• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.229-234
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• 2017

Photoperiod is one of the factors affecting productivity of cucumber plant by inducing ethylene hormone production and so triggering flower sex differentiation into female flower. However, only few studies have been perfomed in order to reveal the effect of photoperiod in molecular level in relation to the flower differentiation. Therefore, in this study, Mercy cultivar of cucumber (andromonoecious) was treated with photoperiod of 8, 12, 16 hours of light, while control received no treatment of additional light. Photoperiod of 8 hours was achieved by blocking the sunlight with shade net and 16 hours by giving longer light exposure using white LEDs. Cucumber's flowers were quantified and the apical and lateral shoots were extracted to evaluate the gene profile related to the photoperiod, ethylene production, and female flower differentiation, which were CsACS2, CsETR1, CsCaN, and CsPIF4 using PCR method. Photoperiod of 8 hours affected the production of female flower with average number of 6.7 flowers in main stem and 8.0 flowers in lateral stem, compared to photoperiod of 12 and 16 hours which produced 3.7 and 2.0 flowers in main stem with 7.0 and 11.3 in lateral stem, respectively. In silico studies in this experiment resulted in proposed model of signal transduction that showed the connection between ethylene production and flower differentiation. PCR analysis confirmed the expression of CsACS2, CsETR1, and CsCaN, that was positively correlated with numbers of female flowers in cucumber, but the expression of CsPIF4 that represent photoperiod haven't been confirmed correlated with the ethylene production and flower differentiation.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.50-59
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• 2018

Background: Duodichogamy is the rarest form of dichogamy in angiosperms, which is characterized by flowering in the sequence of male${\rightarrow}$female${\rightarrow}$male. Disentangling factors promoting duodichogamy require the discovery of more duodichogamous species in angiosperms. However, extremely limited information on duodichogamous species makes it difficult to make general conclusions. Given the inflorescence morphology and flowering characteristics, the Meliaceae family is highly likely to contain duodichogamous species. Methods: We selected 48 individuals from 20 populations in Korea and investigated their flower morphology, arrangement of flowers by sexual condition within inflorescences, and flowering phases and duration of male and female flowers of Toona sinensis (Meliaceae) for 5 years (2011-2015) to determine if the species shows duodichogamous flowering. Results: Toona sinensis belonging to Meliaceae possessed functionally unisexual flowers with rudimentary parts of the opposite sex. The floral organs in male were larger than those in female, except for ovary length and width. In dichasium, male flowers were observed on primary or lateral branches, whereas female flowers were borne only on lateral branches. Overall, individuals from six different populations flowered in the male${\rightarrow}$female${\rightarrow}$male sequence, thereby male is blooming far longer than female flowers at the level of individual trees (male vs. female = 17-20 days vs. 2-4 days). Conclusions: This is the first study to report a duodichogamously flowering species, T. sinensis, within Meliaceae. Several flowering characteristics observed from T. sinensis may be important clues used to discover additional duodichogamous Meliaceae species. Short flowering period and relatively small number of female flowers, which is analogous to reduced ovule numbers observed in other duodichogamous species, may intensify male-male competition in T. sinensis. This study contributed to narrowing down potential candidates of duodichogamy based on their geographic distributions and flowering time.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.223-227
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• 1995

Immature flowers and lateral buds of Neoregeria carorinae cv. Tricolor were cultured for micropropagation and the collecting times of materials, growth regulators and theirs concentrations, and cultural methods on the formation of adventitious buds and growth were investigated in this experiment The formation rate was the highest in immature flowers collected at 4weeks after flower bud differentiation and in buds at 7weeks after flower differentiation of adventitious buds. MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/L BA and 0.5 mg/L BA was the most favorable for the formation of adventitious buds. Solid medium was more effective for the formation of adventitious buds than liquid one. MS medium with 1.0 mg/L NAA was the most suitable for the rooting of regenerated shoot. Liquid medium was effective for the rooting of regenerated shoot than solid one.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.273-276
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• 1995

In vitro propagation of Neoregeria carorinae 'Tricolor' was achieved by using immature flowers and lateral buds, and the plantlets from tissue culture were transplanted and cultivated in greenhouse. The picking times of explants to decrease disappearance of stripes, and in vivo the growth and flowering of regenerated plantlets as influenced by in vivo healed nun were investigated. The normal plantlet were obtained at a frequency of 67%, in the culture of immature flowers picked at 4 weeks after flower bud differentiation, while all leaf stripes disappeared in the culture of immature flowers picked 1 and 5 weeks after flower bud differentiation. In vivo growth of plantlet from immature flower buds was better than those from lateral buds, and the flowering of 27.8% showed in the greenhouse culture of plantlet from immature culture, but the plantlets from lateral buds did not flower at all. The plantlets rooted on the medium with 0.5 mg/L IBA were the most favorable in green house culture, and the kinds and concentrations of auxin in vitro did not have any influence on variation of plane cultured in greenhouse.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.271-286
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• 2017

GROWTH-REGULATING FACTOR (GRF) genes encode plant-specific transcription factors containing two conserved QLQ and WRC domains and play critical roles in regulating the growth and development of lateral organs, such as cotyledons, leaves, and flowers. To explore the agricultural potential of Brassica rapa GRF genes (BrGRFs), the researchers isolated seven BrGRFs (BrGRF3-1, 3-2, 5, 7, 8-1, 8-2, and 9) and constructed BrGRF-overexpressing Arabidopsis thaliana plants (BrGRF-OX). BrGRF-OX plants developed larger cotyledons, leaves, and flowers as well as longer roots than the wild type. The increase in size of these organs were due to increases in cell number, but not due to cell size. BrGRF-OX plants also had larger siliques and seeds. Furthermore, BrGRF-OX seeds produced more oil than the wild type. RT-PCR analysis revealed that BrGRFs regulated expression of a wide range of genes that are involved in gibberellin-, auxin-, cell division-related growth processes. Taken together, the data indicates that BrGRFs act as positive regulators of plant growth, thus raising the possibility that they may serve as a useful genetic source for crop improvement with respect to organ size and seed oil production.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.387-391
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• 2017

Kiwifruits introduced to Korea typically have green fruit flesh, yellow flesh, or yellow flesh with red coloration around the core. Here, we describe a new cultivar called 'Redvita', the first kiwifruit cultivar of Korea with yellow flesh and red coloration around the core. A conventional field cross was conducted in 2003, and permission for the final release of 'Redvita' was obtained in 2012. 'Redvita' originates from 'Red Princess', a maternal vine known for the red coloration in its flesh. The pollinizer is 'NHK0013' (IT233175), which blooms in early May. A principal feature of 'Redvita' is its high vitamin C content, which at an average of 140 mg per 100 g of fresh weight is 2 - 4 times higher than other commercial cultivars. The average fruit weight is 97 g; bigger than that of the control cultivar 'Hongyang'. 'Redvita' blooms in mid-May and is usually harvested in early to mid-October, approximately 150 - 160 days after anthesis. 'Redvita' produces 3 or 4 flowers per fruiting shoot, with no small lateral flowers, therefore does not need to be thinned before blooming for commercial production. The cultivar is acidulous because of a high titratable acidity content (about 1.5%), which is higher than other cultivars (less than 1.0%). 'Redvita' was registered with the Korean Seed and Variety Service in 2015 for plant variety protection rights (no. 5604).

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2022.10a
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• pp.319-319
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• 2022

Dill(Anethum graveolens L.) is a buttercup family, and flowers, leaves, stems, and seeds are all mainly used as spices. This study was carried out to discover and propagate genetic resources for the development of plant-derived medicinal fragrance materials, and to establish a database. In order to investigate the genetic characteristics of dill and to extract natural essential oils, 50 resources were parceled out the genetic resource center, sown, germinated, and then formally cultivated in the test research field. After sowing and propagation of 50 dill resources, the characteristics of each individual such as plant height, the diameter of polychasium during flowering, and the number of small inflorescences were investigated. The flowering period of dill was around May 31 to June 17, and about 10% of the proliferating population flowered around May 31. The plant length of dill was 32-14 lcm, and the length of petiole was 1~16cm, showing an average of 5cm. The color of the stem and leaf color was referred to the RHS Color chart, and the colors were classified as 44S, 19 V, and 75DI. Uses as many resources as possible with 35 resources equivalent to 19V. Inflorescences are lateral and opposite, polychasium inflorescences are somewhat flat at the upper part and have a diameter of 4.5~20cm, and divergent inflorescences are irradiated with 5~86 multiple flowers. The number of pedicels is 16-74, and the length of the pedicel is 1-18cm spread sideways or the length is different from each other.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.24-31
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• 2016

This study investigated the effects of flower and fruit thinning agents on fruit set and harvested fruit quality attributes in 'Gamhong' apples. Lime sulfur, MaxCel (1.9% BA), and Fruitone (3.5% NAA) were applied either at post-bloom or fruitlet stages to mature 'Gamhong/M.9' trees. In 2011, the numbers of fruits per cluster in terminal flowers were 1.74, 0.82, and 1.15 for the control, lime sulfur, and Maxcel (applied at 10-mm fruit stage) treatments, respectively. The percentages of single fruit per cluster were 36.0, 47.9, and 48.7% for the control, lime sulfur, and Maxcel (10 mm) treatments, respectively, while the percentages of clusters with three fruits per cluster were 22.9, 1.4, and 5.8%. In lateral flowers, fruit numbers per cluster were 1.20, 0.36, and 0.50 for the control, lime sulfur, and Maxcel (10 mm) treatments, respectively. In 2012, all the thinning treatments showed a positive effect on flower and fruit thinning, compared with the control. Moreover, the treatment with thinning agents did not affect fruit quality. Overall, the results suggest that a single application of flower or fruit thinning agents would be sufficient, rather than the mixed application of thinning agents, based on the observed decrease in fruit setting.

• International Journal of Costume and Fashion
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.32-48
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• 2007

Korean traditional flower motifs have often been used in traditional embroidery on personal products and on decorations. The flower motifs seen on embroidery with a variety of techniques show the shapes and colors changing to more and more brilliant and colorful design. Even today the flower motifs in embroideries continue to be reinterpreted in both modern ways and also in traditional ways with their fancy beauty in the design industry. This research is based on documentary and demonstrative studies conducted to find out the formative properties of these motifs through and analyzing the shapes and colors of flower motif embroideries from the Choseon Dynasty as applied in developing modern designs in harmony with their traditional beauty. A summary of the research is as follows. First, the peony blossom appears the most, with its gorgeous flower shape. It was used in a variety of ways for decorative purposes as well as in wishing for wealth and harmony on clothes or on personal products. Second, the result of analyzing the flower motifs on embroidery shows that 'realistic-complex- flower patterns' and 'stylized-complex-flower patterns' are mostly seen. Third, many of the peony blossoms, chrysanthemums, and Japanese apricots were in a radial shape and front facing with stamens, and the lotus flowers were mostly shown on the lateral side. Fourth, as a result of analyzing the colors of the flower motifs on embroideries, a tendency is shown toward the R and RP colors of v, b tone and the shades YR, Y, GY, and G colors of lt and p tone.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.72-77
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• 2019

Vinyl house consists of main rafter, lateral member, clamps and polyethylene film. Many vinyl houses are used to grow fruits, flowers and vegetables in the countryside. Due to climate change, vinyl houses are often destroyed by strong winds or typhoons in summer. Many farmers suffer great economic damage from the collapse of vinyl houses. So it is very important to build a safe vinyl house and find a method to withstand this heavy wind load. In this study, a structural analysis was performed on four types of vinyl houses(10-single-4, 10-single-6, 10-single-7, 10-single-10). In addition, axial force and flexural moment are obtained from the structural analysis of four types of vinyl house. For these four types of vinyl house, structural safety was reviewed by obtaining the combined stress ratio by the strength design method. This structural review showed that the specifications for the vinyl house proposed in the design are not safe. Especially, the result of structural analysis for four types of vinyl house showed that the vinyl house structure constructed as a standard was a very dangerous structure. Therefore, it is necessary to devise diverse methods in order to make vinyl houses structurally safe for heavy wind load in the future. Also a variety of manual development is needed to prevent the collapse of vinyl houses at heavy wind load.