• 한국IT서비스학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국IT서비스학회 2006년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.233-240
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• 2006

This paper measures and compares the traffic of a series of Massively Multiplayer On-line Role Playing Games(MMORPG). The target games are 'Lineage' and 'Lineage II' developed by NCsoft, which are ones of the world's largest MMORPGs in terms of the number of concurrent users. We collected about 1 tera bytes of packets of 'Lineage II' for four days including a weekend. These packets are analyzed and compared with those of 'Lineage.' Packet size, packet inter-arrival time, and bandwidth usage are compared. The traffic of the two games shows much difference because original 'Lineage' is a kind of 2-D based MMORPG, while 'Lineage II' is 3-D based. By comparing the characteristics of the traffic of these games, we can anticipate future needs of network and game structure.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.575-584
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• 2012

Listeria monocytogenes is an important foodborne pathogen that comprises four genetic lineages: I, II, III, and IV. Of these, lineage II is frequently recovered from foods and environments and responsible for the increasing incidence of human listeriosis. In this study, the phylogenetic structure of lineage II was determined through sequencing analysis of the ascB-dapE internalin cluster. Fifteen sequence types proposed by multilocus sequence typing based on nine housekeeping genes were grouped into three distinct sublineages, IIA, IIB, and IIC. Organization of the ascB-dapE internalin cluster could serve as a molecular marker for these sublineages, with inlGHE, inlGC2DE, and inlC2DE for IIA, IIB, and IIC, respectively. These sublineages displayed specific genetic and phenotypic characteristics. IIA and IIC showed a higher frequency of recombination (${\rho}/{\theta}$). However, recombination events had greater effect (r/m) on IIB, leading to its high nucleotide diversity. Moreover, IIA and IIB harbored a wider range of internalin and stress-response genes, and possessed higher nisin tolerance, whereas IIC contained the largest portion of low-virulent strains owing to premature stop codons in inlA. The results of this study indicate that IIA, IIB, and IIC might occupy different ecological niches, and IIB might have a better adaptation to a broad range of environmental niches.

• 한국발생생물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국발생생물학회 2003년도 제3회 국제심포지움 및 학술대회
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• pp.60-60
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• 2003

Embryonic stem (ES) cells have property of self-renewal and can differentiate into the cells of all three primary germ layers. Recently, many growth factors, alteration of culture condition and gene modifications have been used to differentiate mouse and human ES cells into specific cell types. This study was performed to evaluate the differentiation protocol for human ES cells to the endodermal lineage cells. Human ES cells (Miz-hESl ) were cultured on STO feeder layer mitotically inactivated with mitemycin C, and embryoid bodies (EBs) were formed by suspension culture. Differentiation protocol of EBs consisted of three steps: stage I, culture of EBs for 6 days with ITSFn medium; stage II, culture of stage I cells for 8 days with N2 medium ; stage III, culture of stage II cells for 22 days with N2 medium. mRNA levels of the endodermal lineage differentiation genes were analyzed by semi- quantitative RT-PCR. The Oct-4 expression, a marker of the pluripotent state, was detected in undifferentiated human ES cells but progressively decreased after EBs formation. Differentiating human ES cells expressed marker genes of endodermal differentiation and pancreatic islet cells. GATA4, a-fetoprotein, Glut-2, and Ngn3 were expressed in all stages. However, albumin and insulin were expressed in only stage III cells. The human ES cells can be differentiated into endodermal lineage cells by multiple step culture system using various supplements. We are developing the more effective protocols for guided differentiation of human ES cells.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.53-62
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• 2016

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in the bone marrow and other somatic tissues reside in an environment with relative low oxygen tension. Cobalt chloride ($CoCl_2$) can mimic hypoxic conditions through transcriptional changes of some genes including hypoxia-inducible factor-$1{\alpha}$ (HIF-$1{\alpha}$) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). This study evaluated the potential role of $CoCl_2$ preconditioning on multi-lineage differentiation of C3H/10T1/2, a murine MSC line to understand its possible molecular mechanisms in vitro. $CoCl_2$ treatment of MSCs markedly increased HIF-$1{\alpha}$ and VEGF mRNA, and protein expression of HIF-$1{\alpha}$. Temporary preconditioning of MSCs with $CoCl_2$ induced up-regulation of osteogenic markers including alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, and type I collagen during osteogenic differentiation, followed by enhanced mineralization. $CoCl_2$ also increased chondrogenic markers including aggrecan, sox9, and type II collagen, and promoted chondrocyte differentiation. $CoCl_2$ suppressed the expression of adipogenic markers including $PPAR{\gamma}$, aP2, and $C/EBP{\alpha}$, and inhibited adipogenesis. Temporary preconditioning with $CoCl_2$ could affect the multi-lineage differentiation of MSCs.

• 패션비즈니스
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• 제8권5호
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• pp.144-154
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to consider the characteristics of character's body-image throughout the on-line games and with this study we researched the symbolic meaning reflected by the character's body-images throughout the fashion. The characteristics of the body-images presented in modern fashion is expressed in 4 features on Lineage II game. First, it adopts the ways in which modern fashion expresses the erotic image and represents various sexual stimulation, which can not be represented in the real world, in cyberspace. Second, it expresses the beauty and taste in sensitivity by exchanging the items, which are the features of body-image, each other as the neutral body-image and pursuits for the double side feature between males and females by dismantling the point of view to sex. Third, it shows the new value system different from the existing one by using extraordinary items and materials that you've never seen in real fashion as the abnormal body-image expressed in informal and inaccurate principal of deformation. Fourth, it show the body with the items which induces more interest and curiosity than the real world do as the humorous body-image accompanying with childish amusement and pleasure.

• 한국IT서비스학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.137-148
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• 2008

This paper measures and compares the traffic of a series of Massively Multi-player On-line Role Playing Game (MMORPG). The purpose of this analysis is to characterize the MMORPG traffic and compare the traffic characteristics of those games caused by the game structure difference between 2D and 3D environment. The target game is 'Lineage I' and 'Lineage II' which represent world's largest MMORPGs in terms of the number of concurrent users. We collect about 280 giga bytes and 1 tera bytes of packet headers, respectively. We compare packet size, packet inter-arrival time and bandwidth usage of these two games. The MMORPG traffic consists of two kinds of packets: client-generated upstream packets and server-generated downstream packets. We observe that the upstream packet size of payload has grown from 9 bytes to 19 bytes, while the average payload size of downstream packets has grown from 37 bytes to 318 bytes. This asymmetry of growing rate is caused by 3D game structure. Packet inter-arrival time becomes shorter from average 2 milliseconds to 58 microseconds. Bandwidth consumption per client has grown from 4 kbps to 20 kbps. We find that there is a linear relationship between the number of users and the bandwidth usage in both case.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제59권1호
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• pp.103-108
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• 2021

To date, there is no report on the genetic diversity of ticks in these regions. A total of 370 representative ticks from the south and east regions of Kazakhstan (SERK) and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (XUAR) were selected for molecular comparison. A fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (cox1) gene, ranging from 631 bp to 889 bp, was used to analyze genetic diversity among these ticks. Phylogenetic analyses indicated 7 tick species including Hyalomma asiaticum, Hyalomma detritum, Hyalomma anatolicum, Dermacentor marginatus, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Rhipicephalus turanicus and Haemaphysalis erinacei from the SERK clustered together with conspecific ticks from the XUAR. The network diagram of haplotypes showed that i) Hy. asiaticum from Almaty and Kyzylorda Oblasts together with that from Yuli County of XUAR constituted haplogroup H-2, and the lineage from Chimkent City of South Kazakhstan was newly evolved; and ii) the R. turanicus ticks sampled in Israel, Almaty, South Kazakhstan, Usu City, Ulugqat and Baicheng Counties of XUAR were derivated from an old lineage in Alataw City of XUAR. These findings indicate that: i) Hy. asiaticum, R. turanicus and Ha. erinacei shared genetic similarities between the SERK and XUAR; and ii) Hy. marginatum and D. reticulatus show differences in their evolution.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.275-279
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• 2007

The aims of this study were to detect Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) strains in a cohort of Cystic Fibrosis patients (n=276) and to characterize Bcc isolates by molecular techniques. The results showed that 11.23% of patients were infected by Bcc. Burkholderia cenocepacia lineage III-A was the most prevalent species (64.3%) and, of these, 10% was cblA positive and 50% esmR positive. Less than half of the strains were sensitive to ceftazidime, meropenem, piperacillin-tazobactam, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. About half of the strains (41%) had homogeneous profiles, suggesting cross-transmission. The infection by B. cenocepacia was associated to a high rate of mortality (p=0.01).

• 대한지리학회지
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.575-590
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• 2003

연산과 회덕 지방에 있어서 16~17세기의 시기는 경판 생산과 사회적 관계망 확장단계(landscape phase)로 대변된다. 그 만큼 사회적으로 의도된 다양한 상징경관이 생산되던 시기로서, 혈연관계를 중심 매개로 했던 이전의 생태적 정착 단계와는 다른 지역 정체성을 구성해갔다. 15세기를 지나면서 이들 지역에서 수위 종족집단으로 부상한 광산김씨와 은진송씨는 "권력 과시형 경관"을 지역에 이식하면서 중앙에서 획득한 자신들의 권력을 지방에 과시하였고, 16세기부터는 지방민들을 포섭하기 위한 '시혜$.$교화형 경관"을 생산하면서 지역사회에 완전히 착근할 수 있었다. 광산김씨의 경우 후자에 해당하는 첫 번째 경관이 정회당이었고, 다음으로 양성당, 임리정이 생산되었다. 이러한 경관 창출은 순차적인 영역성 확대를 유도하였고, 영역성에 내포된 초기의 (pseudo-spatial) 성격은 보다 분명한 공간적 정초를 확립하면서 내실을 기해갔다. 이러한 경관 생산을 통해서 학문적 계보의식이 탄생하였고 그 계보의식은 일정한 지역적 범위를 향해서 확대, 심화될 수 있었다. 또 한가지 이 시기의 중요한 특징은 '시혜$.$교화형 경관'이 매개가 되어 연산의 광산 김씨와 회덕의 은진송씨가 사회$.$공간적으로 결합될 수 있었다는 점이다. 이들의 사회적 결합은 곧 공간적 영역의 통합을 의미하는 것이었다. '국지적'(local)규모의 수위 종족집단이 서로 결합함으로써 '지역적(regional)규모의 지역사회가 형성되었음을 말한다. 이와 같은 연산과 회덕의 공간적 통합과 확장된 영역성은 광산김씨와 은진송씨가 주체가 된 지역화과정의 산물이었다. 사회적으로 생산된 이 공간성(spatiality)의 탄생과정에는 학연 관계가 중요한 요인으로 작용하고 있지만, 통혼을 통한 혈연관계, 근거지의 지리적 인접성이라는 지연 관계가 복합적으로 작용하면서 연산$.$회덕권을 하나의 동일한 지역사회(community)로 만들어낸 것이다. 이렇게 출현한 공간적 영역과 지역 정체성은 오늘날가지 이 지방의 사회$.$공간적 의미를 구성하면서 중요한 층위로 존속하고 있다.

• ALGAE
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.223-232
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• 2015

More than 20 and 10 clades / ecotypes of Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus, respectively, have been identified in various oceanic regions. However, their diversity has yet to be thoroughly studied in the northwest Pacific Ocean. Further, spatial distribution of Synechococcus clades in the oligotrophic oceans has been scarcely characterized. To elucidate picocyanobacterial lineage distribution in the northwest Pacific Ocean, 16S-23S internal transcribed spacer sequences of picocyanobacteria were sequenced by barcoded amplicon pyrosequencing method. Additional pyrosequencing library using a primer specific for the Synechococcus subcluster-5.1 was constructed to thoroughly understand Synechococcus diversity in the oligotrophic oceans. In warm pool area, Prochlorococcus was predominant and showed a distinct depthpartitioning between HLII and LL ecotypes. Despite low abundances, diverse Synechococcus clades appeared in the oligotrophic open ocean, showing both vertical and horizontal niche partitioning. Clade II was the predominant Synechococcus clade, especially in upper euphotic depths. In shallow and middle euphotic depths, clades UC-A, III, and CRD1 were distributed broadly. However, a distinct shift in the horizontal distribution was found at ca. $20^{\circ}N$. Conversely, clades XVII and CRD2 dominated at deep euphotic depths and constituted a higher proportion than clade II. These niche-partitioning of Synechococcus clades seemed to be related with temperature, nutrient concentration as well as iron concentration.