• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.814-818
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• 2002

The effects of dichloromethane (CH$_2$C1$_2$), ethylacetate (EtOAc) or water ($H_2O$) fraction of Korean cabbage kimhi on accumulation of lipids in the heart, kidney and lung of rabbit fed 1% cholesterol diet for 16 weeks were studied. The amount of kimhi fraction added to the 100 g of diet was 8.3 mg of CHaC12.5.6 W of EtOAc, and 221.9 mg of $H_2O$, which are equivalent to 5% of freeze-dried kimhi added to the diet. Each group had 6 rabbits and rabbit was housed individually. Cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations of three organs were noticeably decreased due to these solvent fractions of kimhi but for phospholipid and total lipids, only CH$_2$C1$_2$ fraction group showed decreasing effects. In the heart, compared to the control, cholesterol concentrations for CE$_2$C1$_2$, EtOAc, and H2O fraction group were decreased by 42 (P<0.05),21 (P<0.05), and 8%, respectively, and triglyceride for these groups were decreased by 29 (p<0.05),4, and 11%, respectively. In kidney, cholesterol concentration for CH$_2$C1$_2$, EtOAc, and H2O fraction group were decreased by 23, 12, and 11%, respectively (p<0.05) and triglyceride concentration for CH$_2$Cl$_2$ and H2O fraction groups were significantly decreased by 51 and 21%, respectively (p<0.05). In lung, cholesterol concentrations for CItCIB, EtOAc, and H2O fraction groups were decreased by 37,20, and 22%, respectively (p<0.05) and triglyceride concentration of these groups were significantly decreased by 39, 28, and 28%, respectively (p<0.05). And phospholipid and total lipid of CH$_2$CI$_2$ fraction group were significantly decreased by 33 and 34% respectively (p<0.05). Among three organs the cholesterol content of lung was the highest followed kidney and heart. For triglyceride, heart, kidney and lung is in the order of showing the highest concentration. The phospholipid concentration was not significantly different among three organs. According to these results, we may conclude that CH$_2$C1$_2$, fraction of kimhi might have the most active component, which decreases cholesterol, triglyceride, phospholipid and total lipids concentrations in heart, kidney, and lung of rabbit fed high cholesterol diet.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.557-564
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• 2006

This research was planned and executed to evaluate how the composition of Yak-sun (oriental diet therapy) can effect health conditions of people who are suffering from diet-related diseases like obesity and hyper lipidemia by taking Yak-sun in a form of nutritional supplement with our daily meals. We produced Yak-sun tea with $Ky\hat{a}lmy\hat{a}ngja$, Kamguk, $K\hat{u}m\hat{u}nhwa$, Ch'onkung and observed nutritional composition and evaluated how this tea effects on serum lipids and homocystein concentration by clinical practices. With this observation, we found out that this tea has significant effect on increasing of HDL-cholesterol, decreasing of LDL-cholesterol and homocysteine concentration, and we think that scientific and objective evaluation was done on the components of Yak-sun tea prescription. We concluded that we could apply the components not only in a form of tea, but also in other forms of various food. The information we received from this conclusion will be a basic information on how we can apply oriental medicinal resources into other food and will also be a stepping stone for medicinal herbs to step foot in the field of functional food research, which already draws sizable attention world-wide.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.29-46
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• 1993

In order to determine the optimum digestible energy to protein (DE/P) ratio in diets for Korean rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli, $45\%$ and $40\%$ protein diets with graded levels of DE/P ratio were fed to average 36g and 80g fish, respectively. The DE/P ratios in the $45\%$ protein diets ranged from 7.4 to 10.0 kcal/g protein, while those in the $40\%$ protein diets varied between 7.5 and 8.9 kcal/g protein. Both in the $45\%$ and $40\%$ protein diets, the changes in the DE/P ratios did not affect either the daily weight gain or the feed efficiency. However daily protein retention, daily energy retention, nutrient utilization and chemical composition in carcass varied depending on the DE/P ratios. Thus based on these parameters as criteria, the optimum DE/P ratio for both the $40\%$ and $45\%$ protein diets, estimated to be about 8 kcal/g protein. DE/P ratios more than 8 kcal/g protein, led to the deposition of a large amount of body fat, especially in the viscera. Any protein-sparing effect was not observed with the increase of the energy content in the diets. Apparent digestibility coefficients determined by the indirect method, using $Cr_2O_3$ as an indicator, were around $90,\;98\%\;and\;70\%$, for protein, lipid and digestible carbohydrate respectively, without any distinct differences between the diets.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.26-30
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• 2005

A 10-week feeding trial was conducted to determine the optimum feeding rate of two extruded pellets (EP1 and EP2) and raw fish-based moist pellet (MP) for juvenile flounder. Two replicate groups of the fish (average weight of 27 g) were fed EP and MP three times daily at different feeding rate (satiation and $85\%$ satiation). Weight gain of fish was not affected by diet, but affected by feeding rate. Weight gain with satiation feeding group showed :t tendency to higher compared to that of fish with $85\%$ satiation feeding at the same diet. Feed efficiency of fish was affected by diet, but not feeding rate. Feed efficiency of fish fed the EP1 and EP2 was higher than that of fish fed the MP at the same feeding rate. Daily feed intake was affected by diet and feeding rate. Daily feed intake of fish fed with satiation was higher than that of fish with $85\%$ satiation at same diet, and this variable of fish fed the MP was higher than that of fish fed the EP 1 and EP2. Protein efficiency ratio of fish fed the MP was significantly lower than that of fish fed the EP1 and EP2 regardless of feeding rate. Lipid content of whole body was affected by diet, and that of fish fed the EP2 and MP at satiation feeding was the highest. It can be concluded that satiation feeding will be good and EP is better than MP for growth of juvenile flounder grown from 27 g to 51 g.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.84 no.4
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• pp.415-423
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• 1995

This study was conducted to analyze the chemical composition, nutritional contents, and saponin in the xylem sap of Acer mono Max. From Feb 25 to Mar 4, 1994, spring sap was collected by making holes with 1.7cm diameter on the trunk of trees in Mt. Baekwoon and Mt. Jiri. Sugars were quantified by HPIC, amino acids by amino acid analyzer, saponins by TLC, HPLC, and $^1H$ & $^{13}C$ NMR. Major component of the sap was sucrose at a concentration range of 0.68 to 2.01%. Following minor components were found: glucose at 0.03-0.11%, and fructose at 0.01-0.03% as sugars, lipid at 0.03%, threonine at 0.152%, lysine at 0.038%, arginine at 0.068% as amino acids, ash at 0.1%, Ca at 175ppm, Fe at 2ppm, P at 19ppm, K at 16ppm, Na at 31ppm as minerals, vitamin $B_1$ at 0.6ppm, vit. $B_2$ at 0.1ppm, and vit. C at 19ppm. A trace of phenolic compounds was found by TLC, while saponin commonly reported in high-quality ginseng roots was not found in maple sap. It is concluded that sap of Acer mono contains a good variety of natural compounds such as sugars, amino acids, Ca, Fe, and vitamins to serve as an excellent source of very natural and health-promoting drink.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.11
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• pp.1548-1555
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• 2011

Persimmons are shown to contain high levels of phenolics. The present study was designed to investigate if a sweet persimmon wine (SPW) would affect the development of alcoholic fatty liver in rats. Initially, male Sprague-Dawley rats were housed singly in stainless steel wire-bottomed cages in a room of controlled temperature and lighting. The rats had free access to a nutritionally adequate AIN-93G diet and deionized water. After the acclimatization period, rats were weight-matched and assigned to the following three groups: two groups were fed 6.7% ethanol or the caloric equivalent of maltose-dextrin in a Lieber-DeCarli diet and the other group was fed the isocaloric Lieber-DeCarli diet containing SPW at the same ethanol level. All three groups were fed their respective diets for 6 weeks. Serum transaminase, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels were measured. Liver lipids and histology were assessed at 6 weeks. The total phenolic content and the antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of SPW were determined. SPW significantly increased antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities. As markers of liver injury, serum alanine and aspartate transminases were markedly lowered by SPW at 6 weeks. SPW significantly reduced the serum levels of serum cholesterol and triglyceride compared to ethanol treatment. SPW delayed the development of an alcoholic fatty liver by reversing fat accumulation in the liver, as evidenced in histological observations. Taken together, SPW seems to protect the liver from becoming fatty by alleviating fatty liver symptoms and lowering hepatic and serum lipid levels. Such a protective effect of SPW appears to be in part due to its phenolics.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.11
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• pp.1525-1531
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• 2011

Antioxidant activity and protective effects of extracts from Helianthus tuberosus L. leaves (HTL) on t-BHP-induced oxidative stress in human liver Chang cells were investigated. The total polyphenol and flavonoid content of the water and ethanolic extracts from HTL were 89.6${\pm}$1.96, 94${\pm}$2.03 mg gallic acid equivalent/g extract, and 65.1${\pm}$2.84, 54.6${\pm}$1.87 mg catechin equivalent/g extract, respectively. In addition, $IC_{50}$ values for 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrydrazyl (DPPH), alkyl, and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of the water extracts were 0.010${\pm}$0.003 mg/mL, 0.014${\pm}$0.002 mg/mL, and 0.989${\pm}$0.003 mg/mL, respectively. Antioxidant activities of the extracts were also determined by ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activity and reducing power. The HTL extracts showed a strongly inhibitory effect on lipid peroxidation by measuring ferric thiocyanate (FTC) and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values. In an MTT assay on the Chang cells, the extracts showed a protective effect by increasing cell viability and decreasing ROS on t-BHP-induced oxidative stress in Chang cells. These results indicate that the HTL extracts possess an antioxidant activity.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.137-147
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• 2014

Cortex ulmi pumilae, the cortex of Ulmus davidiana var. japonica, has been used in traditional folk medicine for its anti-inflammatory effect. Although its various bioactivities such as anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, and anti-cancer, have been reported, the anti-adipogenic activity of cortex ulmi pumilae remains unclarified. In the present study, we investigated the effect of cortex ulmi pumilae extract on adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Treatment with cortex ulmi pumilae extract significantly reduced the formation of lipid droplets and triglyceride content in a dose-dependent manner; this is associated with an inhibition of the adipogenic transcription factors, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein ${\alpha}$ ($C/EBP{\alpha}$), $C/EBP{\beta}$, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ${\gamma}$ ($PPAR{\gamma}$). In addition, cortex ulmi pumilae extract treatment during the early stage of adipogenesis showed more efficient anti-adipogenic activity than treatment during other stages of adipogenesis. Cortex ulmi pumilae extract also inhibited cell proliferation and induced G1 arrest of 3T3-L1 cells in the early stage of adipogenesis. This was associated with upregulated expression of Cdk inhibitor p21 and downregulated expression of cyclin E and phospho-Rb, indicating that cortex ulmi pumilae extract blocks mitotic clonal expansion by cell cycle regulation. Taken together, these results suggest that cortex ulmi pumilae extract possesses anti-adipogenic activity through the inhibition of adipocyte differentiation by blocking mitotic clonal expansion.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.671-680
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• 2018

Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of Jerusalem artichoke composites (JAP) with extracts of G. procumbens (12.5%), M. charantia (12.5%), and C. longa (12.5%) to H. tuberosus concentrate (JA, 50%) were evaluated in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats. Rats were divided into seven groups: normal (Normal), diabetic control (Diabetic), group fed G. procumbens extract (0.5 g/kg bw, D-GPE), group fed JAP (0.5 g/kg bw, D-JAP1; 1.5 g/kg bw, D-JAP2), group fed JA (0.5 g/kg bw, D-JA), and group fed Metformin (0.2 g/kg bw, D-MET) as a positive control. The blood glucose levels over 4 weeks were significantly decreased in the D-JAP2 and D-MET groups compared to the other groups after 3 weeks. The serum insulin level was not significant among the groups fed an experimental diet, but the HOMA-IR value was significantly decreased compared to the diabetic control group. AST and ALT activities in the serum were lowest in D-JAP1. Total lipid and triglyceride contents in the serum decreased in the groups fed an experimental diet, and the HDL-C contents of D-GPE, D-JAP1, and D-JAP2 were significantly increased compared to the diabetic control group. Triglyceride contents in the liver tissue were significantly lower in the D-GPE, D-JAP1, and D-JAP2 groups, and hepatic TBARS content was significantly decreased in the D-JAP1 and D-JAP2 groups compared to the diabetic control group. Hepatic antioxidative enzyme levels, such as SOD, catalase, and GSH-Px, were significantly elevated in groups fed an experimental diet compared to the diabetic control group. Therefore, JAP may be more effective than JA in the human body due to its hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.192-197
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• 2011

Rice spent water (RSW) is generated when rice is rinsed before cooking. RSW has been discarded into sewerages due to its low usage in our daily life and become a major domestic wastewater for many years. But RSW can be used as a value-added resource because it contains various beneficial bioactive components. Therefore, fermented rice spent water (FRSW) has been already produced in our previous value-added fermentation process. In this study, proximate compositions and contents of other typical fermentation products were compared between RSW and FRSW. Both RSW and FRSW contain approximately 99.3% moisture and 0.7% total solids. Compared to those of RSW on a dry basis, carbohydrate content of FRSW was decreased by 44.8% and crude protein, lipid, and ash contents of FRSW were increased by 16.4%, 18.8%, and 36.6%, respectively. In addition, starch granules of RSW were intact as those of rice flour were, but those of FRSW were not. RSW did not have lactic acid, but FRSW had 212.13 and 181.25 g/kg D- and L-lactic acid, respectively. Free amino and ammoniacal nitrogen contents of FRSW were 12 and 7 times higher than those of RSW, respectively. Lactic acid, free amino, and ammonical nitrogen contents were considered to be increased in FRSW because carbohydrates could be disintegrated into lactic acids and proteins into free amino or ammoniacal nitrogens during the fermentation process.