• Title/Summary/Keyword: load carrier

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Single-Phase Improved Auxiliary Resonant Snubber Inverter that Reduces the Auxiliary Current and THD

  • Zhang, Hailin;Kou, Baoquan;Zhang, He;Zhang, Lu
    • Journal of Power Electronics
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    • v.16 no.6
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    • pp.1991-2004
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    • 2016
  • An LC filter is required to reduce the output current ripple in the auxiliary resonant snubber inverter (ARSI) for high-performance applications. However, if the traditional control method is used in the ARSI with LC filter, then unnecessary current flows in the auxiliary circuit. In addressing this problem, a novel load-adaptive control that fully uses the filter inductor current ripple to realize the soft-switching of the main switches is proposed. Compared with the traditional control implemented in the ARSI with LC filter, the proposed control can reduce the required auxiliary current, contributing to higher efficiency and DC-link voltage utilization. In this study, the detailed circuit operation in the light load mode (LLM) and the heavy load mode (HLM) considering the inductor current ripple is described. The characteristics of the improved ARSI are expressed mathematically. A prototype with 200 kHz switching frequency, 80 V DC voltage, and 8 A maximum output current was developed to verify the effectiveness of the improved ARSI. The proposed ARSI was found to successfully operate in the LLM and HLM, achieving zero-voltage switching (ZVS) of the main switches and zero-current switching (ZCS) of the auxiliary switches from zero load to full load. The DC-link voltage utilization of the proposed control is 0.758, which is 0.022 higher than that of the traditional control. The peak efficiency is 91.75% at 8 A output current for the proposed control, higher than 89.73% for the traditional control. Meanwhile, the carrier harmonics is reduced from -44 dB to -66 dB through the addition of the LC filter.

Measurement and Analysis of Physical Environmental Load during Handling and Distribution of Domestic Fruits -Focused on Seongju Korean Melon

  • Jongmin Park;Donghyun Kim;Wontae Seo;Hyunmo Jung
    • KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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    • v.29 no.2
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    • pp.129-138
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    • 2023
  • The proportion of agricultural products handled through the Agricultural Products Processing Center (APC) is also steadily increasing every year, and in the case of Seongju Korean melon, a total of 10 APCs of Nonghyup and farming association corporations are in operation, and the distribution ratio is about 60% based on total production. In this study, Seongju Korean melon was selected as a target to analyze the environment load during carrying (production farm ~ APC) in the production area and the transport environment load during distribution of domestic fruits, and to analyze the environmental load for handling at APC. The vertical average vibration intensity (overall Grms of 1~250 Hz) of truck transport measured at three transport routes from Seongju Korean melon producer ~ APC, Seongju ~ Seoul and Seongju ~ Jeju was about three times larger than that in the lateral direction and 4.5 times larger than that in the longitudinal direction, respectively. The frequency of occurrence of high-amplitude events (G) in the vertical direction compared to the measuring time was deeply related to pavement conditions in the order of unpaved farm-roads, concretepaved farm-roads, and asphalt-paved main-roads, but overall Grms for the entire frequency band is believed to have a greater impact on vehicle traveling speed than road conditions. On the other hand, the difference in the size and direction of the vibration intensity measured by the forklift truck's main-body and the attachment (fork carrier) during handling at Seongju Korean melon APC was clear, and the vibration intensity of the forklift truck's main-body was largely affected by the stiffness of the fork and the mast according to the handling weight. Based on the field-data of the transport environment during domestic distribution measured through this study, it is believed that it is possible to develop a lab-based simulation protocol for appropriate packaging design.

Evaluation of the Efficacy of Sanitizers on Food Contact Surfaces Using a Surface Test Method (표면시험법을 이용한 식품접촉표면 재질에 따른 살균소독제의 유효성 평가)

  • Kim, Hyung-Il;Jeon, Dae-Hoon;Yoon, Hae-Jung;Choi, Hyun-Cheol;Eom, Mi-Ok;Sung, Jun-Hyun;Park, Na-Young;Won, Sun-Ah;Kim, Nan-Young;Lee, Young-Ja
    • Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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    • v.23 no.4
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    • pp.291-296
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    • 2008
  • The study was undertaken to provide information on the efficacy of sanitizers against bacteria with and without organic road dried on to food contact surfaces using the surface test method which EU and USA are currently implementing as one of their official test methods. Escherochia coli ATCC 10536 or Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 was inoculated on to food contact surfaces, such as stainless steel, polypropylene, and silicon, which was then treated with benzalkonium chloride, sodium hypochlorite, or ethanol as a sanitizer for 5minutes at $20^{\circ}C$. Results indicated that the type of surface had little affected the efficacy of various sanitizers. In addition, 200 ppm of benzalkonium chloride or 200 ppm of sodium hypochlorite showed no definite reduction of bacterial populations in the present of organic load, while 40% ethanol showed reduction to $4\;cfu\;\log_{10}$/carrier or more in viable count in the organic load.

A Minimum Data-Rate Guaranteed Resource Allocation With Low Signaling Overhead in Multi-Cell OFDMA Systems

  • Kwon, Ho-Joong;Lee, Won-Ick;Lee, Byeong-Gi
    • Journal of Communications and Networks
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    • v.11 no.1
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    • pp.26-35
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    • 2009
  • In this paper, we investigate how to do resource allocation to guarantee a minimum user data rate at low signaling overhead in multi-cell orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) wireless systems. We devise dynamic resource allocation (DRA) algorithms that can minimize the QoS violation ratio (i.e., the ratio of the number of users who fail to get the requested data rate to the total number of users in the overall network). We assume an OFDMA system that allows dynamic control of frequency reuse factor (FRF) of each sub-carrier. The proposed DRA algorithms determine the FRFs of the sub-carriers and allocate them to the users adaptively based on inter-cell interference and load distribution. In order to reduce the signaling overhead, we adopt a hierarchical resource allocation architecture which divides the resource allocation decision into the inter-cell coordinator (ICC) and the base station (BS) levels. We limit the information available at the ICC only to the load of each cell, that is, the total number of sub-carriers required for supporting the data rate requirement of all the users. We then present the DRA with limited coordination (DRA-LC) algorithm where the ICC performs load-adaptive inter-cell resource allocation with the limited information while the BS performs intra-cell resource allocation with full information about its own cell. For performance comparison, we design a centralized algorithm called DRA with full coordination (DRA-FC). Simulation results reveal that the DRA-LC algorithm can perform close to the DRA-FC algorithm at very low signaling overhead. In addition, it turns out to improve the QoS performance of the cell-boundary users, and achieve a better fairness among neighboring cells under non-uniform load distribution.

Doherty Amplifier Using Load Modulation and Phase Compensation DGS Micro-Strip Line (부하 변조 및 위상 보상 DGS 마이크로스트립 선로를 이용한 도허티 증폭기)

  • Choi Heung-Jae;Lim Jong-Sik;Jeong Yong-Chae
    • The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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    • v.16 no.8 s.99
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    • pp.815-824
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    • 2005
  • In this paper, we proposed a new DGS(Defected Ground Structure) Doherty amplifier for IMT-2000 band. Originally, active load-pull analysis of a Doherty amplifier assumes ideal harmonic termination condition. However, there have been no papers considering this ideal harmonic termination condition. We obtained excellent improvements of efficiency, gain, maximum output power as well as superior size reduction of a Doherly amplifier by satisfying the overlooked assumption of ideal harmonic termination through the adaptation of DGS at the output transmission line of carrier and peaking amplifier that is essential for Doherty operation. The amount of both the 2nd and the 3rd harmonic rejection of the proposed DGS Doherty amplifier over the conventional one are 44.92 dB and over 23.77 dB, respectively. The acquired improvement in Pl dB, gain, drain efficiency, and ACPR to WCDMA 1FA signal were 0.42 dB, 0.33 dB, $6.4\%$ and 5.4 dBc, respectively. Moreover, electrical length of $90{\circ}$ is reduced at each of the DGS carrier amplifier path and DGS peaking amplifier path, therefore the whole amplifier circuit size is considerably reduced.

Tele-metering

  • Hearte, L.O.
    • 전기의세계
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    • v.2
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    • pp.6-14
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    • 1949
  • Telemetering may be described as the art of metering at a considerable distance those quantities which are ordinarily encountered in industry, and in the generation of electric power. It is in the production of electric power that telemetering is particularly important, for it permits the system operator, or load dispatcher, to have before him at all times a continuous graphic record of the power output of each individual generating station together with an automatically made continuous graphic record of the total system output. There desired individual graphic records may be obtained showing power flow in or out, on important tie lines, etc. Such arrangements have the very great advantage that loads may be assigned to each generating station so that the best over-all system economy may be obtained and the system operator at all times may see with his own eyes that loads scheduled are actually held at the various stations. Moreover, with such equipment, in the event of system or station trouble the load dispatcher can see exactly what station, or stations, are affected and to what extent, without having to get in touch with anyone by telephone. Decisions can, therefore, be quickly reached for rescheduling the load. One of the most accurate and reliable telemetering systems is based on the use of potentiometric circuits, the fundamentals of which are discussed below. A member of such telemetering systems have been installed for the Boston Edicon Co., Boston, Massachusetts, the Consolidated Edison Co. of New York City. The Public Service Gas & Electric Co. of Newark, new Jersey. The Philadelphia Electric Co. for Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and the Pennsylvania Railroad Co. for their electrified zone between New York and Washington a distance of over 200 miles. The scale of the totalizing recorder for the New York area is 3,000,00 KW. That of the totalizing recorder for the Philadelphia area is 2,000,000 KW. The initial installation using this type of equipment described was placed in service for the Philadelphia Electric Co. in 1923. All of the original recording instruments are still in service, later instruments have been added to take care of additions to the power system and naturally these later recorders have incorporated in those refinements in design made since the earlier ones were manufactured. Many other installations of similar equipment have been made in the United States in various locations such as at St. Louis, on the West Coast, at Baltimore and in Washington, D.C. While the use of these basic potentiometric circuits involves the use of continuous metallic circuits of good insulation resistance and free of grounds, nevertheless, intermediate transmission links, involving and impulse method suitable for use on telephone Morse carrier channels is available. This same method may be employed on power line carrier systems and is also suitable for use on beam type microwave transmission. Many impulse type units are also used as a link in these potantiometric methods. For the sake of brevity a description is given only of these basic potentiometric circuits. If there is sufficient interest in Korea, a further paper can be given covering those impulse circuits also.

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Analysis on Harmonic Loss of IPMSM for the Variable DC-link Voltage through the FEM-Control Coupled Analysis

  • Park, Hyun Soo;Jeung, Tae Chul;Lee, Jae Kwang;Lee, Byoung Kuk
    • Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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    • v.12 no.1
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    • pp.225-229
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    • 2017
  • This paper describes the loss analysis based on load conditions of the air conditioning compressor motors using variable dc-link voltage. The losses of PMSM (Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor) should be analyzed by the PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) output of inverter. The harmonic loss by the PWM cannot consider that using the current source analysis of the inverter. In addition, when the voltage of dc-link is variable with the condition of variable speed and load conditions in motor, the losses of motor are also changeable, however it is hard to analyze those losses by only electromagnetic finite element method (FEM). Therefore, this paper proposes the analysis method considering the carrier frequency of the inverter and the varying state of the dc-link voltage through the FEM-control coupled analysis. Using proposed analysis method, additional core loss and eddy current loss of permanent magnet caused by PWM could be analyzed. Finally, the validity of the proposed analysis method is verified through the comparison the result of coupled analysis with experiment.

Study on the Design of Upper Deck Hatch Corner Insert Plates of Large Container Carriers (대형 컨테이너선 상갑판 해치코너부 보강판의 설계에 관한 연구)

  • Park, Sung-Gu;Lee, Joo-Sung
    • Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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    • v.43 no.3 s.147
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    • pp.331-339
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    • 2006
  • The objective of this paper is to calculate the fatigue strength for upper deck hatch corner insert plate of large container carriers without wave load analysis and global finite element analysis at the initial design stage. Wave load analysis and global F.E. analysis for three container carriers have been performed by GL(Germanischer Lloyd) procedure to propose the equation for hatch corner stress range which is the important factor in fatigue strength calculation. Considering the restraining effect of bulkhead, three types of equation, that is, single tight bulkhead, double tight bulkhead and support bulkhead have been proposed. Using the proposed equations, a simplified fatigue analysis based on GL rules has been performed for two container carriers of which fatigue strength analysis was carried out by GL. From the comparison between fatigue strength result of using the proposed equations and that of GL, it has been found that proposed stress range equations are useful for scantling of upper deck hatch corner insert plates for over 8,000 TEU class container carriers.

Determination of Optimal Design Level for the Semiconductor Polishing Process by Taguchi Method (다구찌 기법을 활용한 반도체 연마 공정의 최적 설계수준 결정)

  • Sim, Hyun Su;Kim, Yong Soo
    • Journal of Korean Society for Quality Management
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    • v.45 no.2
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    • pp.293-306
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    • 2017
  • Purpose: In this study, an optimal design level of influencing factors on semiconductor polishing process was determined to minimize flexion of both sides on wafers. Methods: First, significant interactions are determined by the stepwise regression method. ANOVA analysis on SN ratio and mean of dependent variable are performed to draw mean adjustment factors. In addition, the optimal levels of mean adjustment factors are decided by comparing means of each level of mean adjustment factors. Results: As a result of ANOVA, a mean adjustment factor was determined as a width of formed flexion on the plate. The mean of the difference has the nearest to 0 in the case when the width of formed flexion has level 2 (4mm). Conclusion: Optimal design levels of semiconductor polishing process are determined as follows; (i) load applied to the wafer carrier has a level 1 (3psi), (ii) load applied to the wafer has a level 1(3psi), (iii) the amount of slurry supplied during polishing has a level 3 (300 co/min), (iv) the width of formed flexion on the plate has level 2 (4mm).

Magnetic Anisotropy and Tectonic Stress Field of Tertiary Rocks in Pohang-Ulsan area, Korea (포항이남 제3기분지암석의 자기 비등방성과 지구조적 응력장)

  • Kim, In-Soo
    • Economic and Environmental Geology
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    • v.23 no.1
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    • pp.59-71
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    • 1990
  • Magnetic anisotropy of a total of 213 independently oriented Tertiary rock samples from Pohang-Ulsan area has been studied. The sampled strata comprise basalts, tuffs and black shale, and range in age from Eocene to Miocene. The previous palaeomagnetic studies indicate that their magnetic carrier minerals are titanomagnetites. Among 23 sampled sites, 11 sites were found to preserve magnetic load foliation parallel to the bedding plane caused by the Iithostatic load of the overlying strata. Other 4 sites showed magnetic lineation indicating the flow direction of lava and tuffs. The remaining 8 sites revealed the magnetic tectonic foliation nearly vertical to the bedding plane. This magnetic foliation is interpreted to be generated by tectonic compression which acted nearly horizontally during the solidification stage of the strata. The compression directions deduced from the tectonic foliation of the 8 sites can be grouped into internally very consistent two group: a N-S trending one and the other WNW-ESE trending one. It is interpreted that the former N-S compression was associated with the N-S spreading of the East Sea(Sea of Japan) and the dextral strike-slip movement of the Yangsan-Ulsan fault system. The latter WNW-ESE compression is interpreted to represent the folding and reverse faulting activity in the Korean and Tsushima straits during middle/late Miocene times.

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