of tourism routes rather than the replacement of Scoria. Fifth, Representing high preference of the Torreya nucifera forest tourist factor confirmed the plant elements. It is sensitive to usage pressure. And requires continuous monitoring by characteristic of Non-permanent. In addition, need an additional plan such as additional development of tourism elements and active utilizing an element of high preference. Sixth, Strength of protected should be differently accordance with importance. First grade area have to maintenance of plant population and natural habitats. Set the direction of the management. Second grade areas focus on annual regeneration of the forest. Third grade area should be utilized demonstration forest or set to the area for proliferate sapling. Fourth grade areas require the introduced of partial rest system that disturbance are often found in proper vegetation. Fifth grade area appropriate to the service area for promoting tourism by utilizing natural resources in Torreya nucifera forest. Furthermore, installation of a buffer zone in relatively low ratings area and periodic monitoring to the improvement of edge effect that adjacent areas of different class.