• 한국연극학
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• 제52호
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• pp.319-357
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• 2014

Formation of 'body schema' is the start for actor to create role and becomes the root and the foundation of existing as a role on the stage. For this, an actor needs to form 'scheme of role' with escaping from own 'body schema.' 'Schema of role' is formed by acquiring through synthesizing daily basic actions, namely, walking, standing, sitting, hand stretching, bending, and touching. The body schema, which was made with simple and usual actions, has fundamental significance in a sense of becoming the body in which the past traces in a role are habituated while energy as a role flows. As for the process of forming body schema, an actor first needs to obtain the visualized materials like photo, magazine, picture and image available for seeing a role specifically and clearly based on what analyzed a character. An actor needs to have three-dimensional image available for always recalling it in the head during acting. To do this, image data available for fundamentally capturing routine actions along with body structure are still more useful. Next, the body schema is formed by interaction with environment. Thus, there is a need of passing through the two-time process of forming body schema. Firstly, the body schema is made on routine actions in a role as physical condition of a role in actor's own everyday life. Secondly, the body schema is made on routine actions available for moving efficiently and economically in line with the environment of performance. A theatrical stage is the temporal space of rhythm and rule different from routine space. What forms body schema immediately in the second phase without body schema in the first phase ultimately becomes what exists as actor's own body, not the body of a role. The body schema, which was formed as the second process, is what truly has identity as a role in the ontological aspect, comes to experience the oppositional force in muscle, a qualitative change in energy, and emotional agitation in the physical aspect, and experiences perception, thinking, volition, and even consciousness with the entire body in the cognitive dimension. Thus, the formation of body schema can be known to be just a method of changing even spiritual and emotional layer. Body schema cannot be made if there is no process of embodiment and habit. Embodiment and habit are not simply the repeated, empty and mechanical action in the body. But, habit itself has very important meanings for forming body schema for role creating. First, habit allows the body itself to learn and understand a meaning. Second, habit relies upon environment, thereby allowing an actor of making the habituated body schema to recognize environment. Third, habit makes the mind. The habituated body schema is just the mind and the ego of a person who possesses the body schema. Fourth, habit comes to experience the expansion in energy and the expansion in existence. It may be experienced through interrelation among actor's body, tool, and environment. Fifth, habit makes identity of the body. Hence, this just becomes what secures identity of a role. These implications of habit are the formation of body schema, which is maintained with the body of being remembered firmly through being closely connected with the process of neural adaptation. Finally, it sought for possibility of practice as one method of forming body schema for role creating through Deleuze's '-becoming' theory. As 'actual animal-becoming' is real '-becoming' of forming structural transformation in the physical dimension, it meets with what the formation of body schema pursues actuality and reality. This was explained with a concept as saying of 'all '-becoming' molecular' by Deleuze/Guattari. 'Animal of having imitated animal's characteristic- becoming' is formed by which the body schema relies upon environment. In this way, relationship among the body, tool and environment has influence even upon a change in consciousness, thinking, and emotion, thereby being able to be useful for forming body schema in a sense of possibly experiencing ultimately expansion in role, namely, expansion in existence.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.467-491
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• 1995

In order to analyze the occlusin of intercuspation with maximun bite force, fifteen healthy adult subjects with the ages 23 to 27 were studied(Group1 ; 5-normal occlusion with Angle's Class1, Group2 ; 5-Angle's Class2 malocclusion, Group3 ; 5-Angle’s Class3 malocclusion). Head Position was fixed with occlusal plane paralleling to horizontal line and occlusal registration r cord was made with polyether rubber impression material(Ramitec, ESPECo. West Germany). After all subject were trained for maximum intercuspation at least 5 times, occlusal registration procedure was repeated for this study. Lower posterior rubber occlusal registration records were sliced with 1mm thickness using precision metal sliding channel(Hitachi Ind. Co., Japan). Gross sectional drawings were traced from occluding view of upper and lower posterior teeth on the rubber slices using digitizer, and superimposed for the determination of each drawing distance(Superimposed Rubber Pattern Method). Based on superimposed rubber pattern drawings, total area of occlusal view, sum of each area of the 5 divided occlusal contact provinces and its ratio, total area and number of occlusal contact area were determined to elucidate occlusal stability in the normal and abnormal occlusion groups. The data were analysed by t-test(p=0.05) to determine statistical significance. The obtained results were as follows : 1. Group1 showed the largest standard area with occlusal view of the lower posterior teeth and Group3 showed the smallest area. There was a significant difference between Group2 and Group3(p=0.025), and Gropu1 was not statistically different for both Group2 and Group3. 2. Means and ratio of the under 2.0mm area(D) and ratio showed $197.49mm^2$, 59.76% in Group1, $188,69mm^2$, 56.10% in Group2, and $174.23mm^2$, 55.76% in Group3. The results that Group1 has the most area/ratio and Group3 has the least area/ratio can be considered Group1 is the most advantageous for masticatory effective area, and Group3 is the least adnantageous. 3. Means and ratio of the under 1.0mm area(C) were $198.96mm^2$, 42.65% in Group1, 123.06$mm^2$, 46.58% in Group2, and $92.24mm^2$, 29.52% in Group3. These data means that Group1 is the most advantageous in terms of masticatory effective area and Group3 is the least. 4. Means and ratio of the under 0.5mm area(B) were $86.68mm^2$, 26.68% in Group1, $62.98mm^2$, 18.71% in Group2, and $36.44mm^2$, 11.66% in Group3. These can also be considered Group1 is the most advantageous for masticatory effective area and occlusal stability. 5. Means and ratio of the under 0.05mm area(A) were $30.92mm^2$, 9.21% in Group1, $14.31mm^2$, 4.25% in Group2, and $7.59mm^2$, 2.43% in Group3. The area ratio of the each subject group was(4.1) : (1.9) : (1)and the data of the under 0.05mm area has the intimate relationship with inter-group and intra-group data/ratio. 6. First molar showed the most occlusal contact points in all subject group and Group1 showed somewhat uniformly distributed occlusal contact point except first premolar. In Group2, all contact point in posterior teeth showed significantly reduced distribution except first molar. Group3 showed evenly distributed contace points in first and second molars.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.297-310
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• 1998

치아에 압하력을 elastic chain을 이용하여 지속적으로 교정력을 평균 9개월된 유성견의 소구치에 가한 직후 치아와 그 주위조직에서 일어나는 조직학적인 변화와 압하력을 제거한 후 일정기간이 지난 후 변화되었던 조직의 회복양상을 고찰하고, 이를 토대로 교정치료를 위한 생물학적인 근간을 마련하기 위하여 본 연구를 시행하였으며, Hematoxylin & Eosin 및 Masson's Trichrome 염색법을 이용하여 치아와 주위조직의 반응을 치경부, 치근 중앙부, 치근단부로 나누어 광학현미경하에서 관찰하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 대조군의 HE 소견에서 치주인대는 치근단부에서 치근경부까지 비교적 균일한 두께를 나타냈고, 치주인대의 주행방향은 치근경부에 수평 또는 약간 경사져 있었으며, 치근 중앙부와 치근단부에서는 사선으로 주행하였다. 2. 대조군의 MT 소견에서 치경부에서는 조골세포 및 파골세포가 나타났으며 치경부, 치근 중앙부 그리고 치근단부에 약한 골흡수와 신생골 침착이 보였다. 3. 실험 1 군에서는 치근단부에서 뚜렷한 파골세포의 증가와 혈관 충혈이 보였으며, 신생골 형성과 불규칙한 반전선들이 나타나 골흡수하는 양상을 보였다. 치주인대는 치경부에서 치근단에 이르기까지 뚜렷한 증가를 보였으며 치근단부에서 더 심하였다. 4. 실험 2군에서는 대조군에 비해 조골세포가 치근단부에서 혈관 충혈과 함께 여전히 관찰되었다. 치주인대 폭경은 치근단부에서 대조군에 비해서는 증가되었고 1 군에 비해서는 감소된 양상을 보였다. 치주인대 주행방향은 1군과 같았고 단지 치근단부에서 혼합된 양상으로 관찰되었다. 이상과 같은 소견으로 보아 유성견 하악 소구치 압하시 초기 조직변화 에서 압박을 받는 치근단부에서 파골세포의 뚜렷한 증가, 출혈상 및 간격 확장, 그리고 골흡수와 백악질 흡수가 현저히 나타났으며, 치주인대 주행 방향도 다양하였다. 또한 압하력을 제거한 후에 변형되었던 치아와 치아 주위조직들이 완전한 회복 양상을 보이지는 않았다.

• 한국석유지질학회지
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• 제5권1_2호
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• pp.1-8
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• 1997

한국남동해 대륙붕에서 획득된 고해상탄성파탐사자료의 탄성파층서적 해석에 의하면 본 연구해역의 퇴적층은 서로 다른 4개의 퇴적층, 즉 하부로부터 퇴적층 D,퇴적층 C,퇴적층 B 및 퇴적층 A로 구성된다. 양산단층 연장부의 서쪽에 발달하는 퇴적층 D는 분지가 침강함에 따라 천해환경에서 퇴적된 것이나, 동쪽에 발달하는 것은 사면전면 충진형태로 형성되었다. 퇴적과 동시에 경동조구조운동이 일어나 육지쪽에 발달하는 사면전면 충진 퇴적층은 침식되어 인접한 사면에 퇴적되었다. 이 조구조운동은 울릉분지의 닫힘과 수반되어 일어난 것으로 보인다. 양산단층 연장부의 서쪽에 발달하는 퇴적층 C는 저해수면 하성퇴적물, 해침퇴적물, 그리고 고해수면 해성퇴적물이 겹쳐 쌓여서 형성된 것으로 추측된다. 동쪽에 발달하고 있는 퇴적층 C는 대륙붕단에서 퇴적된 것으로 해석되며, 이러한 작용으로 대륙붕단 외해로 전진하게 되었다. 퇴적층 C가 형성되는 동안에도 경동조구조운동은 계속되었으나, 퇴적층 D가 형성되는 동안에 있었던 것보다는 약하였다. 퇴적층 B가 형성되기 시작하면서 경동조구조운동은 멈추고, 선근원에서 점근원의 퇴적이 일어나기 시작하였다. 연구지역에 발달하는 본 퇴적층은 고해수면퇴적계, 저해수면퇴적계 그리고 해침퇴적계로 구분된다. 고해수면퇴적계는 욕지도주위에 부분적으로 보존되어 있으며, 저해수면퇴적계는 대한해곡에 비교적 잘 발달되어 있다. 해침퇴적계는 욕지도 및 거제도 남쪽앞 바다에 잘 보존되어 있다. 경동조구조운동이 멈추면서, 울릉분지의 닫힘작용에 의한 압축력은 주향단층들에 의해 해소되는 것으로 보인다./투스칼루사(Tuscaloosa) 사암층, 테일러(Taylor) 나바로(Navarro) 사암층과 오스틴(Austin) 백악 및 탄산염암층이 있다. 이 저류암층에 탄화수소를 공급했던 근원암층으로는 경사방향 하부의 셰일층이, 그리고 덮개암층은 경사방향 상부의 계일층이 그 역할을 담당했던 것으로 해석된다. 뗘악기 하부와 상부 퇴적층의 주요 트랩(trap)으로는 완만한 기둥형(pillow)으로부터 복잡한 다이아피어(diapir) 형태의 암염층 관련 배사구조와 하단 단층블록위에 놓여 있으며 롤오버(rollover) 배사구조를 갖는 성장단층이 있다. 투수 장애(permeability barrier), 상부 경사방향으로 첨멸하는 사암체(up-dip pinch-out sand body깥 침식부정합면(unconformity truncation)도. 걸프만 석유부존에 중요한 역할을 한 트랩들이다. 백악기의 주요한 저류암층들은 범세계 해수면곡선의 하강시기와 잘 일치하고 있는데 이는 백악기동안 형성된 걸프만의 퇴적층서가 범세계 해수면곡선을 전반적으로 잘 반영하고 있음을 의미한다. 즉 퇴적작용을 주로 지배하는 세 즌요 변수인 지구조적인 분지의 침강운동,퇴적물의 공급,해수면 변동오그÷중에서 해수면 변동요소가 이 시기동안 가장 중요한 역할을 했음을 의미한다.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2008

현대 치의학에서는 환자의 심미적 만족을 충족시키기 위한 지속적인 관심으로 완전 도재관의 발전을 가져왔다. 최근의 연구 결과들은 완전 도재관의 물리적 성질과 마모 저항성, 색조의 안정성 등을 보고하고 있다. 이와 같이 여러 장점이 많음에도 불구하고 아직 파절에 대한 저항성에는 많은 의문점을 내포하고 있다. 구강 내에서 기능적인 교합력은 수복물의 변연에 응력을 주게된다. 이러한 응력은 주변 조직으로 잘 분산되어져야 하는데, 수복물의 변연 형태에 따라 다른 양상을 보여주게 된다. 변연 형태는 수복물의 부피와 모양, 그리고 변연에서의 적합도에도 영향을 주게 된다. 본 연구에서는 완전 도재관에서의 변연 형태에 따른 응력 분포를 3차원 유한 요소 분석법을 이용하여 조사하였다. 상악 중절치가 기본 모델로 사용되었고, 완전 도재관을 재현하였다. 변연 형태로는 $90^{\circ}$ shoulder, $110^{\circ}$ shoulder, $135^{\circ}$ shoulder형태를 부여하고, 100N의 힘을 치축에 $45^{\circ}$ 방향으로 가하였다. 그 결과 도재 내부의 응력 분포는 $90^{\circ}$, $110^{\circ}$ 모델에 비해 변연 각도가 $135^{\circ}$인 모델의 경우가 응력의 분포가 고르게 나타났다. 그러나 변연에서는 $90^{\circ}$와 $110^{\circ}$ 모델의 응력보다 조금 더 집중되었다. $90^{\circ}$와 $110^{\circ}$ 모델의 비교시는 대체로 비슷했다. 알루미나 코아 내부의 응력 분포에서도 또한 $135^{\circ}$인 모델이 $90^{\circ}$와 $110^{\circ}$ 모델의 응력분포보다 더 잘 분포되었다. $90^{\circ}$와 $110^{\circ}$ 모델의 비교시는 $110^{\circ}$가 $90^{\circ}$ 모델에 비해 더 좋은 응력분포를 보였다. 알루미나 코아와 접착제 사이의 계면에서는 응력이 변연으로 갈수록 감소하고, 알루미나 코아와 도재 사이의 계면에서는 변연으로 갈수록 응력이 점차 증가하였다. $135^{\circ}$ shoulder는 고른 응력분포임에도 변연에서의 응력 집중이 나타나므로 완전 도재관의 변연으로는 적절하지 못하며, $90^{\circ}$ shoulder보다 상대적으로 좋은 응력분포와 변연 형성의 용이성이 우세한 $110^{\circ}$ shoulder가 완전 도재관의 변연에 추천될 수 있겠다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제31권10호
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• pp.913-921
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• 2021

고관절과 어깨의 점진적인 근육 약화를 특징으로 하는 지대형 근이영양증(limb-girdle muscular dystrophy: LGMD)은 우성 및 열성 유전을 모두 보여주며, TTN을 비롯한 많은 유전자가 발병과 관련된 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구는 40대 중반의 늦은 발병을 나타낸 상염색체 열성 LGMD 및 심방 조동의 증상을 가진 한 남성 환자의 유전적 원인을 규명하기 위해 수행되었다. 전장 엑솜 서열분석을 수행하여 환자로부터 TTN 유전자의 복합 이형 접합성 변이의 대립유전자를 동정하였다. 한 대립유전자는 [c.24124G>T (p.V8042F)]의 단일 변이를 보였지만, 다른 대립유전자는 [c.29222G>C (p.R9741P) + c.67490A>G (p.H22497R) + c.75376C>T (p.R25126C)]의 세 변이로 구성된 단상형이었다. 대립유전자 중 p.V8042F는 어머니로부터 유전된 반면, 다른 단상형 대립유전자는 아버지로부터 유전된 것으로 추정되었다. 본 연구에서 분리된 TTN 변이들은 공공 인간 유전체 데이터베이스(1,000 Genomes, gnomAD 및 KRGDB)에서 보고되지 않았거나 매우 낮은 빈도로 보고되었다. 대부분의 변이들은 고도로 보존된 면역글로불린 또는 피브로넥틴 도메인에 위치했으며, 일부 in silico 분석에 의해 병원성인 것으로 예측되었다. TTN 거대 단백질은 근육 조립, Z-라인에서 힘 전달, I-밴드에서 안정 장력 유지에 중요한 역할을 한다. 결론적으로, 우리는 이러한 이형접합성 복합 돌연변이의 이중 대립유전자가 LGMD 표현형의 유전적 원인으로서 작용할 수 있을 것으로 제시한다.

• 새물리
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• 제68권12호
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• pp.1293-1301
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• 2018

시판 중인 고온초전도 GdBCO 박막선재의 기본적인 자기적 특성들을 PPMS-VSM 장비를 이용하여 조사하였다. ZFC m(T) 곡선으로부터 $T_c$ 는 ~93 K였다. m(H) 배경데이터를 제거한 후, GdBCO 초전도층의 알짜 m(H) 데이터를 얻고, ${\Delta}m_{irr}$ 을 구하였다. $H_{irr}(T)$ 곡선은 $H_{irr}=H_{irr}(0)(1-T/T_c)^n$ 관계식과 잘 일치하고, n 값은 1.19이다. GdBCO 박막선재의 $J_c$ 와 H의 $J_c{\propto}{\Delta}M_{irr}{\propto}{\Delta}m_{irr}{\propto}H^{-{\delta}}$ 관계식의 ${\delta}$ 값으로부터 자속 특성을 조사하였다. 독립적인 자속고정효과를 나타내는 ${\delta}{\approx}0$ 인 영역, 상호작용의 집단적인 자속고정효과를 나타내는 ${\delta}{\approx}0.6{\sim}1.2$인 영역, 그리고 로렌츠 힘을 받아 자속들이 자유롭게 움직이는 ${\delta}{\gg}2$ 영역 등으로 구분할 수 있다. ${\delta}{\approx}0$ 특성에서 ${\delta}{\approx}0.6{\sim}1.2$ 특성으로 변화하는 자기장을 $H_1$ 으로, ${\delta}{\approx}0.6{\sim}1.2$ 특성에서 ${\delta}{\gg}2$ 특성으로 전이하는 자기장을 $H_2$ 라 하였다. $H_1$ < H < $H_2$ 영역에서 ${\delta}(T)$ 관계를 구하였고, 온도가 감소함에 따라 ${\delta}$ 값은 점차적으로 줄어들었다.

• 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.427-468
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• 2015

지금까지 우주시대의 개막과 더불어 설립된 UN COPUOS의 첫 번째 과제중 하나로 부각된 우주공간의 경계획정 문제에 대한 학설상의 견해 및 국가의 입장 그리고 UN COPUOS을 중심으로한 국제사회의 논의 과정에 대해 살펴보고 나름의 평가도 해보았다. 앞서 본 바와 같이 영공과 우주공간을 구분하는데 있어서는 크게 두 가지 입장이 논의되어 왔는데 이는 말하자면 영역구분론자(공간론자, spatialist)와 기능주의자(functionalist)로 구분하여 설명되어질 수 있다. 영역구분론자들은 1967년 우주조약 제2조에서 우주공간의 법적 지위가 국가주권이 배제된 일종의 국제공역(res commercium)인데 반하여, 1944년 시카고 협약 제1조와 국제관습법에 따르면 영공주권을 인정하고 있는 것이 명백하므로 이 두 영역간의 경계는 반드시 획정되어야 한다는 점을 강조하고 있다. 실제로 COPUOS의 과학기술소위원회나 법률소위원회에서 우주의 경계획정 문제를 지난 반세기에 걸쳐 줄곧 논의해 오긴 했으나 우주조약, 손해배상 책임, 우주물체의 등록 등의 이슈외에도 위성직접방송이나 원격탐사, 달 자원 이용 문제 등 다른 의제에 비해 비교적 소홀히 다루어진 감이 없지 않았다. 그러다가 적도국가들에 의해 주창된 보고 타 선언 이후 법적결과를 수반하는 많은 실제적 문제점들이 우주공간의 경계획정과 관련한 논란을 야기 하였고, 이 때문에 우주에 대한 구체적 정의가 더욱 필요하게 되었던 것이다. 그러나 이 과정에서 우주의 개발과 이용이 커다란 진전을 보여왔음에도 불구하고 상당수의 국가들이 뚜렷한 과학적 기준 없이 경계를 결정하는 것은 시기상조라거나 부적절하다는 등 경계획정에 소극적 입장을 보여온 논거들에 있어서 별다른 변화를 보이지 않은 채 50년 이상의 기간동안 논란만 거듭해 왔다. 21세기에 와서도 우주의 정의와 경계획정에 관하여 국가들간의 논의가 계속 되었는데 앞서 본바와 같이 러시아를 위시한 다수의 국가들은 100~110km를 넘지 않는 선에서 협상을 통한 경계협정이 체결되어야 한다는 입장인 반면에 미국이나 영국, 프랑스 등 상당수의 국가들은 아직 분명한 기준없이 결론을 내리는 것은 문제가 있다고 반대하였다. 반대견해의 대표적 국가인 미국은 상기한 구소련의 제안에 대해 한마디로 시기상조이며 적절한 법적, 과학적 분석의 토대위에서 경계선이 결정되어야 한다고 주장하고 있다. 따라서 이 문제의 해결에는 무엇보다도 국제공동체라는 인식을 통해 각 국가의 적극적이면서 평화적인 협력의지가 요구된다고 본다. 이런 관점에서 일찍이 미국의 케네디 대통령이 우주활동에 대한 비전을 제시하였던 '달 연설(Moon Speech)'에서 모든 인류가 우주에서의 평화로운 협력과 공존을 위해 모든 노력을 경주할 것을 촉구하면서 현 상태의 우주활동에서는 분쟁이나 국제갈등이 미미하지만 그것의 위험한 환경은 결코 우리에게 우호적이지 않다는 사실을 강조하였다. 또한 그는 이를 극복하려면 인류는 최선을 다해야 하고 자칫하면 그 평화적인 협력을 위한 소중한 기회가 다시는 오지 않을지도 모른다고 하였던 바 이는 오늘날에도 유효한 시사점을 던져주고 있다. 요컨대 이상의 제 상황 및 지구궤도공간에서 우주활동을 해온 우주물체들에 대해 인정해온 다수의 국가관행을 고려하고 여러 이론과 학설을 통해 자연과학적, 천체물리학적 구획이 매우 어렵다는 사실을 감안한다면 사견으로는 전술한 바와 같이 인공위성의 최저근지점을 기준으로 한 100km 정도의 영공과 우주공간의 경계구분안으로 국제적 합의를 도출해 내도록 전향적 노력을 해나가는 것이 바람직할 것으로 생각된다.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.29-41
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• 2012

본 논문은 거배비용분석 이론의 포괄적 이해를 돕기 위한 하나의 방법으로 거래비용분석법의 구성요소 중의 하나인 "거래비용"에 대한 개념검토를 목적으로 하고 있다. 유통경로 지배구조 현상을 규명하기 위한 하나의 방법으로 거래비용 분석의 개념적 틀을 적용한 지도 벌써 수십 년이 경과되었다. 본 연구의 출발점은 Williamson(1975)이 개념적 틀에서 제시한 자산특유성(asset specificity)을 어떠한 형태로 정의하고 있는지?, 기존의 선행연구들에서는 어떠한 형태로 자산특유성을 설명하고 있으며, 선행연구들에서는 자산특유성 개념의 조작적 정의를 어떠한 형태로 정의하고 있는지? 에 대한 물음에서 출발하고 있다. 본 연구를 통해 거래비용 이론이 완전 자유 경쟁체제가 아닌 통제 경제체제에서도 적용 가능한 것이냐 하는 것이다. 거래비용 이론은 Williamson(1975)이 제시한 개념적 틀을 그대로 적용할 것이 아니라 해당 산업내지는 국가 체제에 따라 수정 보완하여 적용하는 것이 바람직하다는 결론이다. 기존의 거래비용(자산특유성)에 대한 연구방향을 종합하여 요약하면 크게 네 가지 방향으로 나누어진다고 볼 수 있다. 첫째는 기업이 제품의 유통과 관련하여 기업이 특유자산을 보유하고 있는 판매 대리인을 이용할 것인지, 아니면 자사의 고용인을 이용할 것인지에 대한 연구의 흐름이다. 둘째, 원료의 공급에 있어 기업이 특유자산을 보유하고 불확실성이 큰 경우 기업이 직접 제조할 것인지 아니면 외부 공급자로 부터 구매할 것인지에 대한 의사결정의 문제를 다루고 연구의 흐름이다. 셋째는 기업이 해외 시장 또는 서비스 시장 진출 시 지사의 사용 할 것인지 아니면 현지 대리인의 이용에 관한 문제를 다루는 연구의 흐름이다. 넷째는 거래비용이론이 가지는 기본 가정의 한계를 지적하고 거래비용이론의 확장을 시도하는 연구의 흐름이다. 거래비용분석이 갖는 한계점으로는 첫째, 기존의 연구들은 Williamson(1975)이 제시한 개념들을 이용하여 단순히 유통경로 현상을 규명하는데 만 치중하고 있다는 것이다. 둘째, 유통경로 구성원들이 거래비용(자산특유성)때문에 다양한 거래구조를 형성했다면 그에 따른 명확한 성과가 있어야 하는데, Heide와 John(1988)의 지적에서 처럼 거래비용분석의 기본 가정에 관한 실증적 연구가 매우 애매 한다는 것이다. 셋째, 기업이 특유자산(불확실성)을 보유하고 있는 거래를 내부화한다고 가정하고 있으나 내부화에 대한 명확한 설명이 제시되어 있지 않다는 것이다. 다섯째, 거래비용 이론은 완전자유경쟁체제에 적합한 이론이라 할 수 있으며 통제경제 내지는 계획경제 체제하에서는 적용하기가 부적절한다. 향후 연구를 위한 제언으로는 경제구조와 산업구조의 차이에서 발생하는 현상으로 분석할 수 있으며, 다양한 산업구조에 거래비용분석을 적용할 필요성이 존재한다. 따라서 거래비용분석에서 제시하고 있는 거래비용에 대한 명확한 정의가 필요하다.

• 한국우주과학회:학술대회논문집(한국우주과학회보)
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• 한국우주과학회 1993년도 한국우주과학회보 제2권2호
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• pp.17-17
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• 1993

The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70${\pm}$1.32mmHg/min)compared to CF dialyzers(4.32${\pm}$0.55mmHg/min)(p<0.05). However, there was no observable difference in the UFR between the two dialyzers. Neither APD nor UFR showed any significant increase with an increasing number of reuses for up to more than 20reuses. A substantial number of failures observed in APD(larger than 20mmHe/min)on the reused dialyzers(2 out of 40 CP and S out 26 C-DAK) were attributed to the Possible damage on the fibers. The CF 15-11 HFDs which failed APD test did not show changes in the UFR compared to normal dialyzers indicating that APD is a more sensitive test than UFR test to evaluate the integrity of the fibers. 30527 T00401030527 ^x For quantitative measurement of reflected light from a clinical diagnostic strip, a prototype old reflectance photometer was designed. The strip loader and cassette were made to obtain more accurate reflectance parameters. The strip was illuminated at 45˚c through optical fiber and the intensity of reflected light was determined at rectanguLat angle using a photodiode. The kubelka-munk coefficient and reflection optical density were determined ar four different wavelengths(500,550,570 and 610nm) for blood glucose strip. For higher concentration than 300mg/41 about glucose, a saturation state of abforbance was observed at 500,550 and 570nm. The correlation between glucose concentration and parameters was the best at 610nm. 30535 T00401030535 ^x Radiation-induced fibrosarcoma tumors were grown on the flanks of C3H mice. The mice were divided into two groups. One group was injected with Photofrin II, intravenously (2.5mg/kg body weight). The other group received no Photofrin II. Mice from both groups were irradialed for approximately 15 minutes at 100,300, or 500 mW/cm2 with the argon (488nm/514.5 nm), dye(628nm) and gold vapor (pulsed 628 nm) laser light. A photosensitizer behaved as an added absorber. Under our experimental conditions, the presence of Photolfrin II increased surface temperature by at least 40% and the temperature rise due to 300 mW/cm2 irradiation exceeded values for hyperthermia. Light and temperature distributions with depth were estimated by a computer model. The model demonstrated the influence of wavelength on the thermal process and proved to be a valuable tool to investigate internal temperature rise. 30536 T00401030536 ^x We investigated the structural geometry of thirty-eight Korean femurs. The purpose of this study is to identify major geometrical differences between Korean femurs 3nd others that we believe belong to Caucasians so that we would be able to get insights into the femoral component design that fits Asians including Koreans. We utilized computerized tomography (CT) images of femurs extracted from cadavers. The CT images were transformed into bitmap data by using a film scanner, and then analyzed by using a commercially available software called Image v.1.0 and a Macintosh IIci computer.The resulting data were compared with already published data. The major results show that the geometry of the Korean femurs is significantly different from that of Caucasians: (1) the anteversion angle and the canal flare index are greater by the amount of approximately 8˚ and 0.5, respectively, (2) the shape of the isthmus cross section is more round, and (3) the distance between the teaser trochanter and the proximal border of the isthmus is shelter by about 15 mm. The results suggested that the femoral component suitable for Asians should be different from the currently-used components designed and manufactured mostly by European or American companies. 30537 T00401030537 ^x It is well known that nonlinear propagation characteristics of the wave in the tissue may give very useful information for the medical diagnoisis. In this paper, a new method to detect nonlinear propagation characteristics of the internal vibration in the tissue for the low frequency mechanical vibration by using bispectral analysis is proposed. In the method, low frequency vibration of f0( = 100Hz) is applied on the surface of the object, and the waveform of the internal vibration x (t) is measured from Doppler frequency modulation of silmultaneously transmitted probing ultrasonic waves. Then, the bispectra of the signal x (t) at the frequencies (f0, f0) and (f0, 2f0) are calculated to estimate the nonlinear propagation characteristics as their magnitude ratio, w here since bispectrum is free from the gaussian additive noise we can get the value with high S/N. Basic experimental system is constructed by using 3.0 MHz probing ultrasonic waves and the several experiments are carried out for some phantoms. Results show the superiority of the proposed method to the conventional method using power spectrum and also its usefulness for the tissue characterization. 30541 T00401030541 ^x This paper describes the implementation of a computerized radial pulse diagnosis by aids of a clinical expert. On this base, we composed of the radial pulse diagnosis system in korean traditional medicine. The system composed of a radial pulse wave detection system and a radial pulse diagnosis system. With a detection system, we detected Inyoung and Cheongu radial pulse wave and processed it. Then, we have got the characteristic parameters of radial pulse wave and also quantified that according to the method of Inyoung-Cheongu Comparison Radial Pulse Diagnosis. We defined the jugement standard of radial pulse diagnosis system and then we confirmed the possibility for realization of automatic radial pulse diagnosis in korean traditional medicine. 30545 T00401030545 ^x Microspheres are expected to be applied to biomedical areas such as solid-phase immunoassays, drug delivery systems, immunomagnetic cell separation. To synthesize microspheres for biomedical application, "two stage shot growth method" was developed. The uniformity ratio of synthesized microspheres was always smaller than 1.05. And the surface charge density (or the number of ionizable functional groups) of the microspheres synthesized by "two stage shot growth method" was 6~13 times higher than that of the microspheres synthesized by conventional seeded batch copolymerization. As a previous step for biomedical application, adsorption experiments of bovine albumin on microspheres were carried out under various conditions. The maximum adsorbed amount was obtained in the neighborhood of pH 4.5. Isoelectric point of bovine albumin is pH 5.0, so experimental result shows that it shifted to acid area. The adsorption isotherm was obtained, the plateau region was always reached at 2.Og/L (bulk concentration of bovine albumin).The effect of the kind and the amount of surface functional group was also examined. 30575 T00401030575 ^x A medical image workstation was developed using multimedia technique. The system based on PC-486DX was designed to acquire medical images produced by medical imaging instruments and related audio information, that is, doctors' reporting results. Input information was processed and analyzed, then the results were presented in the form of graph and animation. All the informations of the system were hierarchically related with the image as the apex. Processing and analysis algorithms were implemented so that the diagnostic accuracy could be improved. The diagnosed information can be transferred for patient diagnosis through LAN(local area network). 30592 T00401030592 ^x In the conventional infrared imaging system, complex infrared lens systems are usually used for directing collimated narrow infrared beams into the high speed 2-dimensional optic scanner. In this paper, a simple reflective infrared optic system with a 2-dimensional optic scanner is proposed for the realization of medical infrared thermography system. It has been experimentally proven that the intfrared thermography system composed of the proposed optic system has the temperature resolution of 0.1˚c under the spatial resolution of lmrad, the image matrix size of 256 X 240, and tile imaging time of 4 seconds. 30593 T00401030593 ^x In this paper, MIIS (Medical Image Information System) has been designed and implemented using INGRES RDBMS, which is based on a client/server architecture. The implemented system allows users to register and retrieve patient information, medical images and diagnostic reports. It also provides the function to display these information on workstation windows simultaneously by using the designed menu-driven graphic user interface. The medical image compression/decompression techniques are implemented and integrated into the medical image database system for the efficient data storage and the fast access through the network. 30594 T00401030594 ^x In this paper, computerized BEAM was implemented for the space domain analysis of EEG. Trans-formation from temporal summation to two-dimensional mappings is formed by 4 nearest point inter-polaton method. Methods of representation of BEAM are two. One is dot density method which classify brain electrical potential 9 levels by dot density of gray levels and the other is colour method which classify brain electrical 12 levels by red-green colours. In this BEAM, instantaneous change and average energy distribution over any arbitrary time interval of brain electrical activity could be observed and analyzed easily. In the frequency domain, the distribution of energy spectrum of a special band can easily be distinguished normality and abnormality. 30608 T00401030608 ^x Laboratory information system (LIS) is a key tool to manage laboratory data in clinical pathology. Our department has developed an information system for routine hematology using down-sized computer system. We have used an IBM 486 compatible PC with 16MB main memory, 210 MB hard disk drive, 9 RS-232C port and 24 pin dot printer. The operating system and database management system were SCO UNIX and SCO foxbase, respectively. For program development, we used Xbase language provided by SCO foxbase. The C language was used for interface purpose. To make the system use friendly, pull-down menu was used. The system connected to our hospital information system via application program interface (API), so the information related to patient and request details is automatically transmitted to our computer. Our system interfaced with fwd complete blood count analyzers(Sysmex NE-8000 and Coulter STKS) for unidirectional data tansmission from analyzer to computer. The authors suggests that this system based on down-sized computer could provide a progressive approach to total LIS based on local area network, and the implemented system could serve as a model for other hospital's LIS for routine hematology. 30609 T00401030609 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. To use as the structural matrix of the composite, collagen was purified from human umbilical cord. The obtained collagen was treated by pepsin to remove telopeptides, and finally, the immune-free atelocollagen was produced: The cross linked atelocollagen was highly resistant to the collagenase induced collagenolysis. The cross linked collagen demonstrated an improved tensile strength. 30618 T00401030618 ^x This paper is a study on the design of adptive filter for QRS complex detection. We propose a simple adaptive algorithm to increase capability of noise cancelation in QRS complex detection with two stage adaptive filter. At the first stage, background noise is removed and at the next stage, only spectrum of QRS complex components is passed. Two adaptive filters can afford to keep track of the changes of both noise and QRS complex. Each adaptive filter consists of prediction error filter and FIR filter The impulse response of FIR filter uses coefficients of prediction error filter. The detection rates for 105 and 108 of MIT/BIH data base were 99.3% and 97.4% respectively. 30619 T00401030619 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed and produced a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. Human umbilical cord origin pepsin treated type I atelocollagen was used as the structural matrix, by which sintered or non-sintered carbonate apatite was encapsulated to form an inorganic-organic composite. With cross linking atelocollagen by UV ray irradiation, the resistance to both compressive and tensile strength was increased. Collagen degradation by the collagenase induced collagenolysis was also decreased. 30620 T00401030620 ^x We have developed a monoleaflet polymer valve as an inexpensive and viable alternative, especially for short-term use in the ventricular assist device or total artificial heart. The frame and leaflet of the polymer valve were made from polyurethane, To evaluate the hemodynamic performance of the polymer valve a comparative study of flow dynamics past a polymer valve and a St. Jude Medical prosthetic valve under physiological pulsatile flow conditions in vitro was made. Comparisons between the valves were made on the transvalvular pressure drop, regurgitation volume and maximum valve opening area. The polymer valve showed smaller regurgitation volume and transvalvular pressure drop compared to the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. The results showed that the functional characteristics of the polymer valve compared favorably with those of the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. 30621 T00401030621 ^x Explosive evaporative removal process of biological tissue by absorption of a CW laser has been simulated by using gelatin and a multimode Nd:YAG laser. Because the point of maximun temperature of laser-irradiated gelatin exists below the surface due to surface cooling, evaporation at the boiling temperature is made explosively from below the surface. The important parameters of this process are the conduction loss to laser power absorption (defined as the conduction-to-laser power parameter, Nk), the convection heat transfer at the surface to conduction loss (defined as Bi), dimensionless extinction coefficient (defined as Br.), and dimensionless irradiation time (defined as Fo). Dependence of Fo on Nk and Bi has been observed by experiment, and the results have been compared with the numerical results obtained by solving a 2-dimensional conduction equation. Fo and explosion depth (from the surface to the point of maximun temperature) are increased when Nk and Bi are increased.To find out the minimum laser power for explosive evaporative removal process, steady state analysis has been also made. The limit of Nk to induce evaporative removal, which is proportional to the inverse of the laser power, has been obtained. 30622 T00401030622 ^x N1 and N2 gross neural action potentials were measured from the round window of the guinea pig cochlea at the onset of the acoustic stimuli. N1-N2 audiograms were made by means of regulating stimulant intensities in order to produce constant N1-N2 potentials as criteria for different input tone pip frequencies. The lowest threshold was measured with an input tone pip I5 dB SPL in intensity and 12 KHz in frequency when the animal was in normal physiological condition. The procedure of experimental measurements is explained in detail. This experimental approach is very useful for the investigation of the Cochlear function. Both noN1inear and active functions of the Cochlea can be monitored by N1-N2 audiograms. 30623 T00401030623 ^x In electrical impedance tomography(EIT), we use boundary current and voltage measurements toprovide the information about the cross-sectional distribution of electrical impedance or resistivity. One of the major problems in EIT has been the inaccessibility of internal voltage or current data in finding the internal impedance values. We propose a new image reconstruction method using internal current density data measured by NMR. We obtained a two-dimensional current density distribution within a phantom by processing the real and imaginary MR images from a 4.77 NMR machine. We implemented a resistivity mage reconstruction algorithm using the finite element method and sensitivity matrix. We presented computer simulation results of the mage reconstruction algorithm and furture direction of the research. 30624 T00401030624 ^x A new method of digital image analysis technique for discrimination of cancer cell was presented in this paper. The object image was the Thyroid eland cells image that was diagnosed as normal and abnormal (two types of abnormal: follicular neoplastic cell, and papillary neoplastic cell), respectively. By using the proposed region segmentation algorithm, the cells were segmented into nucleus. The 16 feature parameters were used to calculate the features of each nucleus. A9 a consequence of using dominant feature parameters method proposed in this paper, discrimination rate of 91.11% was obtained for Thyroid Gland cells. 30625 T00401030625 ^x An electrical stimulator was designed to induce locomotion for paraplegic patients caused by central nervous system injury. Optimal stimulus parameters, which can minimize muscle fatigue and can achieve effective muscle contraction were determined in slow and fast muscles in Sprague-Dawley rats. Stimulus patterns of our stimulator were designed to simulate electromyographic activity monitored during locomotion of normal subjects. Muscle types of the lower extremity were classified according to their mechanical property of contraction, which are slow muscle (msoleus m.) and fast muscle (medial gastrocneminus m., rectus femoris m., vastus lateralis m.). Optimal parameters of electrical stimulation for slow muscles were 20 Hz, 0.2 ms square pulse. For fast muscle, 40 Hz, 0.3 ms square pulse was optimal to produce repeated contraction. Higher stimulus intensity was required when synergistic muscles were stimulated simultaneously than when they were stimulated individually. Electrical stimulation for each muscle was designed to generate bipedal locomotion, so that individual muscles alternate contraction and relaxation to simulate stance and swing phases. Portable electrical stimulator with 16 channels built in microprocessor was constructed and applied to paraplegic patients due to lumbar cord injury. The electrical stimulator restored partially gait function in paraplegic patients. 30626 T00401030626 ^x Two-Dimensional modelling of the Cochlear biomechanics is presented in this paper. The Laplace partial differential equation which represents the fluid mechanics of the Cochlea has been transformed into two-dimensional electrical transmission line. The procedure of this transformation is explained in detail. The comparison between one and two dimensional models is also presented. This electrical modelling of the basilar membrane (BM) is clearly useful for the next approach to the further. Development of active elements which are essential in the producing of the sharp tuning of the BM. This paper shows that two-dimension model is qualitatively better than one-dimensional model both in amplitude and phase responses of the BM displacement. The present model is only for frequency response. However because the model is electrical, the two-dimensional transmission line model can be extended to time response without any difficult. 30627 T00401030627 ^x A method has been proposed for the fully automatic detection of left ventricular endocardial boundary in 2D short axis echocardiogram using geometric model. The procedure has the following three distinct stages. First, the initial center is estimated by the initial center estimation algorithm which is applied to decimated image. Second, the center estimation algorithm is applied to original image and then best-fit elliptic model estimation is processed. Third, best-fit boundary is detected by the cost function which is based on the best-fit elliptic model. The proposed method shows effective result without manual intervention by a human operator. 30628 T00401030628 ^x The intelligent trajectory control method that controls moving direction and average velocity for a prosthetic arm is proposed by pattern recognition and force estimations using EMG signals. Also, we propose the real time trajectory planning method which generates continuous accelleration paths using 3 stage linear filters to minimize the impact to human body induced by arm motions and to reduce the muscle fatigue. We use combination of MLP and fuzzy filter for pattern recognition to estimate the direction of a muscle and Hogan's method for the force estimation. EMG signals are acquired by using a amputation simulator and 2 dimensional joystick motion. The simulation results of proposed prosthetic arm control system using the EMf signals show that the arm is effectively followed the desired trajectory depended on estimated force and direction of muscle movements. 30638 T00401030638 ^x A new neural network architecture for the recognition of patterns from images is proposed, which is partially based on the results of physiological studies. The proposed network is composed of multi-layers and the nerve cells in each layer are connected by spatial filters which approximate receptive fields in optic nerve fields. In the proposed method, patterns recognition for complicated images is carried out using global features as well as local features such as lines and end-points. A new generating method of matched filers representing global features is proposed in this network. 30659 T00401030659 ^x An implementation scheme of the magnetic nerve stimulator using a switching mode power supply is proposed. By using a switching mode power supply rather than a conventional linear power supply for charging high voltage capacitors, the weight and size of the magnetic nerve stimulator can be considerably reduced. Maximum output voltage of the developed magnetic nerve stimulator using the switching mode power supply is 3,000 volts and switching time is about 100 msec. Experimental results or human nerve stimulations using the developed stimulator are presented. 30768 T00401030768 ^x In this paper, we describe the design methodology and specifications of the developed module-based bedside monitors for patient monitoring. The bedside monitor consists of a main unit and module cases with various parameter modules. The main unit includes a 12.1" TFT color LCD, a main CPU board, and peripherals such as a module controller, Ethernet LAN card, video card, rotate/push button controller, etc. The main unit can connect at maximum three module cases each of which can accommodate up to 7 parameter modules. They include the modules for electrocardiograph, respiration, invasive blood pressure, noninvasive blood pressure, temperature, and SpO2 with Plethysmograph.