• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.530-537
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• 2020

This study compared the survival rates, growth, and fatty acid content of larval Pacific cod Gadus macrocephalus fed with rotifers raised on different enrichment diets. We used four commercial rotifer enrichment products (one domestic, ER1, and three imported, ER2, ER3 and ER4). Twelve 200-L tanks were used, with three replicates per treatment. Larvae were fed rotifers 3 times daily at a rate of 5 rotifers/ml/feeding from 7 to 21 days post-hatch. At the end of the feeding trial, the survival rate and total length of larvae fed ER3 were greater than those of larvae fed ER1, ER2, or ER4. ER3 had the highest proportions of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and polyunsaturated acid (PUFA). Partially reflecting this composition, larvae fed ER3 had the highest proportions of DHA and PUFA. These results show a positive effect of rotifer DHA and PUFA proportions on the survival and growth rates of Pacific cod larvae.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.9
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• pp.1311-1319
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• 2009

An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of soybean oil supplementation replacing tallow in pig diets at different stages of growth. One hundred and twenty crossbred (Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire${\times}$Duroc) pigs weighing 18 kg on average were selected. Pigs were randomly allotted to 12 pens of 10 pigs (5 pigs of each sex) each. Three pens were assigned to each of the four treatments: TA; tallow diet, TA-SO-80; switched from tallow to soybean oil diet at 80 kg average body weight, TA-SO-45; switched from tallow to soybean oil diet at 45 kg average body weight, and SO; soybean oil diet. Treatment SO was significantly lower in ADG than tallow diets (TA, TA-SO-80 and TA-SO-45) during the grower period (18 to 45 kg). However, treatment SO showed greatest compensation in ADFI and ADG during the finisher-2 period (after 80 kg body weight). ADFI and ADG and Gain/Feed for the total period were not significantly different among treatments. Loin area, back fat thickness, firmness and melting point of back fat were not significantly different. The levels of total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein+very low density lipoprotein cholesterol in serum were significantly lower in treatment SO than in treatments TA-SO-45, TA-SO-80 and TA. The level of serum triglyceride linearly increased as the length of the tallow feeding period increased. Serum immunoglobulin-G (IgG) level was significantly higher in the soybean oiltreatment than in other treatments. Major fatty acid composition of short rib muscle and back fat were significantly influenced by treatments. Contents of ${\alpha}$-linolenic acid (C18:3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6) linearly increased as the soybean oil feeding period increased. In conclusion, soybean oil can be supplemented to the diet of pigs without significant effects on growth performance and carcass characteristics. The level of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), especially $\omega-3$ fatty acids in the carcass was increased by soybean oil supplementation.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.249-253
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• 2014

An 8-week feeding experiment was conducted to determine the influence of dietary distillers dried grain (DDG) on the growth and body composition of juvenile abalone Haliotis discus hannai. Five diets were formulated to contain 0% (DDG0), 15% (DDG15), 30% (DDG30), 45% (DDG45), and 60% (DDG60) DDG, and three replicate groups of abalone (average body weight: $3.6{\pm}0.21$ g) were fed one of the experimental diets at a feeding rate of 5% body weight per day once daily (17:00 h) for 8 weeks. Survival, shell length, and shell width of juvenile abalone were not affected by dietary DDG levels (P > 0.05). Weight gains of juvenile abalone fed DDG15 and DDG30 diets were not different compared to DDG0, but abalone fed DDG45 and DDG60 diets gained less weight than those fed DDG0 (P < 0.05). Soft body weight/body weight ratio of juvenile abalone fed the DDG60 diet was lower than that of those fed the DDG0 diet (P < 0.05), but proximate composition of the soft body was not affected by dietary DDG levels (P > 0.05). The results of this experiment suggest that DDG is a good replacement for wheat flour and soybean meal, and can be used up to 30% in the diet to maintain the growth performance of the juvenile abalone.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.331-339
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• 1996

It is most important to understand the behaviour of fish in case of the betterment of the current fishing gear and methods or the development of the conditioning by acoustic sound in marine ranching. This investigation has been attempted to provide for the prediction of the response action of fish to acoustic sound. The experimental fish was conditioned with sound and bait. As the acoustic sound for stimulus, the pure tone of sine waveform at the frequency of 200Hz was used. This pure tone was determined from previous investigation about hearing ability of walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma. The fork length of walleye pollock used in this experiment was 385~450mm. The conditioning proceeding was recorded in the video tape recorder. Frequency of appearance in the feeding area was analyzed with computer and video tape recorder. The position of fish was tracked using the mouse cursor and picture mixed on the superimpose board. The response of conditioned fish to sound stimulus was appeared in the 8th day firstly. The conditioned fish remembered the stimulus sound for 4 days. Average frequency of appearance in the feeding area during the 30 seconds sound projection or 1 minute after the sound stimulus was 51%, and was higher than before it.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.167-178
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• 1970

Elucidation of the metabolic pathway due to 50% dietary restriction carried out in this study. Seventy male and female wealning rats, weighed $43{\pm}2g$ were divided into seven groups, 10 rats each. Twenty rats, ten males and ten females were sacrificed every three weeks after 50% dietary restriction for whole length of the experiment, nine weeks. Pair-feeding was employed in this study. According to the increment of the dietary restricted period, the body and organ weights were decreased. Especially liver and spleen were mostly shrinked in their weights, and brain was the most stable organ in account of dietary restricted effect. In comparison nitrogen retention between restricted and unrestricted groups, the former showed lower than the later but tubulated into the rate of Nitrogen retention per gram of body weight, reverse was true in this respect. In regardness of the experimental organs, spleen revealed the most fast change and the brain the most slow change their content of RNA and DNA in account of the 30% dietary restriction. Hematological investigation did not show any anemic conditions in both restricted and unrestricted groups. Also serum albumin contents A/G ratio, did not effect due to 50% dietary restrictions.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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• v.21 no.10
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• pp.1177-1183
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• 2010

In this paper, design of a microstrip-fed, Spidron fractal-shaped slot antenna with circular polarization is represented. The ground plane of the designed antenna has a slot that comprises seven right-angled triangle next to each other in a low. A reflector is placed at the bottom on microstrip feeding line to enhance the antenna gain. The optimized design was conducted by varying a length of the first right-angled triangle, location of feeding line, space between a substrate and a reflector. The proposed antenna was fabricated on a Taconic-RF35 substrate. The entire dimension of the fabricated antenna is $40{\times}40{\times}18.6mm^3$ and the reflector is 18.6 mm away from the ground plane. The measured gain of the fabricated antenna is 6.7 dBi at 4.3 GHz. The measured bandwidths of -10 dB reflection and 3 dB axial ratio are 41 % and 7.4 %, respectively.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.383-387
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• 1994

Six heifers each of $F_1$, $F_2$, $F_3$, $F_4$ H. Friesian $\times$ Sahjwal halfbreds and pure Sahiwal with overall average initial age and live weight of $315.6{\pm}134.8 days$ and $143.8{\pm}48.5kg$, respectively were used for this study. The under trial animals were fed according to N.R.C. (1978). The overall average age at maturity, first conception and first calving was $563.8{\pm}116.8$, $675.8{\pm}135.6$ and $956.8{\pm}149.8days$ with live weights as $302.2{\pm}58.6$, $342.6{\pm}41.5$ and $433.9{\pm}38.1kg$, respectively. The overall 305 days and total milk yield for 1st lactation was $2,729.0{\pm}669.3$ and $2,992.7{\pm}377.5litre$ while the FCM (at 4%) was $2,934.2{\pm}410.8litre$. The lactation length was $336.6{\pm}69.6days$. The fat and solids not fat contents were $4.5{\pm}0.2$ and $8.2{\pm}0.3percent$, respectively. The milk production in Sahiwal cows was significantly lower than crossbred cows. The services per conception were $2.5{\pm}1.3$. The overall per head per day consumption of DM, TCP and ME was $10.9{\pm}1.2kg$, $1,399{\pm}199gm$ and $22.6{\pm}2.4 M.Cal.$, respectively. The overall milk producing efficiency for the production of one litre of FCM was $1.12{\pm}0.15kg$ of DM, $142.2{\pm}17.76gm$ of TCP and $2.31{\pm}0.27M.Cal.$ of energy while the feeding cost was Rs. $1.46{\pm}0.22$ per litre of FCM produced. The feeding cost per litre FCM was significantly higher in Sahiwal and $F_2$ than in other genetic groups.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.506-514
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• 2020

We investigated seed management and feeding regime of larval red spotted grouper Epinephelus akaara using live food organisms. Fertilized eggs were produced in March 2020 by manipulating photoperiod and water temperature. Broodstock (F0) produced approximately 0.30×10⁶ eggs, of which 0.25×10⁶ were fertilized; first-generation broodstock (F1) produced 2.00×10⁶ eggs, of which 1.90×10⁶ were fertilized. Larvae were reared at temperatures of 21.0-24.5℃. The feeding regime consisted of rotifers Artemia, and commercial pellet feed. From 5-8 days after hatching (dah), rotifers collected from high-density incubation tanks were fed to grouper larvae at a density of 10-20 individuals/mL. From 9-30 dah, rotifers collected from low-density incubation tanks were fed to larvae at a density of 10-20 individuals/mL. Newly hatched Artemia were provided from 20-24 dah and enriched Artemia from 25-50 dah. Commercial pellet feed was given starting at 13 dah. The average mouth size in hatchlings was 263.4±3.7 ㎛ at 5 dah, 406.7±21.0 ㎛ at 11 dah, and 856.9±136.6 ㎛ at 21 dah. At 1 dah, larvae had a mean total length of 1.95±0.06 mm. At 66 dah, the mean TL was 4.0 cm. The final number of surviving red spotted grouper larvae was 218,380 fishes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.474-478
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• 2003

The effects of dietary fiber isolated from ascidian (Halocynthia roretzi) tunic on the changes of weight, total gut transit time, serum cholesterol and glucose level were investigated in rats. Twenty four male rats were divided into 4 groups and were fed a control diet and three fiber supplemented diets with 5,10 and 20% of ascidian insoluble cellulose for 4 weeks, respectively. Food intake was not affected by the supplemented diet of ascidian cellulose but the body weight gain and food efficiency ratio were reduced in proportion to a feeding amount of ascidian cellulose. The fecal output and fecal water content were increased, gut transit time was shortened, and length of gut was elongated in all dietary fiber groups. Serum cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, neutral lipid, phospho-lipid and serum glucose concentrations were lowered and HDL-cholesterol was increased in rats fed the ascidian insoluble cellulose diet in proportion to a feeding amount of ascidian cellulose.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.167-177
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• 2017

Purpose: Breastfeeding is the best way to feed all infants, but not all infants can be (exclusively) breastfed. Cow's milk based infant formula is the second choice infant feeding. Methods: The safety of a new synbiotic infant formula, supplemented with Bifidobacterium lactis and fructo-oligosaccharides, with lactose and a whey/casein 60/40 protein ratio was tested in 280 infants during 3 months. Results: The median age of the infants at inclusion was 0.89 months. Weight evolution was in accordance with the World Health Organization growth charts for exclusive breastfed infants. The evolution of all anthropometric parameters (weight-for-length z score and body mass index-for-age z score) was within the normal range. The incidence of functional constipation (3.2%), daily regurgitation (10.9%), infantile crying and colic (10.5%) were all significantly lower than the reported median prevalence for a similar age according to literature (median value of 7.8% for functional constipation, 26.7% for regurgitation, 17.7% for infantile colic). Conclusion: The new synbiotic infant starter formula was safe, resulted in normal growth and was well tolerated. Functional gastro-intestinal manifestations (functional constipation, regurgitation and colic) were significantly lower than reported in literature. Synbiotics (Bifidobacterium lactis and fructo-oligosaccharides) in cow's milk based infant formula bring the second choice infant feeding, formula, closer to the golden standard, exclusive breastfeeding.