• 대한용접접합학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한용접접합학회 2005년도 춘계학술발표대회 개요집
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• pp.265-267
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• 2005

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.99-110
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• 2017

In this paper, the effect of normal load on the failure mechanism of echelon joint has been studied using PFC2D. In the first step, calibration of PFC was undertaken with respect to the data obtained from experimental laboratory tests. Then, six different models consisting various echelon joint were prepared and tested under two low and high normal loads. Furthermore, validation of the simulated models were cross checked with the results of direct shear tests performed on non-persistent jointed physical models. The simulations demonstrated that failure patterns were mostly influenced by normal loading, while the shear strength was linked to failure mechanism. When ligament angle is less than $90^{\circ}$, the stable crack growth length is increased by increasing the normal loading. In this condition, fish eyes failure pattern occur in rock bridge. With higher ligament angles, the rock bridge was broken under high normal loading. Applying higher normal loading increases the number of fracture sets while dilation angle and mean orientations of fracture sets with respect to ligament direction will be decreased.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2008년도 춘계 학술발표회 초청강연 및 논문집
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• pp.366-376
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• 2008

The model tests of short pile with very small pile length/diameter(L/D) were performed in this paper. Varying the pile diameter, length, and the lateral loading point, the lateral resistance and behavior of very short pile were studied in this model tests. The experimental and analytical results are as follows. The lateral ultimate resistance of short pile in sands was the maximum at the point of h/L=0.75, regardless of pile length/diameter(L/D). As the pile diameter is larger, the lateral ultimate resistance of pile with L/D=1 decreases a little and the lateral resistance increases according to the ratio of pile length/diameter. As the lateral loads are acting on the pile, the displacement of pile head is maximum at the pile top of h/L=0, but minimum at the middle point of the pile. And if the loading point is under the middle of pile, the displacement of pile head occurs oposite in the loading direction, but its magnitude is very small.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2010년도 춘계 학술발표회
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• pp.1120-1131
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• 2010

In this thesis the model tests were performed to the horizontal pull-out characteristics of a suction pile subjected to a pull in sands. For this model tests, soil conditions ($D_r$=65), three pile diameters (D=100, 150, 200mm) and five loading points (h/L=0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1) were changed. And the experimental results were also compared with those by the theoretical methods. The results by the experimental and theoretical analysis are as follows. The ultimate horizontal pull-out resistance by the model test increased as the loading point (h/L) moved downwards from the pile top, and the maximum value reached at the h/L=0.75. The theoretical ultimate horizontal pull-out resistance by Broms(1964) and Hong(1984) agreed well with that by the model test at h/L=0 and 0.25, but their results overestimated the experimental result at lower part of pile and the differences between the theoretical and experimental results were of great. While the horizontal loading applied at the upper part of pile, the pile moved to the horizontal direction with rotating clockwise. As the loading point moved downwards from the pile top, the rotating angle of pile was smaller.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.385-404
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• 2020

Since the scaffold is composed of modular members, the total height of multi-story scaffolds does not often meet with the headroom of construction buildings. At this time, other supporting members need to be set up on the top of scaffolds. However, the mechanical behaviors of the combined system of scaffolds and other supporting members have seldom been discussed. This study explores the stability of the combined system of scaffolds and shores. The loading tests conducted in the laboratory show that the critical load of the combined system of two-story scaffolds and wooden shores is about half that of the three-story scaffold system with the same height. In the failure of both the "scaffold system" and the "combined system of scaffolds and shores' after loading, the deformation mainly occurs in the in-plane direction of the scaffold. The outdoor loading test shows that no failure occurs on any members when the combined system fails. Instead, the whole system buckles and then collapses. In addition, the top formwork of the combined system can achieve the effect of lateral support reinforcement with small lateral support forces in the outdoor loading test. This study proposes the preliminary design guidelines for the scaffolding structural design.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제37권5호
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• pp.533-549
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• 2020

Recently, Concrete-filled double skin steel tubular (CFDST) columns have proven an exceptional structural resistance in terms of strength, stiffness, and ductility. However, the resistance of these column members can be severely affected by the type of loading in which bending stresses increase in direct proportion with axial load and eccentricity value. This paper presents a non-linear finite element based modeling approach that studies the behavior of slender CFDST columns under biaxial loading. Finite element models were calibrated based on the outcomes of experimental work done by other researchers. Results from simulations of slender CFDST columns under axial loading eccentric in one direction showed good agreement with the experimental response. The calibrated models are expanded to a total of thirty models that studies the behavior of slender CFDST columns under combined compression and biaxial bending. The influences of parameters that are usually found in practice are taken into consideration in this paper, namely, eccentricity-to-diameter (e/D) ratios, slenderness ratios, diameter-to-thickness (D/t) ratios, and steel contribution ratios. Finally, an analytical study based on current code provisions is conducted. It is concluded that South African national standards (2011) provided the most accurate results contrasted with the Eurocode 4 (2004) and American Institute of Steel Construction (2016) that are found to be conservative. Accordingly, correction factors are proposed to the current design guidelines to provide more satisfactory results.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.207-221
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• 2011

This paper aims to study the behavior of short reinforced concrete columns confined with external glass Fiber Reinforced Polymers (GFRP) sheets under eccentric loads. The experimental part of the study was achieved by testing 9 specimens under eccentric compression. Three eccentricity ratios corresponding to e/t = 0, 0.10, 0.50 in one direction of the column were used. Specimens were divided into three groups. The first group was the control one without confinement. The second group was fully wrapped with GFRP laminates before loading. The third group was wrapped under loading after reaching 75% of failure loads of the control specimens. The third group was investigated in order to represent the practical case of strengthening a loaded column with FRP laminates. All specimens were loaded until failure. The results show that GFRP laminates enhances both failure load and ductility response of eccentrically loaded column. Moreover, the study also illustrates the effect of confinement on the first crack load, lateral deformation, strain in reinforcement and failure pattern. Based on the analysis of the experimental results, a simple model has been proposed to predict the improvement of load carrying capacity under different eccentricity ratios. The predicted equation takes into consideration the eccentricity to cross section depth ratio, the ultimate strength of GFRP, the thickness of wrapping laminate, and the time of wrapping (before loading and under loading). A good correlation was obtained between experimental and analytical results.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.563-588
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• 2015

Piers are the most vulnerable part of a bridge structure during an earthquake event. During Kobe earthquake in 1995, several bridge piers of the Hanshin Expressway collapsed for more than 600m of the bridge length. In this paper, the most important results of an experimental and analytical investigation of ten reinforced concrete bridge piers specimens with the same cross section subjected to constant axial (or variable) load and reversed (or one direction) cycling loading are presented. The objective was to investigate the main parameters influencing the seismic performance of reinforced concrete bridge piers. It was found that loading history and axial load intensity had a great influence on the performance of piers, especially concerning strength and stiffness degradation as well as the energy dissipation. Controlling these parameters is one of the keys for an ideal seismic performance for a given structure during an eventual seismic event. Numerical models for the tested specimens were developed and analyzed using SeismoStruct software. The analytical results show reasonable agreement with the experimental ones. The analysis not only correctly predicted the stiffness, load, and deformation at the peak, but also captured the post-peak softening as well. The analytical results showed that, in all cases, the ratio, experimental peak strength to the analytical one, was greater than 0.95.

• 한국지반공학회지:지반
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.51-64
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• 1991

말뚝기초 설계의 신뢰도및 경제성 향상을 위해서는 말뚝 지지력 예측의 신뢰도 제고가 필수적이다. 현재까지 수많은 말뚝지지력 예측 방법들이 제안되어 왔으나 말뚝재하시칩에 의하는 방법외에는 그 신뢰도가 보장되지 못하는 것이 현실이다. 그러나 말뚝재하시험은 상당한 시간과 비용이 소요되어 활성화 되지 못하였다. 말뚝의 주면마찰력을 선단부 재하의 반력으로 이용하는 SPLT의 개발은 이러한 문제점 들을 해소할 수 있는 방안으로 실무에 적용이 확산되고 있다. SPLT에서는 주면마찰력과 선단저항을 분리 측정하여 말뚝지지력 해석의 신뢰도를 높여줄 수 있는 이점이 있는 반 면, 주면마찰부에 작용하는 하중의 방향이 기존의 재하시험과 반대로 되는 문제점과 축소된 선단부 사용의 영향이 명확히 규명되지 못한 문제점이 해결되어야 할 과제로 제기되고 있다. 본 연구에서 는 이러한 영향을 알아보기 위하여 직경 406mm의 강관말뚝을 사용하여 SPLT의 1단계, 2단계 시험 후 재래식 재하시 칩을 수행하였다. 연구결과에 의하면 인발시의 주면마찰력은 압축시의 값보다 낮은 것으로 나타나 SPLT결과를 실 무에 적용하딴 안전율을 높여주는 효과를 주며, 축소된 선단부 사용은 치수효과 (scaleeffect)에 대한 적절한 해석후 적용할 수 있을 것으로 나타난다.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제26권11호
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• pp.63-73
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• 2010

해상풍력발전기의 기초로 사용되는 단말뚝은 풍력과 파랑하중에 의해 큰 크기의 반복수평하중을 받는다. 본 연구에서는 모래지반에서 반복수평하중을 받는 항타말뚝의 거동 특성을 조사하기 위해서 가압토조와 길이가 다른 3개의 모형말뚝을 이용해서 모형말뚝재하시험을 수행하였다. 실험결과에 따르면 하중의 최초 재하는 그 이후에 가해지는 반복재하보다 말뚝의 수평변위를 크게 발생시키고, 반복하중의 재하횟수가 증가함에 따라 1회 재하로 인해 발생하는 말뚝의 수평변위량은 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 하중의 한방향 반복재하는 말뚝의 영구수평변위를 재하방향으로 증가시킨 반면, 양방향 반복재하는 최초 재하방향과 반대방향으로 말뚝의 영구수평변위를 증가시켰다. 그리고 반복 하중으로 인한 말뚝의 영구수평변위는 지반의 상대밀도가 감소하거나 말뚝에 가해지는 반복하중의 크기가 커질수록 급격히 증가하였고, 지반의 토압계수나 말뚝의 근입길이 변화에는 크게 영향을 받지 않았다. 또한 모형실험의 결과에 근거해서 하중이 한방향으로 반복재하될 때 말뚝의 영구수평변위와 영구회전각을 예측할 수 있는 산정식을 제안하였다.